Reiner Gamma

Reiner gamma
UV-VIS false color albedo image of the Reiner Gamma albedo feature.
Coordinates 7°30′N 59°00′W / 7.5°N 59.0°W / 7.5; -59.0
Diameter 70 km (43 mi)
Eponym Reiner crater

Reiner Gamma (γ) is a geographical feature of the Moon known as a lunar swirl. It is one of the most visible lunar swirls from Earth, visible from most telescopes.[1] It was originally thought to be a lunar highland, but scientists eventually realized that it cast no shadow on the moon.[2]

Origin

Until recently, Reiner Gamma's origin was a mystery. Historically, it was not associated with any particular irregularities in the surface. Recently, similar features were discovered in Mare Ingenii and Mare Marginis by orbiting spacecraft.[3] The feature on Mare Ingenii is located at the lunar opposite point from the center of Mare Imbrium. Likewise the feature on Mare Marginis is opposite the midpoint of Mare Orientale. Thus scientists believe that the feature resulted from seismic energies generated by the impacts that created these maria. Unfortunately there is no such lunar mare formation on the opposite surface of the Moon (although the large crater Tsiolkovskiy lies within one crater diameter).

Location and Features

Reiner Gamma is located on the Oceanus Procellarum, west of the crater Reiner. Its center is located at selenographic coordinates 7°30′N 59°00′W / 7.5°N 59.0°W / 7.5; -59.0Coordinates: 7°30′N 59°00′W / 7.5°N 59.0°W / 7.5; -59.0. It has an overall length of about 70 kilometres. The feature has a higher albedo than the relatively dark mare surface, with a diffuse appearance and a distinctive swirling, concentric oval shape. Related albedo features continue across the surface to the east and southwest, forming loop-like patterns over the mare.

The central feature of Reiner Gamma resembles the dipolar formation created by iron filings on a surface with a bar magnet on the underside. Low-orbiting spacecraft have observed a relatively strong magnetic field associated with each of these albedo markings. Some have speculated that this magnetic field and the patterns were created by cometary impacts. However the true cause remains uncertain.

Reiner Gamma's magnetic field strength is approximately 15 nT, measured from an altitude of 28 km. This is one of the strongest localized magnetic anomalies on the Moon.[4] The surface field strength of this feature is sufficient to form a mini-magnetosphere that spans 360 km at the surface, forming a 300 km thick region of enhanced plasma where the solar wind flows around the field.[5] As the particles in the solar wind are known to darken the lunar surface, the magnetic field at this site may account for the survival of this albedo feature.[6]

In early lunar maps by Francesco Maria Grimaldi, this feature was incorrectly identified as a crater. His colleague Giovanni Riccioli then named it Galilaeus, after Galileo Galilei. The name was later transferred northwest to the current crater Galilaei.

References

  1. ↑ "Lunar Swirls". Retrieved 18 April 2017.
  2. ↑ "Bubble Bubble - Swirl and Trouble". Retrieved 18 April 2017.
  3. ↑ Huddleston, Marvin W. "Lunar Swirls, Magnetic Anomalies, and the Reiner Gamma Formation". Association of Lunar & Planetary Observers. Archived from the original on 2012-03-05. Retrieved 2010-04-19.
  4. ↑ Richmond, N.C.; et al. (2003). "Correlation of a Strong Lunar Magnetic Anomaly with a High-Albedo Region of the Descartes Mountains". Geophysical Research Letters. 30 (7): 48. Bibcode:2003GeoRL..30.1395R. doi:10.1029/2003GL016938.
  5. ↑ Wieser, Martin; et al. (March 2010). "First observation of a mini-magnetosphere above a lunar magnetic anomaly using energetic neutral atoms". Geophysical Research Letters. 37 (5): L05103. arXiv:1011.4442. Bibcode:2010GeoRL..37.5103W. doi:10.1029/2009GL041721.
  6. ↑ L. L. Hood; C. R. Williams (1989). "The Lunar Swirls - Distribution and Possible Origins". Proceedings 19th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. Cambridge University Press/Lunar and Planetary Institute. Bibcode:1989LPSC...19...99H.

Other references

  • Ewen A. Whitaker, Mapping and Naming the Moon: A History of Lunar Cartography and Nomenclature, Cambridge University Press, 1999, ISBN 0-521-62248-4.
  • Phillips, Tony (2006-06-26). "Mysterious Lunar Swirls". Science@NASA. Retrieved 2006-06-27.
  • Overexposed 35mm Nikon camera image of Reiner Gamma from Apollo 17: AS17-158-23895
  • Lunar Orbiter 4 image showing Reiner Gamma in upper left: IV-157-H1
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