Premier League–Football League gulf

In English football, a gulf has arisen between the finances of clubs from the Premier League and English Football League since the First Division clubs broke away to form the Premier League in 1992. Some have argued that this disparity is wider than in other European leagues where the top flight is combined with at least one division below in a league, such as Germany's Bundesliga, Italy's Serie A and Spain's La Liga. However, England has five tiers of single national divisions, compared to only two in Spain and Italy and three in Germany.

Finance

Since the Premier League began at the start of the 1992–93 season, its member teams have received larger amounts of money in TV rights than their Football League colleagues. Prior to the formation of the Premier League, television revenues from top flight matches were shared between the 92 Football League clubs across four unified national professional divisions. The breakaway of 22 clubs to form the Premier League resulted in top flight revenues being shared exclusively between Premier League clubs.[1] The Premier League agreed to maintain the promotion and relegation of three clubs with the Football League, but the Football League was now in a far weaker position – without its best clubs and without the clout to negotiate high revenue TV deals. This problem was exacerbated in 2002 when ITV Digital, the holder of the TV rights for the Football League, went into administration. Many League clubs had invested in ground improvements and the player transfer market with anticipated television funds that never materialized, causing several clubs to enter receivership – most notably Bradford City, who were faced with debts of £36 million and almost lost their Football League status as a result.

As a result, financial disparity has been cited as a reason for newly promoted teams finding it increasingly harder to establish themselves in the Premier League, thus worrying more about avoiding relegation than winning the title. The three Premier League relegation places have been filled by at least one newly promoted club in all but three of the 21 seasons since its introduction, and in the 1997–98 season all three clubs (Bolton Wanderers, Barnsley and Crystal Palace) were relegated.

The only exceptions, in which all three teams survived, were the 2001–02, 2011–12 and 2017-18 seasons. In the first season, the teams were Fulham, Blackburn Rovers and Bolton Wanderers; Blackburn and Bolton were eventually relegated in 2011–12, and Fulham in 2013–14. Fulham returned to the Premier League in 2018-19. The teams in the second season were Queens Park Rangers, Norwich City and Swansea City; QPR were relegated in the following season and Norwich in 2013–14, while Swansea were eventually relegated in 2017-18. Norwich and QPR would both immediately bounce back from their relegations in the following season, earning promotion through winning the Championship play offs in 2014 and 2015 respectively, however they were both relegated back to the Championship in the seasons that followed, and to date have not returned. The teams in the third season were Brighton & Hove Albion, Newcastle United and Huddersfield Town. All three teams are still competing in the Premier League.

The Premier League distributes a small portion of its television revenue to clubs that are relegated from the league in the form of "parachute payments". Starting with the 2013–14 season, these payments are in excess of £60 million over four seasons.[2] Though designed to help teams adjust to the loss of television revenues (the average Premier League team receives £55 million[3] while the average Football League Championship club receives £2 million[4]), critics maintain that the payments actually widen the gap between teams that have reached the Premier League and those that have not,[5] leading to the common occurrence of teams returning soon after their relegation.

This, however, does not take into account former Premier League mainstays which currently are in the Football League, such as the former Wimbledon (who were replaced by Milton Keynes Dons in 2004 following their relocation from South London to Milton Keynes), Sheffield Wednesday, Coventry City and Leeds United, who were founding members of the Premier League and stayed there for between nine and 12 years before going down, and have yet to return. Queens Park Rangers (also a founding Premier League club) saw a 15-year absence from the Premier League, before finally returning for the 2011–12 season, but relegated again after 2014-15 and since having adopted a more cautious approach to finances due to unsustainable levels of spending in the Premier League.

A more extreme example of the struggles associated with adapting to relegation would be that of previous Premier League champions Blackburn Rovers, who were relegated from the top flight on 7 May 2012, and struggled to stay in the EFL Championship over the next five seasons before finally dropping to League One on 7 May 2017, earning the dubious distinction of being the only former Premier League champions to play at that level. This was in spite of Rovers initially spending substantial amounts of money following their relegation from the Premier League, breaking their transfer record to land Jordan Rhodes for £8 million in the 2012–13 season.[6] Rovers would proceed to become a cost-cutting club, due to the exhaustion of their parachute payments across multiple seasons, large amounts of debts beginning to surface reportedly within the region of £100 million, and a lack of investment from their owners Venkys, culminating in their relegation to League One.[7][8][9]

Another notable example of a former Premier League club that has struggled both financially and competitively, despite being in receipt of parachute payments, would be that of Bolton Wanderers. Having spent beyond their means throughout the club's 11-year tenure in the top flight, Bolton steadily declined with regards to league position in the years following their Premier League relegation in 2012, eventually dropping down to League One in 2016. That season, the club's perilous financial situation neccessitated the sale of their Euxton training ground and a car park in use by the club.[10] The club had ammassed debts of £186 million to their previous owner Eddie Davies, of which £171 million was eventually written off in order to assist with selling the club.[11] Bolton Wanderers and its parent company Sports Shield BWFC, have faced multiple winding up petitions from HM Revenue and Customs for unpaid loan debts to various external businesses amounting to approximately £30 million; including an unpaid £5 million loan to BluMarble, a finance company that had provided funds to facilitate a takeover deal for the club in March 2017, and an overdue loan debt of £5.5 million to Prescot Business Park Ltd.[12][13] Bolton's most recent financial accounts have produced forecasts that predict an annual loss of roughly £11 million, with the club judged "unable to meet ongoing costs".[14] The parent company Sports Shield BWFC was wound up in August 2017 after a court hearing, with initial fears that Bolton would face a points deduction as a result, however the club avoided such sanction.[15]

In spite of the club being under a transfer embargo imposed by the Football League for almost two years from late 2015 to September 2017[16][17], with the club being limited to free transfers and loans under a pre-determined wage cap, Bolton earned promotion back to the Championship at the first time of asking under manager Phil Parkinson in the 2016–17 season.

The payments have been also criticised as causing Premier League teams to play more cautiously — playing not to lose instead of playing to win — because the threat of relegation means the loss of payments from the television rights. In fact, as of December 2006, the goals-per-game average is only 2.14, the lowest it has ever been in Premier League history and lower than any other professional league in Europe. Steve Bruce, at the time manager of Birmingham City, stated that,

It's a results business... The Championship is very entertaining at the moment because about 12 clubs think they can win it. In the Premiership you've got 12 clubs shit-scared of relegation, and that's the difference.[18]

Ten years later, these words were re-confirmed by the 2016–17 season final table, which showed a distinct trinary hierarchy. The 7 teams gaining places in European football were between 15 and 47 points ahead of the next group of 10, which were all spanned by a difference of just 6 points. A further gap of 6 points separated those mid-ranking teams from the relegation zone.

Curse of Christmas

The Curse of Christmas refers to a trend where the team at the bottom of the Premier League table at Christmas has been relegated at the end of the season.[19] Since the league began, this has happened in every season except three: 2004–05, when West Bromwich Albion finished 17th, Sunderland, who avoided the drop in 2013–14, and Leicester City who survived in the 2014–15 season. Swansea City managed a similar feat by being level on points with bottom club Hull City on Boxing Day, but survived in the 2016–17 season. West Brom were, in fact, still bottom of the table on the morning of the last day of the 2004–05 season (and even at half time in the final match), but a win over Portsmouth, coupled with defeats for Norwich City and Southampton and a draw for Crystal Palace, enabled them to move up three places and thus survive, an achievement since dubbed 'The Great Escape'. West Brom remain the only team to be bottom of the Premier League both at Christmas and on the last day and still survive.

Every side that lay bottom at Christmas improved their form in the remaining matches - with the exception of Derby, West Brom and Portsmouth over the three year period of 2008 to 2010. This can partially be explained by the January transfer window, enabling the struggling sides to improve their squads.

The three sides to have survived the drop despite being at the foot of the table at Christmas all improved their form by at least 0.64 points per game - just under the equivalent of two additional points for every three matches played. Only two other sides have increased their form by greater than this amount: Sheffield Wednesday (2000) and West Ham United (2003). Sheffield Wednesday had the second worst form prior to Christmas, while West Ham achieved the highest points total from a thirty-eight game season for a relegated side - achieving more points at the end of the season than the three sides who survived the drop despite being bottom at Christmas.

The last time a top-division team had achieved this feat was in the penultimate season of the pre-Premier League First Division, in 1990–91. The team in question was Sheffield United, who after 16 matches had no wins and less than 10 points, before their form improved dramatically in the second half of the season and a run of seven successive wins helped them to finish in 13th place out of 20.

Certain teams are notable for extremely poor seasons as a result of inability to come to terms with the gulf:

  • Swindon Town were the first such example in the 1993–94 season, when they won a mere five games out of 42 and conceded 100 goals (still a Premier League record) in their first and, to date, only season in the top flight. One of the few bright spots of the season came when they held Manchester United (who went on to win the league title and FA Cup) to a 2–2 draw at home in March, and having lost 4–2 away to them earlier in the season they scored more goals against the title-winning side than any other club in the league that season (bar Oldham Athletic, who were also relegated).
  • In 2002–03, Sunderland were relegated having achieved record lows of four wins, 19 points and 21 goals. They returned to the top flight in 2005–06, only to break two of these records - managing just three wins and 15 points - and also equal the record for most losses in a season, 29, which had previously been achieved by Ipswich Town in 1994–95. As some consolation, they scored more goals (26) than they had the previous time.
  • In 2007–08 Derby County, appearing in the top flight for the first time since 2001–02, won just one game out of 38 (beating Newcastle United 1–0 at home on 17 September 2007 thanks to a Kenny Miller strike), finished with 11 points and scored just 20 goals, thus breaking all three of Sunderland's records. They also set new records for the most consecutive matches without a win (32) and the worst goal difference (−69), and equalled the record jointly held by Ipswich and Sunderland in achieving 29 losses. Finally, they became the first team to be officially relegated from the Premier League in March, and only the second team ever to achieve just one win in an entire season of an English professional league (the other being Loughborough in 1899–1900).
SeasonTeamPoints at ChristmasFinal PositionPoints at End of SeasonP/G at ChristmasP/G after Christmas
1992-93Nottingham Forest15 (W3-D6-L11)22nd of 2240 (W10-D10-L22)0.751.14
1993-94Swindon Town14 (W2-D8-L11)22nd of 2230 (W5-D15-L22)0.670.76
1994-95Ipswich Town12 (W3-D3-L13)22nd of 2227 (W7-D6-L29)0.630.65
1995-96Bolton Wanderers10 (W2-D4-L13)20th of 2029 (W8-D5-L25)0.531.00
1996-97Nottingham Forest13 (W2-D7-L9)20th of 2034 (W6-D16-L16)0.721.05
1997-98Barnsley14 (W4-D2-L13)19th of 2035 (W10-D5-L23)0.741.11
1998-99Nottingham Forest13 (W2-D7-L11)20th of 2030 (W7-D9-L22)0.650.94
1999-00Sheffield Wednesday6 (W1-D3-L13)19th of 2031 (W8-D7-L23)0.351.19
2000-01Bradford City12 (W2-D6-L11)20th of 2026 (W5-D11-L22)0.630.74
2001-02Ipswich Town12 (W2-D6-L10)18th of 2036 (W9-D9-L20)0.671.20
2002-03West Ham United14 (W3-D5-L11)18th of 2042 (W10-D12-L16)0.741.47
2003-04Wolverhampton Wanderers11 (W2-D5-L9)20th of 2033 (W7-D12-L19)0.691.00
2004-05West Bromwich Albion10 (W1-D7-L10)17th of 20134 (W6-D16-L16)0.561.20
2005-06Sunderland5 (W1-D2-L14)20th of 2015 (W3-D6-L29)0.290.48
2006-07Watford11 (W1-D8-L9)20th of 2028 (W5-D13-L20)0.610.85
2007-08Derby County7 (W1-D4-L13)20th of 2011 (W1-D8-L29)0.390.20
2008-09West Bromwich Albion18 (W5-D3-L12)20th of 2032 (W8-D8-L22)0.900.78
2009-10Portsmouth14 (W4-D2-L12)20th of 20192 (W7-D7-L24)0.780.702
2010-11West Ham United13 (W2-D7-L9)20th of 2033 (W7-D12-L19)0.721.00
2011-12Blackburn Rovers10 (W2-D4-L11)19th of 2031 (W8-D7-L23)0.591.00
2012-13Reading9 (W1-D6-L11)19th of 2028 (W6-D10-L22)0.500.95
2013-14Sunderland10 (W2-D4-L11)14th of 20138 (W10-D8-L20)0.591.33
2014-15Leicester City10 (W2-D4-L11)14th of 20141 (W11-D8-L19)0.591.48
2015-16Aston Villa7 (W1-D4-L12)20th of 2017 (W3-D8-L27)0.410.48
2016-17Hull City12 (W3-D3-L11)18th of 2034 (W9-D7-L22)0.711.05
2017-18Swansea City13 (W3-D4-L12)18th of 2033 (W8-D9-L21)0.681.05

^1 Avoided relegation.
^2 Portsmouth were deducted nine points for entering administration. With these nine points, they would have still finished 20th. The points per game tally after Christmas does not take the points deduction into account.

Unexpected performances

There have been some strong performances by newly promoted clubs in the Premier League – particularly in its first few seasons. Blackburn Rovers were among the three teams who won promotion to the Premier League upon its formation, and bankrolled by owner Jack Walker's millions they were able to attract some of the best players in English football – most notably £3.6 million national record signing Alan Shearer. They finished fourth in their first Premier League season after leading in the early stages. Ipswich Town, one of the other promoted teams that season, were among the top five clubs as late as February 1993 and were being tipped as surprise title contenders, but a late slump in form dragged them down to 16th place.

1990s

In the second season of the Premier League, newly promoted Newcastle United finished third – the same position which was occupied by another newly promoted side, Nottingham Forest, the following year. With the exception of Ipswich Town in 2001, this was the last time a newly promoted club finished in the top five.

Middlesbrough finished 12th in the 1995–96 season after promotion, but 10 games into the season they occupied fourth place – high enough for UEFA Cup qualification -[20] – and were being touted as outsiders for the Premier League title.

In 1996–97, newly promoted Leicester City achieved top-flight survival for the first time since 1986 by finishing ninth and also winning the Football League Cup to end their 33-year trophy drought.[21] Middlesbrough had been relegated from the Premier League in 1997 two years after promotion (though only through a points deduction) and were promoted back at the first attempt, and in their first Premier League campaign following relegation they finished ninth in the Premier League and only narrowly missed out on UEFA Cup qualification.[22]

Sunderland were promoted to the Premier League as Division One champions with a new record of 105 league points in 1999, and marked their return to the top flight by finishing seventh and only missing out on UEFA Cup qualification on goal difference.[23]

2000s

Charlton Athletic's return to the Premier League as Division One champions for the 2000–01 season was marked with a ninth-place finish – their highest for some 50 years.[24]

In 2001–02, Blackburn Rovers returned to the Premier League two years after relegation and marked it with their first League Cup triumph, and a late surge in form following the trophy win took them clear of the relegation zone to a tenth-place finish.[25] Manchester City returned to the Premier League in 2002 a year after relegation by securing the Division One title, and marked their return to the top flight with a ninth-place finish – their highest in a decade.[26] After two seasons of newly promoted clubs either being relegated or narrowly scraping survival, West Ham United finished ninth in the Premier League in 2005–06 and almost won the FA Cup (only missing out due to a late Liverpool equaliser and a penalty shoot-out defeat),[27] while fellow promoted side Wigan Athletic enjoyed an even more remarkable season. They were rarely outside the top five in the first half of the season, and then reached their first major cup final – the League Cup final – which they lost to Manchester United. They eventually finished 10th in the final table.[28]

Reading reached the top flight for the first time in their history for the 2006–07 season and finished eighth – narrowly missing out on UEFA Cup qualification.[29]

Hull City reached the Premier League for the 2008–09 season, the first time they had ever appeared in the top flight and all the more remarkable considering they had begun the decade almost bankrupt in the league's basement division. An excellent start to the season saw them level on points in third place with the leading pack of Liverpool and Arsenal in mid-October, though their season gradually fell away from December onwards and they ended up surviving by just one point.[30] Hull were relegated the following season but made a return to the Premier League several years later by finishing second in the 2012–13 Championship season, with experienced manager Steve Bruce in charge. Hull would again survive their first season in the Premier League following promotion, finishing 16th in the 2013–14 season, but they were relegated again the following season after drawing 0–0 with Manchester United on the last day of the season.[31] Hull would stick with Bruce after relegation, who in the 2015–16 season got Hull promoted for the second time as manager through winning the 2016 Championship play-off final. Bruce would depart the club during the summer after disagreements with the board and frustration over the club's lack of transfer activity, leaving Hull in a crisis going into their Premier League season without a manager and an incredibly small squad of only 13 fit senior professionals.[32] The season started well under caretaker manager Mike Phelan, winning their opening two fixtures, including a shock win over champions Leicester City on the opening day of the season[33], however as expected, Hull struggled throughout the season and were relegated, not helped by discontent amongst fans over the club's ownership, along with the lack of investment with regards to player transfers and effective preparation while the club was up for sale, and poor performances on the pitch. Marco Silva replaced Phelan in January and rejuvenated the team, getting some good results, in particular in a 2–0 home win over Liverpool and a point away at Old Trafford, however the damage had been done in the first half of the season and Hull finished 18th. The following summer saw a large amount of player departures and a new manager join Hull, Leonid Slutsky.

Stoke City returned to the top flight at the same time as Hull's promotion, having been in exile for 23 years, and returned in reasonable style with a 12th-place finish.[34] Stoke have since established themselves as a consistent mid-table Premier League club, under the management of Tony Pulis and more recently Mark Hughes, finishing 9th in the league for three consecutive seasons between 2013–14 to 2015–16, before eventually relegated in 2017-18.

Birmingham City, who had two spells in the Premier League between 2002 and 2008, returned to the elite for the 2009–10 campaign one season after relegation and secured a ninth-place finish, the club's best in decades and one of their highest ever.[35]

2010s

Norwich City returned to the top flight for the first time in seven years, a season when the team needed a result against Fulham at Craven Cottage in order to survive, but were relegated straight back to The Championship after a 6-0 defeat. After the 2008-09 season, the team were relegated to League One, only to win the league at the first time of asking despite an opening day 7-1 record league loss to Colchester United. The season after in 2010–11, Norwich earned their place back amongst the elite by gaining the second automatic promotion spot in the a Championship, with many pundits tipping the team for immediate relegation. However, they were consistent for most of the season, never being in any real danger of relegation, before finishing the season in 12th position. Norwich would remain a Premier League club for two further seasons under the management of Chris Hughton, but were relegated in the 2013–14 season, with the club sacking Hughton towards the tail end of the season as Norwich sat just above the relegation zone in 17th, appointing Neil Adams only to be relegated by not winning any of their remaining five games. Norwich bounced back to the Premier League at the first time of asking, under new manager Alex Neil, after winning the 2015 Championship play-off final against Middlesbrough, however their stay back in the Premier League was short lived as Norwich finished 19th in the 2015–16 season. They remain in the Championship to date.

Swansea City also returned to the top flight at the same time as Norwich's promotion, having been playing below the top division since their relegation in 1983, and were also in danger of leaving The Football League itself in 2003, only for a 4-2 win over Hull City on the final day at The Vetch to confirm their survival. Two seasons later in 2004-05 the team won League Two, under the guidance of Kenny Jackett, before following this up three seasons later, by winning League One under Roberto Martínez gaining a club record 92 points in the process. In the 2010-11 season Swansea finally won promotion to the Premier League being the first Welsh team to do so, under Brendan Rodgers, after beating his former team Reading 4-2 in the play-off final at Wembley Stadium.

The season proved successful for the Welsh team, despite being heavily tipped by many pundits to be relegated. They returned in reasonable style finishing in 11th position, only one goal away to being in 10th position. Their season saw surprise wins over Arsenal, Manchester City and Liverpool. The team also despite being newly promoted, scored the fastest goal of the 2011-12 season, when Andrea Orlandi scored within 24 seconds against Wolverhampton Wanderers in a 4-4 draw at the Liberty Stadium, a match that also confirmed Swansea's place in the 2012-13 Premier League season. In the 2012-13 season, Swansea qualified for the 2013-14 UEFA Europa League by winning the 2012-13 Football League Cup and finishing 9th in the Premier League.

In 2015, AFC Bournemouth earned promotion to the Premier League by winning the 2014–15 Football League Championship under the stewardship of young English manager Eddie Howe. The promotion formed part of an incredible rise up the Football League with the club having been close to liquidation only ten years prior when they were in League Two, and as recently as 2008 had gone into administration and nearly lost their Football League status.[36][37] The club have since surprised many by consolidating themselves in the Premier League, finishing 16th in their first season in the top flight and then an impressive 9th in their second season, in spite of having limited spending power in relation to modern day Premier League figures. Key to Bournemouth's success was keeping a core of home-grown players together that had risen through the leagues with the club, the likes of Harry Arter and Marc Pugh establishing themselves at the highest level, having been lower league players beforehand.

In 2017, Brighton & Hove Albion earned promotion to the Premier League for the first time in their history after finishing second in the 2016-17 EFL Championship, having missed out on top spot to Newcastle United on the final day of the season. Their first Premier League season went pretty well and they secured their Premier League status after a 1-0 victory against Manchester United on 4 May 2018.[38]

In 2017, Huddersfield Town also earned promotion to the Premier League for the first time in their history by winning the 2017 Championship play-off final, having finished in 19th place in the Championship the season prior and having only had a £12 million playing budget in their possession, a significantly lower figure in comparison to other clubs such as Aston Villa, who were backed by the wealthy Recon Group and were in receipt of parachute payments. Many had tipped Huddersfield to struggle in the Championship in a similar manner to previous seasons, however the club made a "left-field" appointment in former Borussia Dortmund II manager David Wagner, who employed a high-tempo pressing style of play and made shrewd acquisitions in the transfer market, mainly utilising loan deals from larger clubs and with Christopher Schindler being the club's record transfer at £1.2 million.[39]They finished 16th in the 2017-18 season, after drawing with Manchester City and Chelsea.

Second season syndrome

Second season syndrome is a downturn in form suffered by a team in their second season after promotion, having performed relatively well in their first season. In the Football League, Swansea City were a notable example of this so-called syndrome. Once they got promoted to old Division One in 1981-82 and led the league before finishing 6th, but they were relegated following season and in the next three years they crashed into Division Four and narrowly avoided relegation to the Conference. Swansea City were able to return to top flight only 28 years later, competing in the Premier League until 2017–18. Another notable example was Ipswich Town, who were promoted to the Premier League after a five-year exile and finished fifth in 2000–01, qualifying for the UEFA Cup, but were relegated a year later. In 2005–06, for instance, newly promoted West Ham United and Wigan Athletic finished ninth and tenth in the Premier League (it was Wigan's first season as a top division club) and were runners-up in the FA Cup and Football League Cup respectively. The following season, however, they narrowly avoided relegation with respective 17th and 15th-place finishes. In 2006–07, Reading were playing top division football for the first time in their history and finished eighth in the Premier League, with only a defeat on the final day of the season preventing them from qualifying for the UEFA Cup. A year later, however, a drastic loss of form in the second half of the season saw them dragged from mid table to occupy the final relegation place, and they were relegated on the last day of the season. Another example is Birmingham City, who after securing ninth position with over 50 points, were then relegated in 2010–11 after suffering a horrific downturn in form despite claiming the League Cup. Indeed, that season saw a surprisingly high number of points claimed by the clubs that went down, with West Ham United finishing bottom with 33 points, which would have secured 17th place the previous year, and Birmingham and shock 'new-boys' Blackpool both going down on 39 points. This could in part be attributed to burn out, newly promoted or under resourced clubs lack the strength in depth of larger established teams leaving them more vulnerable to injuries of key players and exhaustion from lack of rotation allowing players to rest.

Second season syndrome is far from guaranteed, however; after surviving their first season back in the Premier League in 2014–15 by six points, Leicester City stunned the football world by winning the Premier League the following season. In addition, in AFC Bournemouth's second season, they managed to finish 9th after a strong performance from them at the end of the season. Furthermore, in Burnley's second season after their third promotion, they managed to finish 7th and qualify for the Europa League-their best in 54 years.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Football goes to market". Retrieved 21 November 2006.
  2. ↑ "Premier League's relegated clubs to receive £60m boost".
  3. ↑ Collins, Paul (26 April 2013). "Hull set for £120m cash windfall if they win promotion to Premier League". Daily Mail. London.
  4. ↑ "Richard Scudamore takes big stick to Championship over parachute money".
  5. ↑ James, Stuart (5 August 2006). "Why clubs may risk millions for riches at the end of the rainbow". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 13 August 2006.
  6. ↑ "Hot-shot Rhodes in record Rovers deal". Rovers.co.uk. 30 August 2012.
  7. ↑ "Blackburn Left to Die by FA and Venkys". Daily Mail. 19 February 2017.
  8. ↑ "Blackburn relegated to League One despite winning at Brentford". The Guardian. 7 May 2017.
  9. ↑ "£100m debts, £4m cut in TV money and wages they now can't afford: The story of Blackburn's plummet over a precipice". The Independent. 8 May 2017.
  10. ↑ "Club statement: Euxton training ground". Bolton Wanderers Football Club. 19 February 2016.
  11. ↑ "Wanderers "unlikely" to have 15m Eddie Davies debt called in, claims chairman Ken Anderson". The Bolton News. 16 December 2016.
  12. ↑ "Bolton served third winding up order from HM Revenue and Customs". Sky Sports. 20 July 2017.
  13. ↑ "Wanderers chairman Anderson claims repayment offer on £5million BluMarble loan". The Bolton News. 24 May 2017.
  14. ↑ "Full extent of Wanderers financial problems laid bare in latest accounts". The Bolton News. 9 February 2017.
  15. ↑ "Bolton Wanderers: Sports Shield BWFC wound up at court hearing". BBC Sport. 21 August 2017.
  16. ↑ "Wanderers placed under transfer embargo by the Football League". The Bolton News. 24 December 2015.
  17. ↑ "Bolton Wanderers out of transfer embargo, says chairman Ken Anderson". BBC Sport. 14 September 2017.
  18. ↑ Wilson, Paul (3 December 2006). "Where have all the goals gone?". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 6 December 2006.
  19. ↑ "BBC SPORT | IPSWICH TOWN | The curse of Christmas past". BBC News. 23 December 2001. Retrieved 20 December 2010.
  20. ↑ Footymad Limited (21 October 1995). "Middlesbrough FC News – Boro MAD". Middlesbrough-mad.co.uk. Retrieved 20 December 2010.
  21. ↑ "Leicester City 1996–1997 Home". statto.com. Retrieved 20 December 2010.
  22. ↑ "Middlesbrough 1998–1999 Home". statto.com. Retrieved 20 December 2010.
  23. ↑ Archived 18 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine.
  24. ↑ Ipswich Town were also promoted to the Premier League having won the Division One Play Offs at their fourth attempt in 1999-2000, finishing 5th overall in 2000-01, qualified for the UEFA Cup with manager George Burley being named Premier League Manager of the season while their striker Marcus Stewart was the highest |English goalscorer of that season, narrowly missing out on the Golden Boot to Thierry Henry. Archived 24 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine.
  25. ↑ Archived 19 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine.
  26. ↑ Archived 10 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine.
  27. ↑ Archived 30 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine.
  28. ↑ Archived 16 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine.
  29. ↑ Archived 28 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine.
  30. ↑ "Hull City 2008–2009 Home". statto.com. Retrieved 20 December 2010.
  31. ↑ "Hull City 0–0 Manchester United". BBC Sport. 24 May 2015.
  32. ↑ "The Hull City Crisis". Just-football.com. 16 August 2016.
  33. ↑ "Hull City 2–1 Leicester City". BBC Sport. 13 August 2017.
  34. ↑ "Stoke City 2008–2009 Home". statto.com. Retrieved 20 December 2010.
  35. ↑ "Birmingham City 2009–2010 Home". statto.com. Retrieved 20 December 2010.
  36. ↑ "The Unlikely Rise of AFC Bournemouth". The Independent. 31 July 2017.
  37. ↑ "How Bournemouth went from the brink of liquidation to the Premier League". Daily Mirror. 28 April 2015.
  38. ↑
  39. ↑ "Huddersfield Town promoted to Premier League: David Wagner 'in fairy tale'". BBC Sport. 29 May 2017.
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