Reichenau Glosses
 |
English Wikisource has original text related to this article: |
The Reichenau Glosses were compiled in the 8th century in Picardy[1][2] to help local monks understand archaic terms in the Vulgate, which had been written over three centuries prior. The more everyday words used as glosses generally survived in later French while the Vulgate terms that had to be explained through them had generally become extinct, although in some cases they lived on in other Romance Languages or indeed in French itself but with specialized meanings.
It should be noted that at the time of writing there was no clear Romance-Latin distinction, the former being the spoken language and the latter its archaic orthographic representation.[3] Accordingly, the author(s) wrote all of the terms they used for glossing purposes with traditional Latin case inflexions and conjugations, despite many being Germanic borrowings or Romance forms not attested in Classical Latin.[4]
Presented below is an (incomplete) alphabetized list of the glosses, along with modern derivatives of both the terms used as glosses and the original Vulgate terms being glossed. (Neologisms such as Spanish óptimo or borrowings such as Italian formaggio, which is from Old French formage, are not considered in the derivative tables.) The IPA transcriptions reflect standardized European norms for the modern languages and Robert Hall's reconstructions for Proto-Romance and Old French.
| Vulgate word | Meaning | Gloss | Origin of gloss term | Proto-Romance | Deriv's of gloss term | Deriv's of Vulgate word |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abio[5] | I go | Vado | Approx. CL syn. | ˈwado | O.Fr. vaj, Fr. vɛ, Occ vaw, Cat batʃ It. ˈvado, Dlm. vis, Sp. boj, Po. vow, Rom. va | |
| Aes | bronze | Eramen | LL syn. derived from oblique stem aer- + suffix -men. | aˈramɛ aˈramɪnɛ | Fr. ɛʁɛ̃, Occ. & Cat.
& Rmsh. <aram>, |
|
| Ager | field | Campus | CL for "wild field." | ˈagrʊ ˈkampʊ | O.Fr tʃãmp, Fr ʃɑ̃, Occ kan, Cat. kam, Rmsh. <champ>, It. ˈkampo, Srd. <campu>, Dlm <cuomp>, Sp kampo, Po. ˈkɐ̃pu, Rom. kɨmp | Gal. <agra>, Rom. ˈagru |
| Aper | boar | Salvaticus Porcus | Porcus is CL for "pig." Salvaticus reflects PR evolution of CL silvāticus "wild." | ˈaprʊ ˈpɔrkʊ salˈwatɪkʊ | O.Fr. pɔrk saɫˈvadʒə, Fr. pɔʁ sovaʒ(ə), Occ. pɔrk salˈβadʒe, Cat. pɔrk səɫˈβadʒə, Rmsh. <portg selvadi>, It. ˈpɔrko salˈvatico, Rom. pɔrk səlˈbatik | Possibly second element of Srd. <porcabru> |
| Arena | sand | Sabulo | CL for "gravel." | ˈsablʊ ˈsabla aˈrena saˈblonɛ | Fr. sablɔ̃, O.Occ. <sablon>, Cat. <sauló>, It. sabˈbjone, Dl <sablaun> Sp <sablón> From sabla: Fr. sabl(ə), Occ. ˈsablo, It. ˈsabbja. From sablu: Po. ˈsajβɾu. | O.Fr. aˈrejnə, Occ. a'reno, Cat. əˈɾɛnə, It. ˈrena, Srd. <arena>, Sp. aˈɾena, Gal. <area>, Po. ɐˈɾɐjɐ, Rom. dial. aˈrinə |
| Atram | black | Nigram | CL near-syn. | ˈnɪgra | O.Fr. ˈnejrə, Fr. nwaʁ(ə), Occ. ˈneɣro, Cat. ˈnɛɣɾə, Rmsh. <naira>, It. ˈnera, Dlm. <niara>, Sp. ˈneɡɾa, Po. ˈneɣɾɐ, Rom. 'ne̯agrə | |
| Axis | axle | Ascialis | Adj. form of axis with metathesis of /ks/ cluster. | ˈaksɛ aˈksilɛ | From axe: O.Fr. <aissel>. From axile: Fr. esjø. | Fr. ɛ, Occ ajs, Cat. eʃ, It. ˈasse, Sp. ˈexe, Po. ˈejʃu |
| Binas | in pairs | Duas et Duas | Romance construction,[7] lit. "two and two." | ˈdʊas ɛt ˈdʊas | Fr. dø a dø, It. ˈdue a ˈdue, Sp. de dos en dos, Po. dɨ dojʃ ɐ̃j̃ dojʃ | |
| Callidior | cleverer | Vitiosior | Comp. form of CL vitiõsus "full of vitia i.e. defects," but in O.Fr. vice (< vitium) came to mean "a ruse" as well, hence this new meaning.[8] | wɪˈtjosʊ viˈtjatʊ | From vitiosu: Fr. visjø, It. vet'tsozo. From vitiatu: O.Fr <vezié> Occ. <beziat> | |
| Calumpniam[9] | malicious contention | Contentio | Calumnia had evolved into an early form of O.Fr. chalonge "challenge," hence the need for a gloss.[10] | kaˈlʊnja kɔntɛnˈtjonɛ | Occ. <contensó> | O.Fr. tʃaˈlõndʒə, Occ. <calonja> |
| Canere | to sing | Cantare | CL freq. form of canere. | kanˈtarɛ | O.Fr. tʃãnˈtæɾ, Fr. ʃɑ̃te, Occ. kanˈta, Cat. kənˈta, Rmsh <chantar> It. kantare Srd. <cantare>, Sp kanˈtaɾ, Po. kɐ̃ˈtaɾ, Rom. kɨn'tare | |
| Cartallo | basket | Panario | CL for "breadbasket." | paˈnarjʊ | Fr. panje, Occ. pa'njɛr, Sp. paˈneɾo, Po. pɐnˈɐjɾu, Rom. pa'ner | |
| Caseum | cheese | Formaticum | *formaticus caseus, lit. "formed cheese." | ˈkasjʊ kaˈsjɔlʊ fɔrˈmatɪkʊ | O.Fr. fɔrˈmadʒə, Fr. fʁɔmaʒ(ə), Occ furˈmadʒe, Cat furˈmadʒə | From casiu: It. ˈkatʃo, Srd. ˈkasu, Sp. ˈkeso, Po. ˈkɐjʒu, Rom. kaʃ. From diminutive form caseolu: Rmsh. <caschiel> |
| Cementarii | masons | Mationes | Gm. loan akin to second element of German Steinmetz. | - | Fr. masɔ̃(z), O.Occ. <matz> | |
| Cementariis | masons | Macionibus | See above. Note the confusion of <t> and <c> before yod, both representing /ts/.[11] | |||
| Cenacula | chambres | Mansiunculas | LL dimin. of CL mansiōnēs, "lodges." Itself a term used elsewhere in the Vulgate, mansiuncula didn't survive in Fr. but was similar enough to the words that did for it to be a useful gloss.[12] | ma'sjones | Fr. mɛzɔ̃(z), O.Occ <maizons> | |
| Clivium | hill | Montania | CL montāna "mountainous." | ˈmɔntɛ mɔnˈtanja | Fr mɔ̃taɲ(ə), Occ munˈtaɲo, Cat. munˈtaɲə, Rmsh. <muntogna>, It. monˈtaɲɲa, Sp. monˈtaɲa, Po. mõtɐɲɐ. From monte: Rom. ˈmuntɛ. | |
| Coccinus | scarlet red | Rubeus | CL for "red." | ˈrʊbjʊ ˈkɔkkɪnʊ | O.Fr. ˈrodʒə, Fr. ʁuʒ(ə), Occ. ˈrudʒe, Cat. rɔtʃ, Po. ˈʁujvu, Rom. rojb | Rsh <cotschen> Lad. <cueciun> Rom. ˈko̯atʃin |
| Commutatione | exchange | Concambiis | Ultimately Gaulish, here with the L. prefix con-. Most modern deriv's show reflexes of initial ex-. | ˈkambjʊ esˈkambjʊ | From escambiu: Fr. eʃɑ̃ʒ, Occ. eskamˈbi, It. ˈscambjo, Rom. skimb. From cambiu: Sp. ˈkambjo, Po. ˈkɐ̃bju | |
| Concidit | he cut | Taliavit | Verb based on CL tālea "cutting from a plant." | ta'lja(w)(ɪ)t | Fr. tɑja, Occ. taˈʎɛt, Cat. təˈʎa, It. taʎ'ʎo, Sp. taˈxo, Po. tɐˈʎow, Rom. tə'je | |
| Conquirebant | they were debating | Causabant | Regularized from CL. dep. causābantur. | kaw'sabant | O.Fr. tʃoˈsejənt, Occ. dial. kawˈsaβɔn | |
| Contumeliam | belittlement | Verecundiam | CL for "shame." | wɛɾˈkʊndja | Fr vɛʁɡɔɲ(ə), Occ ber'γuɲo, Cat. bərˈɡoɲə, It. verˈɡoɲɲa, Sp beɾɣwenθa, Po. vɨɾˈɣoɲɐ | |
| Coturnices | quails | Quacoles | Gm. loan akin to Flemish kwakkel. | kotʊr'nikes kwotur'niklas | Fr. kɑj(ə)(z), Occ. ˈkaʎos, Cat. ˈɡwaʎʎəs, Rmsh. <quacras>, It. ˈkwaʎʎe | Sp. koðoɾˈniθes, Po. kuðuɾˈnizɨʃ. Via quoturniclas: Rom. potɨr'niki "partridges". |
| Coturnix | quail | Quaccola | See above. | |||
| Crastro[13] | army camp | Heribergo | Gm. loan meaning "army barracks," akin to Eng. harry & bury. | ˈkastrʊ | O.Fr. <herberge>, Fr. ebɛʁʒe "to barrack" | Via Arabic <al-qaṣr> "the castle": Cat. aɫkˈaseɾ, Sp alkaθaɾ, Po aɫkasɛɾ |
| Crura | legs | Tibia | CL for "shinbone." | ˈtibja | O.Fr. ˈtidʒə "leg, stem".[14] Fr. tiʒ(ə) only means "stem" | |
| Cuncti | all of them | Omnes | CL syn, did not survive in O.Fr. | ˈɔmnes | It. ˈoɲɲi, Srd. <onzi> | |
| Da | give it | Dona | Approx. CL. syn. | da ˈdona | Fr. dɔn(ə), Occ. ˈdɔno, Cat. ˈdonə | Occ. dial. da, Rmsh. <dai>, It. daj, Sp & Po da, Rom. də |
| Detegere | uncover | Discooperire | CL cooperīre "cover" with prefix dis- "un-" | dɪskɔpɛˈrirɛ | Fr dekuvʁiʁ, Occ deskuˈβɾi, Ct. dəskuˈβɾi, It. disko'prire, Sp. deskuˈβɾiɾ, Po. dɨʃkuˈβɾiɾ, Rom. dɛskopɛˈrire | Alb. <dëftoj> |
| Detestare | to revile | Blasphemare | CL syn. | blastɛˈmarɛ | O.Fr. blasˈmær, Fr. blɑme, O.Occ. <blasmar>, Rmsh. <blastemmar>, It. bestemˈmjare, Sp. lastiˈmaɾ, Po. lɐʃtiˈmaɾ, Rom. bleste'marɛ | |
| Ducta | [she was] directed | Menata | CL mināta "driven" in reference to animals. | ˈdʊkta mɪˈnata | O.Fr. mɛˈnæðə, Fr. m(ə)ne, Occ meˈnaðɔ, Cat məˈnaðə, It. meˈnata, Rom. mɨ'natə | O.Fr. 'dujtə, Fr. dɥit(ə), It. 'dotta, Rom. 'dusə |
| Emit | he bought | Comparavit | CL for "he obtained." | kɔmpara(w)(ɪ)t | OFr kɔmparaθ, Oc kɾumpɛt Cat. kumˈpɾa, It. komˈprɔ, Sp. komˈpro, Po. kõˈpɾow, Rom. kumpə'ɾə | |
| Ensis | sword | Gladius | CL syn. | ˈɡladjʊ | O.Fr. glaj | |
| Exterminabit | he will exterminate | Eradicabit | CL. syn | eradiˈkarɛ | O.Fr. <esrachier, arachier>, Fr. aʁaʃe, Occ. <araigar> or <esraigar>, Sp. araiˈɣaɾ, Po. ɐʀɐjɡˈaɾ, Rom. ridi'kare | |
| Fatigatus | tired | Lassus | CL syn. | ˈlassʊ | Fr. lɑ, O.Occ. <las>, Occ. alaˈsa "to tire" | |
| Femur | thigh | Coxa | CL for "hip." | ˈkɔksa | Fr. kɥis(ə), Occ. 'kɥɛjso, Cat. 'kujʃə, Rmsh. <cuissa> or <cossa>, It. ˈkɔʃʃa, Srd. <coscia, cossa>, Sp. ˈkuxa, Po. ˈkoʃɐ, Dlm. <copsa>, Rom. ˈko̯apsə | |
| - | - | Cingolo | CL cingulum "belt" alt. gloss for prev. entry. | ˈkɪŋɡʊla | O.Fr. ˈtsẽnglə, Fr. sɑ̃ɡl(ə) "strap, thong", Occ. <cengla>, Cat. <cingla>, It. 'ʧingja, Sp.ˈθiɲʧa, Po. ˈsiʎɐ, Rom. 'kingə | |
| Ferus | harsh | Durus | Approx. CL syn. | ˈfɛrʊ ˈdurʊ | Fr. dyʁ, Occ duɾ, Cat. du, Rmsh. dyr, It. ˈduro, Sp duɾo, Po duɾu | Fr. fjɛʁ, It. ˈfjɛro both "proud". With orig. CL meaning of "wild": Cat. fer, Sp. ˈfjeɾo. |
| Fervet | it boils | Bullit | CL syn. | 'bʊllɪt ˈfɛrwɛt | Fr. bu(t), Occ. <bolís>, Cat. buʎ, It. ˈbolle. Po. ˈbulɨ "fidgets" | It. ˈfɛrve "(s)he has a fever", Sp. ˈjeɾβe, Po. ˈfɛɾvɨ, Rom. 'fjerbe |
| Flare | to blow | Suflare | CL sufflāre, prefixed form of flāre. | sʊfˈflarɛ | Fr. sufle, Occ. suˈfla, Rmsh <suflar>, It. soffjare, Sp. soˈʎaɾ[15] (Montaña <asuellar>), Po. suˈpɾaɾ, Rom. su'flare | |
| Forum | market | Mercatum | CL syn. | ˈfɔrʊ merˈkatʊ | Fr. maʁʃe, Occ. meˈɾkat, Ct mərkat, Rsh <marchà> It. mer'kato, Sp. meɾˈkaðo, Po mɨɾkaðu, Aro <mercatu> | O.Fr. <fuer>, Fr. fyʁ "extent". Occ. <for>, Sp. ˈfweɾo have various legal senses. |
| Furvus | brown | Brunus | Gm. loan akin to "brown." | ˈbrunʊ | O.Fr. bryn, Fr. bʁœ̃, Occ. bɾy, Cat. bru, Rmsh. bryn, It. ˈbruno, Sp. ˈbɾuno, Po. ˈbɾunu | |
| Fusiles | melted | Fundutas | Romance past participle[16] of CL fundere "to smelt." | ˈfusas funˈdutas funˈditas | From fundutas: Fr. fɔ̃dy(z), Occ. funˈdyðos. From funditas: Sp. unˈdiðas "collapsed", Po. fũˈðiðɐʃ "smelted" | From fusas: It. fuse[17] |
| Galea | helmet | Helmus | Gm. loan. | - | Fr. om, It. 'elmo, Sp. 'jelmo, Po. ˈɛɫmu | |
| Gratia | thanks | Merces | CL for "wages." | ˈɡratjas mɛrˈkede | O.Fr. mɛrˈtsiθ, Fr. mɛʁsi, Occ. mer'se, all meaning both "thanks" and "mercy". Sp. meɾθeð, Po. mɨɾse only mean "mercy". | Fr. ɡʁɑs "grace". It. ˈɡrattsje, Sp. ˈgɾaθjas "thanks". |
| Genuit | gave birth to | Generavit | CL syn. | ɡɛnɛˈra(w)(ɪ)t ɪŋɡɛnɛˈra(w)(ɪ)t | From generavit: Po. ʒɨˈɾow. From ingeneravit: Fr. ɑ̃ʒɑ̃dʁa, Sp. eŋxenˈdɾo. | |
| Hiems | winter | Ibernus | CL hībernus, adj. form of hiems. | iˈbɛrnʊ iˈbɛrna | From ibernu: French ivɛʁ, Occ. iˈβɛɾ(n), Cat. iˈβɛrn, Rmsh <inviern>, It. inˈvɛrno, Sp. imˈbjeɾno, Po. ĩˈβɛɾnu. From iberna: Rom. ˈjarnə | |
| Horreis | granaries | Spicariis | CL spīca "ear of grain" with locational suffix -ārium. Apparently there was an O.Fr. *espiguier or *espier which is nevertheless unattested.[18] The modern Romance words mostly derive from CL grānārium. | ˈɔrrjʊ | O.Wal. <spir> "provisions"[19] | Gal. <hórreo>, O.Po. <orreo> |
| Ictus | a blow | Colpus | CL colaphus "a punch", from Greek. | ˈiktʊ 'kɔlpʊ | O.Fr. kɔɫp, Fr. ku, Occ. kɔp, Cat. ˈkɔɫp, It. ˈkolpo, Sp. ˈgolpe, Po. ˈɡɔɫpɨ | Po. ˈɐjtu "a row" |
| Indutus | dressed up | Vestitus | CL. syn. | wɛs'titʊ wɛs'tutʊ | From vestitu: O.Fr. vesˈtiθ, Occ. besˈtit, Ct. bəsˈtit, It. vesˈtito, Sp. besˈtiðo, Po. vɨʃˈtiðu. From vestutu: O.Fr. vɛsˈtuθ, Fr. vety, O.It. vesˈtuto[20] | |
| Isset | he would have gone | Ambulasset | CL for "he'd have walked." | ˈɪssɛt amˈblassɛt | It. amˈbjasse. Rom umˈblase | Lad. <jissa>. Infinitive ire preserved in O.Occ. & Sp. & Po. iɾ. |
| Ita | yes | Sic | Approx. CL syn. | sik | Fr. & Cat. si, Rmsh. <schi>, It. & Sp. si, Po. sĩ "yes". Rom. ʃi "and". French si negates a neg. question. | |
| Jacere | to throw | Jactare | CL freq. of jacere. | jɛkˈtarɛ | O.Fr. dʒɛˈtær, Fr. ʒ(ə)te, Occ. dʒeˈta, Cat. ʒiˈta, It. dʒetˈtare, Srd. <ghetare>, Sp. eˈʧaɾ | |
| Jecore | liver | Ficato | CL fīcātum "figged liver," from fīcum "fig," probably a calque of Greek sykōtón, from sỹkon "fig."[21] | fiˈkatʊ | Fr. fwa, Occ. ˈfedʒe, Cat. ˈfedʒə, Rmsh. <fio>, It. ˈfeɡato, Dlm. <fecuat>, Sp. ˈiɣaðo, Po. ˈfiɣɐðu, Rom. fiˈkat | |
| Jus | law | Legem | Approx. CL syn. Jūs was a homophone for "sauce" or "juice," which may explain why it fell out of favor.[10] | ˈlege juˈrarɛ | O.Fr. lej, Fr. lwa, Occ. lej, Ct. ʎɛj, It. leddʒe, Sp/Po lej | From verb jurare "to swear": O.Fr. dʒuˈrær, Fr. ʒyʁe, Occ. dʒy'ra, Cat. ʒuˈɾa, It. dʒuˈrare, Srd. <giurare>, Sp. xuˈɾaɾ, Po. ʒuˈɾaɾ, Rom. ʒu'rare |
| - | - | Potestatem | CL for "authority", alt. gloss for previous entry. | pɔtɛsˈtatɛ | O.Fr. <podestet>, O.Occ. <poestat>, It. pode'sta | |
| Lamento | I wail | Ploro | Approx. CL syn. | ˈploro | Fr. plœʁ, Occ. ˈpluɾi, Cat. ˈpɫɔɾu, O.It. ˈpjoro, Sp. ˈʎoɾo, Po. ˈʃɔɾu | |
| Lebes | boiler | Chaldaria | LL caldaria, from CL caldāria "pertaining to hot water," from cald- "hot" with adj. ending -ārius. | kal'darja | Fr ʃodjɛʁ(ə), Occ kawˈðjɛɾo, Cat. <caldera>, It. kal'daja, Sp. kal'deɾa, Po. kaɫˈdɐjɾɐ, Rom. kəl'dare | |
| Leva | on the left | Sinistra | CL syn. | sɪˈnɪstra sɪˈnɪstrʊ | Fr. s(ə)nɛstʁ(ə), Rmsh. <sanestra>, It. siˈnestro, Sp. siˈnjestro, Po. ˈsɛʃtɾu | |
| Liberos | children | Infantes | CL syn. | ɪnˈfantes | Fr. ɑ̃fɑ̃(z), Occ. eˈfans, Cat. iɱˈfans, Rmsh. <uffants>, It. ˈfanti "soldiers, infantry", O.Sp. & O.Po. <ifantes> | |
| Ludebant | they were playing | Jocabant | CL syn. | jɔˈkabant | Fr. ʒwɛ, Occ. dʒu'γaβɔn, Cat. ʒuˈɣaβən, Rmsh. <giogavan>, It. dʒokaˈvamo, Sp. xuɣaˈβan, Po. ʒuɡaˈvɐ̃w̃, Rom. ʒu'kaw | Sp. <ludir> Alb. <lodër> |
| Mala Punica | pomegranates | Mala Granata | CL for "seeded apples." | ˈmala ɡraˈnata ˈpoma ɡraˈnata | From mala granata: Occ. milˈɣɾano, Cat. məˈɣɾanə, It melagrana, OSp milgrana Sp. ɡɾaˈnaða, Po. ɡɾɐˈnaðɐ. From poma granata: O.Fr. <pomme grenate> Fr. ɡʁənad(ə) | |
| Malus | mast | Mastus | Germanic loan akin to mast. | - | Fr. mɑ, Occ. <mast> | |
| Manipulos | bundles | Garbas | Gm. loan akin to Dutch garf, Germ Garbe. | maˈnʊklos | Fr. ʒɛʁb(ə)(z) | O.Fr. maˈnojɫs Cat. məˈnoʎs Sp. maˈnoxos Po. ˈmɔʎuʃ Rom. mə'nukʲ |
| Mares | males | Masculi | CL dimin. of mās (singular of marēs.) | ˈmares ˈmask(ʊ)li ˈmask(ʊ)los | From masclos: Fr. mɑl(z), Occ maskles, Ct maskɫəs, Rmsh. <mascels>, Sp. ˈmatʃos, Po. ˈmaʃuʃ. From masculi: It. ˈmaski, Rom. dial. ˈmaskurʲ "pigs" | Rom. mari "large" |
| Milites | soldiers | Servientes | CL for "servants." | sɛr'wjɛntes | Fr. sɛʁʒɑ̃(z), Occ. sir'bens, Cat. sərˈbens, Sp. siɾˈβjentes. Only the Fr. word has the military sense. | Welsh <milwr> |
| Mutuo Acceperam | I have borrowed | Habeo Impruntatum | PR *impromutatu, from prefixed form of CL promūtuārī "to lend," itself prefixed from mūtuārī, from mūtuō "in exchange." Tense construction with CL habeō "I have" and a perfect participle is characteristic of Romance.[22] | 'ajo ɪmpromʊ'tatʊ | Fr. (ʒ)e ɑ̃pʁœ̃te, It. o impronˈtato, Rom. am ɨmprumu'tat | |
| Necetur | may he be killed | Occidetur | CL syn., but the form that matches necētur is actually occīdātur. | nɛˈkarɛ ɔkˈkidɛrɛ | Fr. ɔksiʁ, Occ. awˈsi, Cat. ukˈsi, It. utˈtʃidere, Srd. <ochídere>, Rom. u'ʧidere | O.Fr. ne'jær, Fr. nwaje, It. anne'ɡare, Sp. ane'ɣaɾ, Rom. ɨne'kare "drown, flood" |
| Nemini | to nobody | Nulli | CL syn. The nom. of nēminī is nēmō. | ˈnullʊ ˈnulla ˈnemo ˈnemɪni | From nullu: Fr. nyl, It. ˈnullo. Sp. ˈnulo, Po. ˈnulu. From nulla: It. ˈnulla, Dlm. ˈnoʎa "nothing". | From nemo: It. dial. ˈnimo. From nemini: Rom. ˈnimɛnʲ. |
| Nonnulli | several | Multi | CL syn. | ˈmʊltʊ | O.Fr. mɔɫt, Cat. moɫ, It. ˈmolto, Sp. ˈmutʃo, Po. ˈmũj̃tu, Dlm. <muolt>, Rom. mult | |
| Novacula | razor | Rasorium | CL rās- "scraped" with agent suffix -or. | nɔˈwakla raˈsorjʊ | O.Fr. raˈsojr, Fr. ʁazwaʁ, Occ. raˈzu, It. raˈsojo | Cat. nəˈβaʎə, Sp. naˈβaxa, Po. nɐˈvaʎɐ |
| Noverca | stepmother | Matrastra | CL mātrem "mother" with suffix -aster "wannabe." | nɔˈwɛrka maˈtrastra | Fr. maʁɑtʁ(ə), Cat. məˈðɾastɾə, Sp. maˈðɾastɾa, Po. mɐˈðɾaʃtɐ | Arom. <nuearcã> |
| Non pepercit | he did not spare | Non Sparniavit | Gm. loan akin to spare. | - | Fr. (il) nepaʁɲa (pɑ) | |
| Nosse | to know | Scire | CL syn. that didn't survive in French, nor in most Rom. languages, but its derivatives did, c.f. O.Fr. escient "knowledge". The more usual Romance word would have been written in Latinate form as sapere, but in CL this could also mean "taste," possibly leading to ambiguity.[23] | ˈskirɛ | Srd. <ischire>, Rom. 'ʃtire | |
| Ocreas | boots | Husas | Gm. loan akin to Eng. hose. | O.Fr. <heuses> | ||
| Offendas | may you beat off | Abattas | CL battuās "may you beat" with prefix ab "away." | abˈbattas | Fr. abat(ə)(z), Occ. aˈβatɔs, Cat. əˈβatəs, It. abˈbatta, Sp. aˈβatas, Po. ɐˈβatɐʃ |
|
| Onager | wild donkey | Asinus Salvaticus | Asinus is CL. For salvaticus, see entry for aper. | ˈasɪnʊ | O.Fr. ˈasnə, Fr. ɑn, Occ. ˈasne, Cat. ˈazə, Rmsh. <asen>, It. ˈasino, Lig. ˈaːze, Sp. ˈasno, Po. ˈaʒnu, Rom. ˈasɨn | |
| Onustus | burdened | Carcatus | LL carricatus "loaded," from carricus "cart," from Gaulish. | karɪˈkatʊ ɪnkarɪˈkatʊ | O.Fr. tʃarˈdʒjæθ, Fr. ʃaʁʒe, Occ. kar'γat, Cat. kərəˈɣat, It. kariˈkato, Sp. karˈgaðo, Po kɐʁɨɣaðu, Ro ɨnkərkat | |
| Oppidis | towns | Civitatibus | LL for "cities", in CL "citizenry." | kiwɪˈtates | O.Fr. tsiˈtæts, Fr. site(z), Occ. & Cat. siwˈtats, Rmsh. <citads>, O.It. tʃitˈtadi, It. tʃitˈta (invariant), Srd. <tzitades>, Sp. θjuˈðaðes, Po. siˈðaðɨʃ "cities". Rom. ʧe'tətsʲ has come to mean "fortresses". | |
| - | - | Castellis | CL for "fortresses", alt. gloss for previous entry. | kasˈtɛllʊ | O.Fr. tʃasˈtɛl, Fr. ʃɑto, Occ. kas'tɛl, Cat. kəsˈteʎ, Rsh <chastè>, It. kastɛllo Sp. kas'tiʎo, Po. kɐʃˈtɛlu | - |
| Opilio | shepherd | Berbicarius | CL vervēx "a ram" with occupational suffix -ārius. | bɛrbɪ'karjʊ | O.Fr. bɛr'dʒjær, Fr. bɛʁʒe, Srd. <berbecarju> | |
| Oportet | it is fitting | Convenit | Had this sense in CL as well. | ˈkɔnwɛnɪt | Fr. kɔ̃vjɛ̃, Occ. kumˈben, Cat. kumˈbe, It. konˈvjɛne, Sp. konˈvjene, Po. kõvˈɐ̃j̃, Rom. kuˈvine | |
| Optimos | the best | Meliores | CL for "the better." | mɛˈljores | Fr. mɛjœʁ(z), Occ. meˈʎus, Cat. miˈʎos, Rmsh. <megliers>, It. miʎ'ʎori, Sp. meˈxoɾes, Po. mɨˈʎɔɾʃ | |
| Optimum | the best | Valde Bonum | CL for "very good." Valdē only survives as the first element in M.Fr. vaudoux "dull, insipid" and vaupute "sin against nature." | ˈbɔnʊ | O.Fr. bwẽn, Fr. bɔ̃, Occ. bun, Cat bɔ, Rmsh bun, It bwɔno, Sp. ˈbweno, Po. bõ, Rom. bun | |
| Ore | mouth | Bucca | CL for "cheek." | ˈbʊkka | O.Fr. ˈbotʃə, Fr. buʃ(ə), Occ. ˈbuko, Cat. ˈbokə, Rmsh. <bucca>, It. ˈbokka, Sp boka Po bokɐ "mouth". Rom. ˈbukə "cheek". | |
| Ostendit | he showed | Monstravit | CL syn. | moˈstrawɪt | Fr. mɔ̃tʁa, Occ. musˈtrɛt, Cat. musˈtɾa, It. mosˈtro & Sp. mostró, Po. muʃˈtɾow, Rom. mus'trə | |
| Oves | sheep | Berbices | CL vervēcēs "rams." | ˈɔwes ɔˈwɪklas bɛrˈbikes bɛrˈbekes | Fr. bʁəbi(z), O.Oc <berbitz> O.It. bɛr'bitʃi, Sd <barvéghes>. From berbeces: Rom. ber'beʧʲ | From oviclas: Fr. waj(ə)(z), Occ. uˈeʎos or dial. awˈvejaː, Cat. uˈβɛʎəs, Sp oβexas, Po ɔvɐʎɐʃ From oves: Rom. oj. |
| Papilionis | tent | Travis | CL trabem "roof, beam." | ˈtrabɛ papɪˈljonɛ | O.Fr. træf "tent, beam". O.Occ. traw, It. ˈtrave, O.Po. <trave>, "beam" | Fr. pavijɔ̃, Sp. pɑβeˈʎon "pavilion". Fr. papijɔ̃, Occ. paɾpaˈʎɔl, Cat. papəˈʎonə, "butterfly". |
| Pes | foot | Pedis | PR, regularized nom.[24] based on CL obl. stem ped- | ˈpɛdɛ | O.Fr. pjɛθ, Fr. pje, Occ. pɛ, Cat. pɛw, Rmsh. <pe>, It. ˈpjɛde, Srd. <pei>, Sp. pje, Po. pɛ, Rom. pi'ez | |
| Pingues | fat | Grassi | CL crassī. | ˈgrassi ˈgrassa ˈgrassos ˈgrassja | From grassos: Fr. ɡʁɑ, Cat. gɾasus, Sp. gɾasos, Po. ɡɾaʃuʃ. From grassa: Sp. ˈɡɾasa, Po. ˈɡɾaʃɐ. From grassi: It. ˈgɾassi, Rom graʃʲ. From grassia: Fr. ɡʁɛs(ə), Occ. ˈgɾajso. Cat. ɡɾeʃ | |
| Plaustra | carts | Carra | Approx. CL syn. of Gaulish origin. | ˈkarri ˈkarros | From carros: Fr. ʃaʁ(z), Occ. ˈkaris, Cat. ˈkarus, Sp. ˈkaros, Po. ˈkaʁuʃ. From carri: It. 'karri, Rom. 'kare | |
| Ponatur | may it be put | Mittatur | CL for "may it be put forth" or "sent out." The sense of "put" had developed by or during the 4th century AD.[25] | ˈmɪttɛrɛ ˈponɛrɛ | Fr. mɛtʁ(ə), Occ. ˈmetɾe, Cat. ˈmɛtɾə, Rmsh. <meter>, It. 'mettere "put". Sp. meˈteɾ, Po. mɨˈteɾ "insert". | Fr. pɔ̃dʁ(ə), Occ. ˈpundɾe, Cat. ˈpɔndɾə "lay an egg". It. ˈporre, Sp. poˈner, Po. ˈpoɾ, Rom. 'punere "put". |
| Pallium | sheet | Drappum | Possibly Gaulish. | ˈpalljʊ | Fr. dʁa, Occ. & Cat. dɾap, It. ˈdrappo, Sp. ˈtɾapo | It. ˈpaljo "banner" |
| Pignus | token, pledge | Wadius | Gm. loan akin to wed. | ˈpɪŋnʊs ˈpɪŋnɔra | Fr. ɡaʒ(ə) "pledge", O.Occ. <gadi> "will, testament". | Rmsh. <pegn>, It. ˈpeɲɲo, Sp. ˈpɾenda, Po. peˈɲoɾ |
| Pueros | boys | Infantes | CL. for "babies". See entry for liberos. | |||
| Pugione | dagger | Lancea | CL for "spear". The glosser probably had *lanceta in mind (cf. O.Fr. lancete, meaning a small pointed instrument) but suppressed the dimin. suffix to make it a proper Latin word.[26] The word itself is from Gaulish. | ˈlankja | Fr. lɑ̃s(ə), Occ. ˈlanso, Cat. ˈʎansə, It. ˈlantʃa, Sp. ˈlanθa, Po. ˈlɐ̃sɐ | |
| Pulempta[27] | flour | Farina | Approx. CL syn. | faˈrina pɔˈlɛnta | Fr. faʁin(ə), Occ. faˈɾino, Cat. fəˈɾinə, Rmsh <farina>, It. faˈrina, Dlm. <faraina>, Sp. aˈrina, Po. fɐˈɾiɲɐ, Rom. fəˈinə | It. poˈlɛnta |
| Pulchra | beautiful | Bella | CL syn. | ˈbɛlla | Fr. ˈbɛl(ə), Occ. 'bɛlo, Cat. ˈbeʎə, Rmsh. <bella>, It. ˈbɛlla, Sp. ˈbeʎa, Po. ˈbɛlɐ | |
| Res | thing | Causa | CL for "a cause," later in PR "a thing, subject, matter." | rɛs rɛn ˈkawsa | Fr. ʃoz(ə), Occ. 'kawzo, Cat. ˈkɔzə, Rmsh. <chossa>, It. ˈkɔsa, Sp. ˈkosa, Po. ˈkojzɐ | From ren: Fr. ʁjɛ̃, O.Po. <ren>. From res: Occ. res, Cat. rɛs. |
| Respectant | they watch | Rewardant | Gm. loan akin to ward, meaning "observe, watch over." | rɛsˈpɛktant (rɛ)ˈgwardant | Fr. ʁəɡaʁd(ə)(t), Occ. gwaɾˈðan, Cat. ɡwəɾˈdan, Rmsh. <guardan> or <vurdan>, It. ˈgwardano, Sp. ˈgwaɾðan, Po. ˈgwaɾdɐ̃w | It. riˈspettano, Sp. resˈpetan, Por ʁɨʃˈpɐjtɐ̃w |
| Reus | guilty | Culpabilis | LL syn. | ˈreʊ kʊɫpabɪlɛ | Fr. kupabl(ə) | It. ˈrio, Dlm. ri, Rom. rəw, all meaning "bad" |
| "Litus" | shore | Ripa | CL syn. | ˈlitʊ ˈripa | Fr. ʁiv(ə), Occ. ˈriβo, Cat. ˈriβə, Rmsh. <riva>, It. ˈriva, Dlm. <raipa>, Sp. ˈriβa, Po. ˈʁiβɐ, Rom. ˈrɨpə | It. ˈlido |
| Rostrum | beak | Beccus | Gaulish. | ˈrostrʊ ˈbɛkkʊ | Fr. & Occ. & Cat. bɛk, It. ˈbɛkko, Sp. ˈpiko, Po. ˈbiku | Rom. rost "mouth" |
| Rufa | reddish | Sora | Germanic borrowing akin to "sear(ed)." | - | Fr. sɔʁ(ə) "smoked", Occ. 'sawro "yellow", Ca. 'sawrə | |
| Ruga | crease | Fruncetura | Gm. loan. | ˈruga | O.Fr. <fronceüre>, Fr. fʁɔ̃syʁ(ə), Cat. fɾunsi'ðuɾə | Fr. ʁy(ə) "street", hence the need for this gloss.[28] |
| Sarcina | package | Bisatia | CL bisaccia, pl. of bisaccium "a double-sack." | ˈsarkɪna bɪˈsakkja | Fr. bəzas(ə), Occ. <biassa>, It. biˈsattʃa | Rom. 'sarʧinə, Arom. <sartsinã> |
| Sartago | pan | Patella | CL syn. | paˈtɛlla sarˈtaɡɪnɛ | Fr. pwɑl, Occ. paˈðɛlo, Cat. pəˈeʎə, Rmsh. <padella>, It. paˈdɛlla Dlm. <padella>, Sp. paila | Sp. sarˈten, Po. sərˈtɐ̃ |
| Saniore | healthier | Plus Sano | Romance construction,[29] lit. "more healthy." | plus ˈsanʊ majs ˈsanʊ | Fr. ply sɛ̃, It. pju ˈsano, Oc. pys sa. Using mais (syn. of plus): Oc. maj sa, Cat. mes sa, Sp. mas ˈsano, Po. majʃ ˈsɐnu. Using sanitosu (deriv. of sanu): Rom. maj sənəˈtos | |
| Scabrones[30] | hornets | Wapces | Gm. loan akin to O.E. wæps, O.S. wepsia "wasp." | karaˈbrones | Fr. ɡɛp(ə)(z) is from Latin vespas, but its form was influenced by wapces.[31] | It. kalaˈbroni |
| Scinifes | gnats | Cincellas | Possibly onomatopoeic. | tsɪnˈtsalas | O.Fr. tsinˈtsæləs, It. dzanˈdzare, Ven. <sginsałe>, Rom. ʦɨn'ʦarʲ | |
| Segetes | crops | Messes | CL syn. | ˈmɛsses mɛsˈsjones | It. ˈmɛssi, Sp. ˈmjeses, Po. ˈmesɨʃ. From messiones: Fr. mwasɔ̃(z) | |
| Semel | once | Una Vice | Romance construction, lit. "one turn",[32] from CL vicem "turn, succession." | ˈuna ˈvɪke | O.Fr. unə fejts, Fr. yn(ə) fwa, Sp. ˈuna beθ, Po. ˈumɐ veʃ. Using vicata (deriv. of vice): Occ. 'yno be'ɣaðo, Cat. ˈunə bəˈɣaðə. | |
| Sepulta | [she was] interred | Sepelita | Rare CL variant.[33] | sɛˈpʊlta (ɪn)sɛpɛˈlita | O.Fr. (ẽn)sɛvɛˈliðə, Fr. ɑ̃səv(ə)li(ə), Occ. seβe'liðo, It. seppel'lita. | It. se'polta (alt. form) |
| Singulariter | solely | Solamente | Romance adv. ending first attested in CL abl. absolutes such as sollicitā mente "with an assiduous mind", later grammaticalized.[34] | solaˈmɛnte | Fr. sœl(ə)mɑ̃, Occ. sulɔˈmen, Cat. soləˈmen, It. & Sp. solaˈmente, Po. sɔˈmẽtɨ | - |
| Si vis | if you want | Si Voles | PR regularization of vis, to match forms such as CL volunt.[35] | si (tu) ˈwɔles | Fr. si (ty) vø, Occ. se ˈvɔles, Cat. si ˈbɔɫs, Rmsh. <sche vuls>, It. se vwɔi | |
| Sortileus[36] | fortune teller | Sorcerus | From CL sort- "fortune" with occupational suffix -ārius. | sɔrˈtjarjʊ | Fr. sɔʁsje | |
| Stercora | excrement | Femus | CL fimus. | ˈfɛmʊ fɛˈmarjʊ ɪsˈtɛrkʊ ɪsˈtɛrkɔrɛ | O.Fr. fjɛn, Occ. & Cat. <fem>. From femariu: Fr. fymje. | It. ˈsterko, Po. iʃˈteɾku, Rom. ʃterk. From istercore: Sp. esˈtjeɾkol. |
| Succendunt | they set ablaze | Sprendunt | CL prendunt "they seize" with the prefix ex. | ɛsˈprɛndʊnt | Fr. epʁɛn(ə)(t) | |
| Submersi | drowned | Necati | CL for "murdered." | sʊmˈmɛrsi | See entry for necetur | It. somˈmɛrsi |
| Subtilissima | very slender | Perpittita | Gaulish, with the Latin intensifier per- | sʊpˈtile pɪtˈtita pɪtˈtina pɛkˈkuina | From pittita: Fr. p(ə)tit(ə), Cat. pəˈtitə. From pittina: Rmsh. <pitschna>. From peccuina: Sp. peˈkeɲa, Po. pɨˈkenɐ | It. sotˈtile |
| Sus | pig | Porcus | CL syn. | ˈsʊe | See entry for aper | Srd. <sue> |
| Tedet | it annoys | Anoget | This <g> represents [j].[37] The scribe has failed to Latinize the spelling to inodiat,[38] a Proto-Romance verb derived from the Classical expression in odiō esse "to be depised." | ɪˈnɔdjat | Fr. ɑ̃nɥi(ə)(t), Cat. əˈnudʒə, Sp. eˈnoxa, Po. iˈnoʒɐ | |
| Tedio | tediousness | Tepiditas | - | ˈtɛpɪdʊ | O.Fr. tjɛvə, Fr. tjɛd(ə), Occ. & Cat. ˈtɛβi, It. ˈtjɛpido, Sp. ˈtibjo, Po. ˈtibju | |
| Teristrum | head-veil | Cufia | Gm. loan. | - | Fr. kwaf(ə), O.Occ. <kofa> | |
| - | - | Vitta | CL for "headband". Alt. gloss for prev. entry. | ˈwɪtta | O.Fr. <vete>, Cat. ˈbɛtə, It. ˈvetta, Sp. ˈbeta, Po. ˈfitɐ, Rom. 'batə | |
| Thurmas[39] | crowds | Fulcos | Gm. loan akin to folks. | ˈtʊrmas | O.Fr. foɫs, O.Occ. <folcs> | It. 'tɔrme, Fri. <torme>, Srd. <trumas>, Rom. 'turmă, Alb. <turmë> |
| Torax | cuirass | Brunia | Gm. loan. | - | O.Fr. <broigne>, O.Occ. <bronha> | |
| Transgredere | to go beyond | Ultra alare | Ultrā is CL for "beyond". Alare is a Latinized spelling of O.Fr. aler "to go," [40] of disputed origin. | alˈlarɛ ˈʊltra | O.Fr. a'lær 'oɫtrə, Fr. ale utʁ(ə) | |
| Transmeare | to swim across | Transnotare | PR *notare, by vowel dissimilation from CL natāre. | nɔˈtarɛ naˈtarɛ | O.Fr. nɔˈðær, Rmsh. <nudar>, It. nwoˈtare, Rom. ɨno'tare. From natare: Occ. naˈða, Cat. nəˈða, Sp. naˈðaɾ, Po. nɐˈðaɾ. | |
| Tugurium | hut | Cavana | Unknown origin. | ka'panna | O.Fr tʃa'vanə, Occ. kaˈβano, It. ka'panna, Sp. kaˈβaɲa, Po. kɐˈbɐnɐ | |
| Umo | ground | Terra | CL for "land." | ˈtɛrra | Fr. tɛʁ(ə), Occ. ˈtɛro, Cat ˈtɛrə, Rmsh <tera>. It. ˈtɛrra, Dlm. <tiara>, Srd. <terra>, Sp. ˈtjera, Po. ˈtɛʁɐ, Rom. ˈtsarə, | |
| Ungues | fingernails | Ungulas | CL for "claws", dimin. of unguēs. | ˈʊnglas | Fr. ɔ̃ɡl(ə)(z), Occ. ˈuŋglos, Cat. ˈuŋɡləs, Rmsh. <ùnglas>, It. ˈunɡje, Srd. <ungas>, Sp. ˈuɲas, Po. ˈuɲɐʃ, Rom. ˈungʲi | |
| Usuris | interest on a loan | Lucris | CL for "profits." | ˈlʊkrʊ | Sp. ˈloɣɾo, Po. ˈɫogɾu, Rom. ˈlukru, Alb. <lukër> | |
| Utere | use it | Usitare | CL freq. of ūtere (p.p. ūsus sum.) | ˈusa | Fr. yz(ə), Occ. ˈyzɔ, Cat. ˈuzə, It. & Sp. ˈusa, Po. ˈuzɐ | |
| Uvas | grapes | Racemos | CL for "clusters, bunches" often in reference to grapes. | ˈuwas raˈkimos | O.Fr. raj'dzĩns, Fr. ʁɛzɛ̃(z), Occ. ra'zins, Cat. rəˈims "grapes". Sp. raˈθimos, Po. ʁɐˈsimuʃ "clusters" | Rmsh. <ieuvas>, It. 'uve, Sp. 'uβas, Po. ˈuβɐʃ, Dlm. <joive>, Rom. dial. <aue> |
| Veru | spit for roasting | Spidus | Gm. loan akin to spit. | - | O.Fr. ɛsˈpejt, Fr. epwɑ, Sp. esˈpeto, Por. iʃˈpetu | |
| Vespertiliones | bats | Calves Sorices | CL calvās soricēs "bald mice." | ˈkalwas soˈrikes wɛspɛrtiljones | O.Fr. ˈtʃaɫvəs soˈrits, Fr. ʃovsuri(z) | O.It. vispisˈtrɛllo, It. pipisˈtrɛllo, Asturian <esperteyo> |
| Vestis | garment | Rauba | Gm. loan meaning "spoils, clothing" akin to Eng. reave. | ˈrawba wɛstiˈmɛntu | Fr. ʁɔb(ə), Occ. 'rawβo, Cat. ˈrɔβə, It. ˈrɔba, Sp. ˈropa, Po. ˈʁowpɐ | From vestimentu: Fr. vɛt(ə)mɑ̃, Rmsh. <büschmaint>, Dlm. <vestemiant>, Rom. veʃ'mɨnt, Arom. <veshtimintu> |
| Vim | force | Fortiam | From CL fortia neuter pl. of fortis "strong." | ˈfɔrtja | Fr. fɔʁs(ə), Occ ˈfɔɾso, Cat. ˈfɔɾsə, Rmsh. <forza>, It. ˈfɔrtsa, Sp. ˈfweɾθa, Po. ˈfoɾsɐ | |
| Viscera | guts | Intralia | CL interānea "guts, intestines." | ɪnˈtraljas ɪnˈtranjas | From intralias: Fr. ɑ̃tʁaj(ə)(z). From intranias: O.Fr. <entraignes>, Cat. ənˈtɾaɲəs, enˈtɾaɲas, Po. ẽˈtɾɐɲɐʃ | |
| Vorax | devouring | Manducans | CL for "chewing." | manduˈkandʊ | O.Fr. mãnˈdʒjãnt, Fr. mɑ̃ʒɑ̃, Occ. manˈdʒan, Cat. məɲˈʒan, Rmsh. <mangiond>, Rom. mɨnˈkɨnd |
References
- ↑ Quirós, Manuel (1986). "Las Glosas De Reichenau". Filología y Lingüística. 12: 43. Retrieved 10 April 2016.
- ↑ Diament, H. (1968). A New Hypothesis of the origin of French Aller. WORD. 24. Routledge. p. 73. doi:10.1080/00437956.1968.11435516.
- ↑ Wright, Roger (1982). Late Latin and early Romance in Spain and Carolingian France (1. publ. ed.). Liverpool: Francis Cairns. p. 44. ISBN 978-0905205120.
- ↑ Alkire, Ti; Rosen, Rosen (July 2010). Romance Languages: A Historical Introduction. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 319–320. ISBN 9780521717847.
- ↑ read: abeo
- ↑ Pei, Mario (1941). The Italian Language. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 78, 150.
- ↑ Daiches, David; Thorlby, Anthony (December 1972). Literature and Western Civilization: The Modern World Volume II Realities. Aldus Books. p. 41. ISBN 0490002447.
- ↑ Diez, Friedrick (1870). Anciens glossaires romans. Paris: A. Franck. p. 16.
- ↑ read: calumniam
- 1 2 Diez, p. 49
- ↑ Alkire & Rosen, p. 62-63
- ↑ Diez, p.16
- ↑ read: castro
- ↑ Diez, p.51
- ↑ Real Academia Española, Diccionario de la lengua española, 23rd edn., s.v. "sollar", 2014, accessed 14 March 2016.
- ↑ Akire & Rosen, p.176-177
- ↑ For evolution of -as into -e, see Akire & Rosen p. 189
- ↑ Diez, p. 17
- ↑ Adams, J.N. (7 January 2008). The Regional Diversification of Latin 200 BC - AD 600. Cambridge University Press. p. 315. ISBN 9781107684584.
- ↑ Akire & Rosen, p.177
- ↑ Reinhard Kiesler, Einführung in die Problematik des Vulgärlateins (Tübingen: Niemeyer, 2006), 91.
- ↑ Diez, p. 32
- ↑ Diez, p. 53
- ↑ Akire & Rosen, p.196
- ↑ Herman, p.23
- ↑ Diez, p.52
- ↑ read: polenta
- ↑ Brunot, Ferdinand; Bruneau, Charles (1905). Histoire de la langue française des origines à 1900. Paris: Armand Colin. p. 140. ISBN 9781172727995.
- ↑ Diez, p. 45
- ↑ read: crabrones
- ↑ Diez, p. 19
- ↑ Diez, p. 48
- ↑ Diez, p.17
- ↑ Müller, Peter; Ohnheiser, Ingeborg; Olsen, Susan; Rainer, Franz (March 2015). Word-Formation An International Handbook of the Languages of Europe. De Gruyter. p. 1831. ISBN 9783110427516.
- ↑ Anderson, James; Rochet, Bernard (1979). Historical romance morphology. University Microfilms International. p. 267. ISBN 9780835704625.
- ↑ read: sortilegus
- ↑ Diez, p.46
- ↑ Alkire & Rosen, p.320
- ↑ read: turmas
- ↑ Alkire & Rosen, p.320.
This article is issued from
Wikipedia.
The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike.
Additional terms may apply for the media files.