Ringhals Nuclear Power Plant

Planning and construction, 1965-1983

Planning and land procurement of the site started 1965. 2 reactors were ordered 1968, one boiling water reactor from ABB-ATOM (R1) and one pressurized water reactor from Westinghouse (R2). Construction work started 1969, and commercial operation started for R2 1975, and for R1 1976.

2 more pressurized water reactors, R3 and R4, were ordered from Westinghouse 1971 and construction work started 1972.

So far the public and political opinion in Sweden was fairly positive to nuclear power. One reason was that until 1970 nearly all electricity came from a continuously increasing exploitation of the large and wild rivers in the north of Sweden, and the diminishing number of remaining, unexploited rivers created fierce opposition against further hydro power development.

Opinion changed and in the parlamentary election 1976 a new government went into force with a clear agenda to phase out nuclear power no later than 1985. Formally this was imposed through a new law, Villkorslagen which required proof of an "absolute safe" method for disposal of spent nuclear fuel before new reactors were allowed to be loaded with fresh nuclear fuel. The law went into force spring 1977 and hindered the recently completed unit R3 from being loaded with nuclear fuel. Swedish nuclear industry then developed a concept for disposal of high-level radioactive waste called KBS-1, later further developed to KBS-3.

Based upon the KBS-1 concept R3 was, through a highly controversial process including a governmental crisis, granted permission to load fuel 27 March 1979. The TMI-accident occurred the following day which triggered a referendum about nuclear power. The referendum was held 23 March 1980 and the result was interpreted as a "yes" to completion of construction and operation of the whole Swedish nuclear program with 12 reactors. Hence R3 could be loaded with fuel and started commercial operation 9 September 1981 more than 4 years after essentially completed the construction phase 1977.

R4 was also somewhat delayed due to the referendum but also due to remediation of some technical problems identified at the start-up of the sister-plant R3, and started commercial operation 21 November 1983.

Major modifications and upgrades

As a result of the TMI-accident 1979 all Swedish reactors were required to install FCVS - Filtered Containment Venting System - and ICSS - Independent Containment Spray System. In case of an accident with core degradation and loss of all cooling systems the ICSS can still limit the containment pressure, and should this fail the FCVS can relieve the containment pressure with limited releases of radioactivity. The systems went into operation in Barsebäck 1985 and for the other plants 1989.

As a result of the Barsebäck strainer incident 1992^[1] the recirculation strainer capacity was significantly increased for R1 1992 and R2 1994. Unit R3 and R4 made similar upgrades 2005.

During the period 2005-2015 significant improvements were made especially for the older plants R1 and R2 regarding fire separation, redundancy and diversification of various safety systems.

The original steam generators for the Ringhals PWR:s had tubes of Inconel-600 and details in the construction that made them prone to cracks and corrosion. This trigged huge efforts for inspection, maintenance and repair. Although designed for 40 years of operation, both unit R2 and R3 replaced their steam generators after 14 years, i.e. 1989 and 1995. Unit R4 starting later could take advantage of being aware of the problems, and due to high attention to water chemistry and maintenance efforts the R4 steam generators were replaced 2011 after 28 years of operation. All the new steam generators have tubes of Inconel-690 and improved design, and have had very few problems and high availability.This is especially true for R2 which have (2017) been operating 28 years with the new steam generators.

As a result of analysis and observations from the TMI-accident the Ringhals PWR reactors installed PAR - Passive Autocatalytic hydrogen Recombiners in 2007. Each reactor contains a number of PAR units with catalytic plates, which after a severe core degradation can process the hydrogen emanating from the fuel cladding oxidation within a few hours and hence reduce the risk for violent hydrogen combustion.

All european nuclear power plants including Ringhals had to perform stress-tests after the Fukushima accident 2011, where consequences of certain beyond-design-events should be assessed.^[2] The availability of FCVS - Filtered Containment Venting System, ICSS - Independent Containment Spray System and PAR - Passive Autocatalytic hydrogen Recombiners, turned out to be valuable capabilities in these beyond-design-events and no immediate plant modifications were proposed as a post-Fukushima-response. On the contrary Ringhals made significant upgrades in the emergency preparedness organization in the size, education and training of the staffing, and in the independence and durability (power supply, communications etc) for certain systems and buildings.

In December 2014 the Swedish regulator required that all Swedish reactors should be equipped with an Independent Core Cooling System - ICCS - before 31 December 2020.^[3] The system should be able to cool the reactor during 72 hours without any supply of water, power, fuel or other consumables, and should survive external events (seismic events, hard weather etc) with an estimated probability of exceedance of 10⁻⁶/yr. The requirements are influenced by the so called "Forsmark-event" 25 July 2006 and the Fukushima accident. Design of and preparations for ICCS is (2017) already underway for R3 and R4, but will not be made for R1 and R2 since they will be shut down before 2021.^[4]

Incidents

Following a number of observations of deficiencies in the safety culture since 2005, the Swedish Radiation Safety Authority decided in 2009 to put Ringhals under increased surveillance.^[5] Ringhals made certain efforts in order to improve traceability and transparency in decision making, internal audits and analyses of incidents and mistakes. The regulator acknowledged the improvements, and the increased surveillance was waived 2013.^[6]

In 2012 a small amount of explosive, although without any firing device, was found during a routine check underneath a truck at the plant.^[7] For a short time all nuclear power plants in Sweden increased their alert level, but no more explosives were found, and no one could be tied to the finding.

In October 2012, 20 anti-nuclear Greenpeace activists scaled the outer perimeter standard industrial fence, and there was also an incursion at Forsmark nuclear power plant. Greenpeace said that its non-violent actions were "intended to protest against the continuing operation of these reactors, which it argues were shown to be unsafe in European stress tests."^[8] The inner perimeter fence (with barbered wire, CCTV-surveillance, "no-go" zone etc) around the reactors was not scaled.^[9]

On July 30th 2018, Ringhals-2 was taken offline during the 2018 European heat wave, since the sea water temperature exceeded the design limit 25 degC. The reactor was restarted on August 3rd.^[10] The other reactors R1, R3 and R4 were not affected since they are licensed for slightly higher temperatures.

Plans for operation and decommissioning

In October 2015, Vattenfall decided to close down Ringhals 1 by 2020 and Ringhals 2 by 2019 due to their declining profitability, instead of, as previously announced, around 2025.^[11][4] Ringhals 3 and 4 are still expected to continue in service until the 2040s.^[12]

In January 2016, Vattenfall announced that all its Swedish nuclear power plants, including the newer reactors, were operating at a loss due to low electricity prices and Sweden's nuclear power tax ("effektskatt"). It warned that it may be forced to shut all the nuclear plants down, and argued that the nuclear output tax should be scrapped.^[13] Through an agreement 10 June 2016^[14] the major part of the nuclear power tax was removed 1 July 2017, but combined with prolonged and enhanced support for renewable electricity production. The removal of the nuclear power tax corresponds to a tax reduction of approximately 7 öre or 0.007 EUR/kWh which corresponds to maybe 1/4:th of the generating cost. This is a significant cost reduction and has been important for Vattenfalls decision to operate R3 and R4 until the 2040s.