Tetrigidae
Tetrigidae | |
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Tetrix species | |
Scientific classification ![]() | |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Euarthropoda |
Class: | Insecta |
Order: | Orthoptera |
Suborder: | Caelifera |
Family: | Tetrigidae Rambur, 1838 |
Subfamilies | |
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Tetrigidae[1] is a family in the order Orthoptera, which also includes similar families such as crickets, grasshoppers, and their allies. Species within the Tetrigidae are variously called groundhoppers,[2] pygmy grasshoppers[3] or (mostly historical) "grouse locusts".[4]
Diagnostic characteristics
![](../I/m/Tetrigidae_Dorsal_aspect_2012_01_28_1427.jpg)
Tetrigidae are typically less than 20 mm in length, and are recognizable by a long pronotum, that extends over the length of the abdomen, sometimes to the tip of the wings, and ends in a point.[3] In other Orthoptera, the pronotum is short and covers neither the abdomen nor the wings. Tetrigidae are generally cryptic in coloration.[5] Some species have enlarged pronota that mimic leaves, stones or twigs.[6]
General biology
In temperate regions, Tetrigidae are generally found along streams and ponds, where they feed on algae and diatoms.[7] The North American species Paratettix aztecus and Paratettix mexicanus, for example, depend on aquatic primary production for between 80% and 100% of their diet.[8] Riparian species are capable of swimming on the surface of the water, and readily leap into the water when alarmed[6] Some species in the tribe Scelimenini are fully aquatic and capable of swimming underwater.[7]
The highest biodiversity of Tetrigidae is found in tropical forests. Some tropical species are arboreal and live among mosses and lichens in tree buttresses or in the canopy,[7] while others live on the forest floor.[5]
Like other Orthoptera, Tetrigidae have a hemimetabolous development, in which eggs hatch into nymphs. Unlike other temperate Orthoptera, however, temperate Tetrigidae generally overwinter as adults.[3]
Some subfamilies within the Tetrigidae, such as the Batrachideinae, are sometimes elevated to family rank besides the Tetrigidae.
![](../I/m/TetrigidAlgaeS.jpg)
Genera and Etymology
The name may be derived from Latin tetricus or taetricus, meaning harsh, sour, severe.[9]
Approximately 1,600 species have been described; according to the Orthoptera Species File[10] the following genera are included:
- Batrachideinae Bolívar, 1887
- Apteropedon Bruner, 1910
- Ascetotettix Grant, 1956
- Batrachidea Serville, 1838
- Eutettigidea Hancock, 1914
- Halmatettix Hancock, 1909
- Lophoscirtus Bruner, 1911
- Palaisioscaria Günther, 1936
- Paurotarsus Hancock, 1900
- Paxilla Bolívar, 1887
- Phloeonotus Bolívar, 1887
- Plectronotus Morse, 1900
- Puiggaria Bolívar, 1887
- Rehnidium Grant, 1956
- Saussurella Bolívar, 1887
- Scaria Bolívar, 1887
- Tettigidea Scudder, 1862
- Vilma Steinmann, 1973
- Vingselina Sjöstedt, 1921
- Cladonotinae Bolívar, 1887
- Afrolarcus Günther, 1979
- Antillotettix Perez-Gelabert, 2003
- Austrohancockia Günther, 1938
- Bahorucotettix Perez-Gelabert, Hierro & Otte, 1998
- Choriphyllum Serville, 1838
- Cladonotella Hancock, 1909
- Cladonotus Saussure, 1862
- Cota (Orthoptera) Bolívar, 1887
- Cubanotettix Perez-Gelabert, Hierro & Otte, 1998
- Cubonotus Perez-Gelabert, Hierro & Otte, 1998
- Dasyleurotettix Rehn, 1904
- Deltonotus Hancock, 1904
- Diotarus Stål, 1877
- Dolatettix Hancock, 1907
- Eleleus Bolívar, 1887
- Epitettix Hancock, 1907
- Fieberiana Kirby, 1914
- Gestroana Berg, 1898
- Gignotettix Hancock, 1909
- Haitianotettix Perez-Gelabert, Hierro & Otte, 1998
- Hancockella Uvarov, 1940
- Hippodes Karsch, 1890
- Hottettix Perez-Gelabert, Hierro & Otte, 1998
- Hymenotes Westwood, 1837
- Hypsaeus Bolívar, 1887
- Microthymochares Devriese, 1991
- Misythus Stål, 1877
- Mucrotettix Perez-Gelabert, Hierro & Otte, 1998
- Nesotettix Holdhaus, 1909
- Oxyphyllum Hancock, 1909
- Paraphyllum Hancock, 1913
- Paraxelpa Sjöstedt, 1932
- Pelusca Bolívar, 1912
- Phyllotettix Hancock, 1902
- Piezotettix Bolívar, 1887
- Potua Bolívar, 1887
- Pseudogignotettix Liang, 1990
- Pseudohyboella Günther, 1938
- Sierratettix Perez-Gelabert, Hierro & Otte, 1998
- Stegaceps Hancock, 1913
- Tepperotettix Rehn, 1952
- Tettilobus Hancock, 1909
- Thymochares Rehn, 1929
- Tiburonotus Perez-Gelabert, Hierro & Otte, 1998
- Tondanotettix Willemse, 1928
- Truncotettix Perez-Gelabert, Hierro & Otte, 1998
- †Baeotettix Heads, 2009
- Cleostratinae Hancock, 1907
- Cleostratus Stål, 1877
- Discotettiginae Hancock, 1907
- Amphinotus Hancock, 1904
- Discotettix Costa, 1864
- Hydrotetrix Uvarov, 1926
- Lamellitettigodes Günther, 1939
- Paraguelus Günther, 1939
- Spartolus Stål, 1877
- Arulenus Stål, 1877
- Hirrius Bolívar, 1887
- Lophotettiginae Hancock, 1909
- Lophotettix Hancock, 1909
- Phelene Bolívar, 1906
- Metrodorinae Bolívar, 1887
- Allotettix Hancock, 1899
- Amorphopus Serville, 1838
- Andriana (genus) Rehn, 1929
- Apterotettix Hancock, 1904
- Arexion (genus) Rehn, 1929
- Austrohyboella Rehn, 1952
- Bara (insect) Rehn, 1929
- Bullaetettix Günther, 1937
- Calyptraeus Wang, 2001
- Camelotettix Hancock, 1907
- Centrosotettix Günther, 1939
- Charagotettix Brancsik, 1893
- Chiriquia Morse, 1900
- Cingalina Hebard, 1932
- Cingalotettix Günther, 1939
- Corystotettix Günther, 1939
- Cotys (genus) Bolívar, 1887
- Cotysoides Zheng & Jiang, 2000
- Crimisodes Hebard, 1932
- Crimisus Bolívar, 1887
- Cryptotettix Hancock, 1900
- Eomorphopus Hancock, 1900
- Eurybiades (genus) Rehn, 1929
- Eurymorphopus Hancock, 1907
- Hildegardia Günther, 1974
- Holocerus Bolívar, 1887
- Hovacris Rehn, 1929
- Hybotettix Hancock, 1900
- Hyperyboella Günther, 1938
- Indomiriatra Tinkham, 1939
- Isandrus Rehn, 1929
- Macromotettix Günther, 1939
- Macromotettixoides Zheng, Wei & Jiang, 2005
- Mazarredia Bolívar, 1887
- Melainotettix Günther, 1939
- Metamazarredia Günther, 1939
- Metopomystrum Günther, 1939
- Metrodora (genus) Bolívar, 1887
- Miriatra Bolívar, 1906
- Miriatroides Zheng & Jiang, 2002
- Moluccasia Rehn, 1948
- Myxohyboella Shishodia, 1991
- Notocerus Hancock, 1900
- Ocytettix Hancock, 1907
- Ophiotettix Walker, 1871
- Orthotettix Hancock, 1909
- Orthotettoides Zheng, 1998
- Otumba (genus) Morse, 1900
- Oxytettix Rehn, 1929
- Paraspartolus Günther, 1939
- Platythorus Morse, 1900
- Plesiotettix Hancock, 1907
- Procytettix Bolívar, 1912
- Pseudomitraria Hancock, 1907
- Pseudoparatettix Günther, 1937
- Pterotettix Bolívar, 1887
- Rhopalina Tinkham, 1939
- Rhopalotettix Hancock, 1910
- Rhynchotettix Hancock, 1907
- Salomonotettix Günther, 1939
- Scabrotettix Hancock, 1907
- Spadotettix Hancock, 1910
- Synalibas Günther, 1939
- Systolederus Bolívar, 1887
- Threciscus Bolívar, 1887
- Thyrsus (genus) Bolívar, 1887
- Timoritettix Günther, 1971
- Trigonofemora Hancock, 1906
- Vaotettix Podgornaya, 1986
- Scelimeninae Hancock, 1907
- Criotettigini Kevan, 1966
- Criotettix Bolívar, 1887
- Euloxilobus Sjöstedt, 1936
- Loxilobus Hancock, 1904
- Tettitelum Hancock, 1915
- Scelimenini Hancock, 1907
- Amphibotettix Hancock, 1906
- Eufalconius Günther, 1938
- Euscelimena Günther, 1938
- Falconius Bolívar, 1898
- Gavialidium Saussure, 1862
- Hexocera Hancock, 1915
- Indoscelimena Günther, 1938
- Paragavialidium Zheng, 1994
- Paramphibotettix Günther, 1938
- Platygavialidium Günther, 1938
- Scelimena Serville, 1838
- Tagaloscelimena Günther, 1938
- Tefrinda Bolívar, 1906
- Tegotettix Hancock, 1913
- Thoradontini Kevan, 1966
- Bolivaritettix Günther, 1939
- Bolotettix Hancock, 1907
- Eucriotettix Hebard, 1930
- Hebarditettix Günther, 1938
- Probolotettix Günther, 1939
- Rostella Hancock, 1913
- Syzygotettix Günther, 1938
- Thoradonta Hancock, 1909
- Xistra Bolívar, 1887
- Xistrella Bolívar, 1909
- Xistrellula Günther, 1939
- tribe unassigned:
- Eufalconoides Zheng, Li & Shi, 2003
- Hyboella Hancock, 1915
- Zhengitettix Liang, 1994
- Criotettigini Kevan, 1966
- Tetriginae Serville, 1838
- Dinotettigini Günther, 1979
- Afrocriotettix Günther, 1938
- Dinotettix Bolívar, 1905
- Ibeotettix Rehn, 1930
- Lamellitettix Hancock, 1904
- Marshallacris Rehn, 1948
- Pseudamphinotus Günther, 1979
- Tetrigini Serville, 1838
- Clinotettix Bei-Bienko, 1933
- Coptotettix Bolívar, 1887
- Euparatettix Hancock, 1904
- Exothotettix Zheng & Jiang, 1993
- Paratettix Bolívar, 1887
- Tetrix (insect) Latreille, 1802
- Thibron (genus) Rehn, 1939
- tribe unassigned:
- Alulatettix Liang, 1993
- Ankistropleuron Bruner, 1910
- Bannatettix Zheng, 1993
- Bienkotetrix Karaman, 1965
- Bufonides Bolívar, 1898
- Carolinotettix Willemse, 1951
- Coptottigia Bolívar, 1912
- Cranotettix Grant, 1955
- Depressotetrix Brisout de Barneville, 1848 ou Karaman, 1960
- Ergatettix Kirby, 1914
- Flatocerus Liang & Zheng, 1984
- Formosatettix Tinkham, 1937
- Formosatettixoides Zheng, 1994
- Gibbotettix Zheng, 1992
- Hedotettix Bolívar, 1887
- Heteropterus Wang, 1992
- Leptacrydium Chopard, 1945
- Macquillania Günther, 1972
- Micronotus Hancock, 1902
- Neocoptotettix Shishodia, 1984
- Neotettix Hancock, 1898
- Nomotettix Morse, 1894
- Ochetotettix Morse, 1900
- Phaesticus Uvarov, 1940
- Sciotettix Ichikawa, 2001
- Stenodorus Hancock, 1906
- Teredorus Hancock, 1907
- Tettiella Hancock, 1909
- Tettiellona Günther, 1979
- Uvarovitettix Bazyluk & Kis, 1960
- Xiaitettix Zheng & Liang, 1993
- Dinotettigini Günther, 1979
- Tripetalocerinae Hancock, 1907
- Tripetalocera Westwood, 1834
- Birmana Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893
- Kraengia Bolívar, 1909
- sub-family unassigned:
- Xerophyllini Günther, 1979
- Acmophyllum Karsch, 1890
- Astyalus Rehn, 1939
- Cladoramus Hancock, 1907
- Morphopoides Rehn, 1930
- Morphopus Bolívar, 1905
- Pantelia Bolívar, 1887
- Paulytettix Devriese, 1999
- Royitettix Devriese, 1999
- Sanjetettix Devriese, 1999
- Seyidotettix Rehn, 1939
- Trachytettix Stål, 1876
- Trypophyllum Karsch, 1890
- Xerophyllum Fairmaire, 1846
- Xerophyllini Günther, 1979
- sub-family unassigned:
- Aalatettix Zheng & Mao, 2002
- Bidentatettix Zheng, 1992
- Castetsia Bolívar, 1902
- Christa Rehn, 1914
- Cyphotettix Rehn, 1952
- Lepocranus Devriese, 1991
- Paramphinotus Zheng, 2004
- Peronotettix Rehn, 1952
- Pseudepitettix Zheng, 1995
- Pseudosystolederus Günther, 1939
- Pseudoxistrella Liang, 1991
- Rehnitettix Günther, 1939
- Rosacris Bolívar, 1931
- Silanotettix Günther, 1959
- Tuberfemurus Zheng, 1992
- Yunnantettix Zheng, 1995
- †Archaeotetrix Sharov, 1968
- †Prototetrix Sharov, 1968
References
- ↑ Rambur (1838) Faune entomologique de l'Andalousie 2:64
- ↑ Ragge DR (1965). Grasshoppers, Crickets & Cockroaches of the British Isles. F Warne & Co, London. p. 299.
- 1 2 3 Borror DJ, Tripplehorn CA, Johnson NF (1989) An Introduction to the Study of Insects, 6th edition. Harcourt Brace College Publishers. New York. pg 213
- ↑ Imms AD, rev. Richards OW & Davies RG (1970) A General Textbook of Entomology 9th Ed. Methuen 886 pp.
- 1 2 Grimaldi D, Engel MS (2005) Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. pg 211
- 1 2 Preston-Mafham K (1990) Grasshoppers and Mantids of the World. Facts of File, New York. pg 32
- 1 2 3 Resh VH, Cardé RT (2003) Encyclopedia of Insects. Academic Press, Amsterdam, pg 839
- ↑ Bastow JL, Sabo JL, Finlay JC, Power ME (2002) A basal aquatic-terrestrial trophic link in rivers: algal subsidies via shore-dwelling grasshoppers. Oecologia 131: 261–268
- ↑ "Family Tetrigidae - Pygmy Grasshoppers".
- ↑ Orthoptera Species File (retrieved 30 March 2010)
External links
Data related to Tetrigidae at Wikispecies Media related to Tetrigidae at Wikimedia Commons- Pygmy locusts
- Pygmy grasshoppers
- BugGuide.net