Radius of gyration

Radius of gyration or gyradius of a body about an axis of rotation is defined as the radial distance of a point from the axis of rotation at which, if whole mass of the body is assumed to be concentrated, its moment of inertia about the given axis would be the same as with its actual distribution of mass. It is denoted by "k".

Mathematically the radius of gyration is the root mean square distance of the object's parts from either its center of mass or a given axis, depending on the relevant application. It is actually the perpendicular distance from point mass to the axis of rotation.

Suppose a body consists of n particles each of mass m. Let r1, r2, r3, ... , rn be their perpendicular distances from the axis of rotation. Then, the moment of inertia I of the body about the axis of rotation is

Formula of moment of inertia If all the particles are of same mass m, then

$I=m_{1}r_{1}^{2}+m_{2}r_{2}^{2}+\cdots +m_{n}r_{n}^{2}$

If all the masses are the same, then the moment of inertia is: $I=mn(r_{1}^{2}+r_{2}^{2}+..+r_{n}^{2})/n$

since mn = M, total mass of the body,

I=M(r1^2+r2^2+..+rn^2)/n

From the above equations, we have

MK^2=M(r1^2+r2^2+..+rn^2)/n

Radius of gyration is the root mean square distance of particles from axis formula

K=((r1^2+r2^2+..+rn^2)/n)^1/2

Therefore, the radius of gyration of a body about a given axis may also be defined as the root mean square distance of the various particles of the body from the axis of rotation.

IUPAC definition

Radius of gyration (in polymer science)(

s

, unit: nm or SI unit: m): For a macromolecule composed of

n

mass elements, of masses

m_{i}

,

i

=1,2,…,

n

, located at fixed distances

s_{i}

from the centre of mass, the radius of gyration is the square-root of the mass average of

s_{i}^{2}

over all mass elements, i.e.,

s=\left(\sum _{i=1}^{n}m_{i}s_{i}^{2}/\sum _{i=1}^{n}m_{i}\right)^{1/2}

Note: The mass elements are usually taken as the masses of the skeletal groups constituting the macromolecule, e.g., –CH₂– in poly(methylene).^[1]

Applications in structural engineering

In structural engineering, the two-dimensional radius of gyration is used to describe the distribution of cross sectional area in a column around its centroidal axis with the mass of the body. The radius of gyration is given by the following formula:

R_{{{\mathrm {g}}}}^{{2}}={\frac {I}{A}}

or

R_{{{\mathrm {g}}}}={\sqrt {{\frac {I}{A}}}}

Where I is the second moment of area and A is the total cross-sectional area.

The gyration radius is useful in estimating the stiffness of a column. If the principal moments of the two-dimensional gyration tensor are not equal, the column will tend to buckle around the axis with the smaller principal moment. For example, a column with an elliptical cross-section will tend to buckle in the direction of the smaller semiaxis.

It also can be referred to as the radial distance from a given axis at which the mass of a body could be concentrated without altering the rotational inertia of the body about that axis.

In engineering, where continuous bodies of matter are generally the objects of study, the radius of gyration is usually calculated as an integral.

Applications in mechanics

The radius of gyration about a given axis ( $r_{{{\mathrm {g}}{\text{ axis}}}}$ ) can be computed in terms of the mass moment of inertia $I_{{\text{axis}}}$ around that axis, and the total mass m;

r_{{{\mathrm {g}}{\text{ axis}}}}^{{2}}={\frac {I_{{\text{axis}}}}{m}}

or

r_{{{\mathrm {g}}{\text{ axis}}}}={\sqrt {{\frac {I_{{\text{axis}}}}{m}}}}

$I_{{\text{axis}}}$ is a scalar, and is not the moment of inertia tensor. ^[2]

Molecular applications

In polymer physics, the radius of gyration is used to describe the dimensions of a polymer chain. The radius of gyration of a particular molecule at a given time is defined as ^[3]:

R_{\mathrm {g} }^{2}\ {\stackrel {\mathrm {def} }{=}}\ {\frac {1}{N}}\sum _{k=1}^{N}\left(\mathbf {r} _{k}-\mathbf {r} _{\mathrm {mean} }\right)^{2}

where $\mathbf {r} _{\mathrm {mean} }$ is the mean position of the monomers. As detailed below, the radius of gyration is also proportional to the root mean square distance between the monomers:

R_{\mathrm {g} }^{2}\ {\stackrel {\mathrm {def} }{=}}\ {\frac {1}{2N^{2}}}\sum _{i,j}\left(\mathbf {r} _{i}-\mathbf {r} _{j}\right)^{2}

As a third method, the radius of gyration can also be computed by summing the principal moments of the gyration tensor.

Since the chain conformations of a polymer sample are quasi infinite in number and constantly change over time, the "radius of gyration" discussed in polymer physics must usually be understood as a mean over all polymer molecules of the sample and over time. That is, the radius of gyration which is measured as an average over time or ensemble:

R_{\mathrm {g} }^{2}\ {\stackrel {\mathrm {def} }{=}}\ {\frac {1}{N}}\left\langle \sum _{k=1}^{N}\left(\mathbf {r} _{k}-\mathbf {r} _{\mathrm {mean} }\right)^{2}\right\rangle

where the angular brackets $\langle \ldots \rangle$ denote the ensemble average.

An entropically governed polymer chain (i.e. in so called theta conditions) follows a random walk in three dimensions. The radius of gyration for this case is given by

R_{\mathrm {g} }={\frac {1}{{\sqrt {6}}\ }}\ {\sqrt {N}}\ a

Note that although $aN$ represents the contour length of the polymer, $a$ is strongly dependent of polymer stiffness and can vary over orders of magnitude. $N$ is reduced accordingly.

One reason that the radius of gyration is an interesting property is that it can be determined experimentally with static light scattering as well as with small angle neutron- and x-ray scattering. This allows theoretical polymer physicists to check their models against reality. The hydrodynamic radius is numerically similar, and can be measured with Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS).

Derivation of identity

To show that the two definitions of $R_{{{\mathrm {g}}}}^{{2}}$ are identical, we first multiply out the summand in the first definition:

R_{{{\mathrm {g}}}}^{{2}}\ {\stackrel {{\mathrm {def}}}{=}}\ {\frac {1}{N}}\sum _{{k=1}}^{{N}}\left({\mathbf {r}}_{{k}}-{\mathbf {r}}_{{{\mathrm {mean}}}}\right)^{{2}}={\frac {1}{N}}\sum _{{k=1}}^{{N}}\left[{\mathbf {r}}_{{k}}\cdot {\mathbf {r}}_{{k}}+{\mathbf {r}}_{{{\mathrm {mean}}}}\cdot {\mathbf {r}}_{{{\mathrm {mean}}}}-2{\mathbf {r}}_{{k}}\cdot {\mathbf {r}}_{{{\mathrm {mean}}}}\right]

Carrying out the summation over the last two terms and using the definition of ${\mathbf {r}}_{{{\mathrm {mean}}}}$ gives the formula

R_{{{\mathrm {g}}}}^{{2}}\ {\stackrel {{\mathrm {def}}}{=}}\ -{\mathbf {r}}_{{{\mathrm {mean}}}}\cdot {\mathbf {r}}_{{{\mathrm {mean}}}}+{\frac {1}{N}}\sum _{{k=1}}^{{N}}\left({\mathbf {r}}_{{k}}\cdot {\mathbf {r}}_{{k}}\right)

Notes

↑ Stepto, R.; Chang, T.; Kratochvíl, P.; Hess, M.; Horie, K.; Sato, T.; Vohlídal, J. (2015). "Definitions of terms relating to individual macromolecules, macromolecular assemblies, polymer solutions, and amorphous bulk polymers (IUPAC Recommendations 2014)" (PDF). Pure Appl Chem. 87 (1): 71. doi:10.1515/pac-2013-0201.
↑ See for example Goldstein, Herbert (1950), Classical Mechanics (1st ed.), Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company equation 5-30
↑ Fixman, Marshall (1962). "Radius of Gyration of Polymer Chains". The Journal of Chemical Physics. 36: 306–310.

References

Grosberg AY and Khokhlov AR. (1994) Statistical Physics of Macromolecules (translated by Atanov YA), AIP Press. ISBN 1-56396-071-0
Flory PJ. (1953) Principles of Polymer Chemistry, Cornell University, pp. 428-429 (Appendix C o Chapter X).

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[1] Stepto, R.; Chang, T.; Kratochvíl, P.; Hess, M.; Horie, K.; Sato, T.; Vohlídal, J. (2015). "Definitions of terms relating to individual macromolecules, macromolecular assemblies, polymer solutions, and amorphous bulk polymers (IUPAC Recommendations 2014)" (PDF). Pure Appl Chem. 87 (1): 71. doi:10.1515/pac-2013-0201.

[2] See for example Goldstein, Herbert (1950), Classical Mechanics (1st ed.), Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company equation 5-30

[3] Fixman, Marshall (1962). "Radius of Gyration of Polymer Chains". The Journal of Chemical Physics. 36: 306–310.