Raising a Flag over the Reichstag

Raising a Flag over the Reichstag, by Yevgeny Khaldei

Raising a Flag over the Reichstag is a historic World War II photograph, taken during the Battle of Berlin on 2 May 1945. It is assumed to show Meliton Kantaria[A 1] and Mikhail Yegorov[A 2] raising the flag of the Soviet Union atop the Reichstag building. The photograph was reprinted in thousands of publications and came to be regarded around the world as one of the most significant and recognizable images of World War II. Owing to the secrecy of Soviet media, the identities of the men in the picture were often disputed, as was that of the photographer, Yevgeny Khaldei, who was identified only after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. It became a symbol of the Soviet victory over Nazi Germany.

Background

Raising a flag over the Reichstag, by Yevgeny Khaldei but with smoke added[1]

The Battle of Berlin was the final major offensive of the European theatre of World War II and was designated the Berlin Strategic Offensive Operation by the Soviet Union.[A 3] Starting on 16 April 1945, the Red Army breached the German front as a result of the Vistula–Oder Offensive and rapidly advanced westward through Germany, as fast as 30–40 kilometres a day. The battle for Berlin lasted from late 20 April 1945 until 2 May and was one of the bloodiest in history.

Erected in 1894, the Reichstag's architecture was magnificent for its time. The building contributed much to German history and was considered by the Red Army to be the symbol of their fascist enemy. However, to the Nazis, the Reichstag was a symbol of democracy and representative government; consequently they had left it closed and damaged since the infamous Reichstag fire in 1933. Instead of being a center of fascist power, the Reichstag had been closed down for 12 years, essentially the entirety of the Nazi reign, with subsequent meetings of the Reichstag convening at the nearby Kroll Opera House instead. After fierce combat within its walls, the Soviets finally captured the Reichstag on 2 May 1945.

Taking the photograph

The Reichstag was seen as symbolic of, and at the heart of, Nazi Germany. It was arguably the most symbolic target in Berlin. The events surrounding the flag-raising are murky due to the confusion of the fight at the building. On 30 April there was great pressure from Stalin to take the building, in time for the International Workers' Day, 1 May.[2] Initially, two planes dropped several large red banners on the roof that appeared to have caught on the bombed-out dome. Additionally, a number of reports had reached headquarters that two parties, M. M. Bondar from the 380th Rifle Regiment and Captain V. N. Makov of the 756th might have been able to hoist a flag during the day of 30 April.[3] These reports were received by Marshal G. K. Zhukov, who issued an announcement stating that his troops had captured the Reichstag and hoisted a flag. However, when correspondents arrived, they found no Soviets in the building, but rather they were pinned down outside by German fire. After fierce fighting both outside and inside the building, a flag was raised at 22:40 on 30 April 1945, when 23-year-old Rakhimzhan Qoshqarbaev climbed the building and inserted a flag into the crown of the mounted female statue of "Germania", symbolizing Germany. As this happened at night, it was too dark to take a photograph.[4] The next day the flag was taken down by the Germans.[4] The Red Army finally gained control of the entire building on 2 May.[5]

The original photo (top) was altered (bottom) by editing the watch on Ismailov's right wrist[6]

On 2 May 1945, Khaldei scaled the now pacified Reichstag to take his picture. He was carrying with him a large flag, sewn from three tablecloths for this very purpose, by his uncle.[7] The official story would later be that two hand-picked soldiers, Meliton Kantaria[A 1] (Georgian) and Mikhail Yegorov[A 2] (Russian), raised the Soviet flag over the Reichstag,[2][8][9][10] and the photograph would often be used as depicting the event. Some authors state that for political reasons the subjects of the photograph were changed and the actual man to hoist the flag was Alexei Kovalyov,[A 4][11][12] (also known as Alyosha Kovalyov) a Ukrainian, who was told by the NKVD to keep quiet about it.[11]

However, according to Khaldei himself, when he arrived at the Reichstag, he simply asked the soldiers who happened to be passing by to help with the staging of the photoshoot;[13][14] there were only four of them, including Khaldei, on the roof:[15] the one who was attaching the flag was 18-year-old Private Alexei Kovalyov from Kiev, the two others were Abdulkhakim Ismailov from Dagestan and Leonid Gorychev (also mentioned as Aleksei Goryachev) from Minsk.[14][15][16] The photograph was taken with a Leica III rangefinder camera with a 35mm f3.5 lens.[17]

Aftermath

The photo was published 13 May 1945 in the Ogonyok magazine.[6] While many photographers took pictures of flags on the roof, it was Khaldei's image that stuck.[6]

Censorship

After taking the symbolic photo, Khaldei quickly returned to Moscow. He further edited the image at the request of the editor-in-chief of the Ogonyok, who noticed that Senior Sergeant Abdulkhakim Ismailov, who is supporting the flag-bearer, was wearing two watches, which could imply he had looted one of them, an action punishable by execution.[6][18] Using a needle, Khaldei removed the watch from the right wrist.[1][6] He also added to the smoke in the background, copying it from another picture to make the scene more dramatic.[1]

See also

Annotations

  1. 1 2 Alternately spelled: Kantariya, M. V. Kantaria, Meliton Kantaria
  2. 1 2 Alternately spelled: M. V. Yegorov, M. A. Yegorov, Mikhail Iegorev
  3. ↑ The last offensive of the European war was actually the Prague Offensive on 6–11 May 1945, when the Red Army, with the help of Polish, Romanian, and Czechoslovak forces defeated the parts of Army Group Center which continued to resist in Czechoslovakia. There were a number of minor battles and skirmishes involving small bodies of men, but no other large scale fighting that resulted in the death of thousands of people. (See The end of World War II in Europe for details on these final days of the war.)
  4. ↑ Alternately spelled: Aleksei Kovalev

Bibliography

An Azerbaijani stamp commemorating the 65th anniversary of victory in the Great Patriotic War.
Notes
  1. 1 2 3 Baumann 2010.
  2. 1 2 Dallas 2006, p. 3.
  3. ↑ Tissier 1999, p. 168.
  4. 1 2 Lucas 2010.
  5. ↑ Beevor 2003, pp. 390–397.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 Sontheimer 2008.
  7. ↑ Griffin, Michael (199). "The Great War Photographs: Constructing Myths of History and Photojournalism". In Bonnie Brennen & Hanno Hardt eds., Picturing the Past: Media, History & Photography. (pp. 122–157). Urbana: University of Illinois Press. p. 144. ISBN 0-252-06769-X.
  8. ↑ Tissier 1999, p. 124.
  9. ↑ Antill & Dennis 2005, p. 76.
  10. ↑ Adams 2008, p. 48.
  11. 1 2 Broekmeyer 2004, p. 130.
  12. ↑ Walkowitz & Knauer 2004, p. 83.
  13. ↑ "Legendäre Foto-Manipulation Fahne gefälscht, Uhr versteckt, Wolken erfunden - SPIEGEL ONLINE" (in German). Spiegel. 2008-05-06. Retrieved 2012-05-20.
  14. 1 2 "Remembering a Red Flag Day". Time. 2008-05-23. Retrieved 2012-05-20.
  15. 1 2 holdithereB0Знамя Победы над Рейхстагом". Сенсационная история фото (in Russian). The Epoch Times. 2006-05-08. Retrieved 2012-05-20.
  16. ↑ "Prominent Russians: Yegorov and Kantaria". Russia Today. Retrieved 2012-05-20.
  17. ↑ "An historically important Leica III". Bonham's.
  18. ↑ "How iconic photo of Russians raising flag over burning Berlin was airbrushed to save soldier from Stalin's rage".
References

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  • Beevor, Antony (2003). Berlin: The Downfall 1945. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-028696-0.
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  • "За него Геринг получил по шее" ["Göring received a neckslap because of that man". Interview with Anna Haldey]. Interview (in Russian). Nizhny Novgorod: Moskovskij Komsomolets. 2010-05-12. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
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