Pollyanna principle

The Pollyanna principle (also called Pollyannaism or positivity bias) is the tendency for people to remember pleasant items more accurately than unpleasant ones.[1] Research indicates that at the subconscious level, the mind has a tendency to focus on the optimistic; while at the conscious level, it has a tendency to focus on the negative. This subconscious bias towards the positive is often described as the Pollyanna principle and is similar to the Forer effect.[2]

Development

The name derives from the 1913 novel Pollyanna by Eleanor H. Porter describing a girl who plays the "glad game"—trying to find something to be glad about in every situation. The novel has been adapted to film several times, most famously in 1920 and 1960. An early use of the name "Pollyanna" in psychological literature was in 1969 by Boucher and Osgood who described a Pollyanna hypothesis as a universal human tendency to use evaluatively positive words more frequently and diversely than evaluatively negative words in communicating.[3] Empirical evidence for this tendency has been provided by computational analyses of large corpora of text.[4][5]

The Pollyanna principle was described by Matlin and Stang in 1978 using the archetype of Pollyanna more specifically as a psychological principle which portrays the positive bias people have when thinking of the past. According to the Pollyanna Principle, the brain processes information that is pleasing and agreeable in a more precise and exact manner as compared to unpleasant information. We actually tend to remember past experiences as more rosy than they actually occurred.[6]

Researchers Margaret Matlin and David Stang provided substantial evidence of the Pollyanna Principle. They found that people expose themselves to positive stimuli and avoid negative stimuli, they take longer to recognize what is unpleasant or threatening than what is pleasant and safe, and they report that they encounter positive stimuli more frequently than they actually do. Matlin and Stang also determined that selective recall was a more likely occurrence when recall was delayed: the longer the delay, the more selective recall that occurred.

The Pollyanna principle has been observed on online social networks as well. For example, Twitter users preferentially share more, and are emotionally affected more frequently by, positive information.[7][8]

However, the Pollyanna principle does not always apply to individuals suffering from depression or anxiety, who tend to either have more depressive realism or a negative bias.[9]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Matlin & Stang 1978, p. 260.
  2. ↑ http://apsychoserver.psych.arizona.edu/JJBAReprints/PSYC621/Forer_The%20fallacy%20of%20personal%20validation_1949.pdf Forer BR (1949). The fallacy of personal validation: A classroom demonstration of gullibility Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology. 44, 118-123
  3. ↑ Boucher & Osgood 1969.
  4. ↑ Dodds, Peter Sheridan; Clark, Eric M.; Desu, Suma; Frank, Morgan R.; Reagan, Andrew J.; Williams, Jake Ryland; Mitchell, Lewis; Harris, Kameron Decker; Kloumann, Isabel M. (2015-02-24). "Human language reveals a universal positivity bias". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 112 (8): 2389–2394. arXiv:1406.3855. Bibcode:2015PNAS..112.2389D. doi:10.1073/pnas.1411678112. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 4345622. PMID 25675475.
  5. ↑ Holtz, Peter; Deutschmann, Emanuel; Dobewall, Henrik (2017-08-23). "Cross-Cultural Psychology and the Rise of Academic Capitalism: Linguistic Changes in CCR and JCCP Articles, 1970-2014". Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. 48 (9): 1410–1431. doi:10.1177/0022022117724902. ISSN 0022-0221.
  6. ↑ Matlin & Stang 1978.
  7. ↑ Ferrara & Yang 2015a.
  8. ↑ Ferrara & Yang 2015b.
  9. ↑ Carr 2004.

Bibliography

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  • Boucher, J.; Osgood, C. (1969). "The Pollyanna hypothesis". Journal of Verbal and Learning Behavior. 8 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1016/S0022-5371(69)80002-2.
  • Carr, Alan (2004). Positive Psychology: The Science of Happiness and Human Strengths. Psychology Press. p. 77. ISBN 9781583919910.
  • Ferrara, Emilio; Yang, Zeyao (2015a). "Quantifying the effect of sentiment on information diffusion in social media". PeerJ Computer Science. 1: e26. doi:10.7717/peerj-cs.26.
  • Ferrara, Emilio; Yang, Zeyao (2015b). "Measuring Emotional Contagion in Social Media". PLOS ONE. 10 (11): e0142390. arXiv:1506.06021. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1042390F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0142390. PMC 4636231. PMID 26544688.
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  • Matlin, M.W; Stang, D.J (1978). The Pollyanna Principle: Selectivity in Language, Memory, and Thought. ISBN 978-0-87073-815-9.
  • Matlin, M.W; Gawron, V.J (1979). "Individual Differences in Pollyannaism". Journal of Personality Assessment. 43 (4): 411–412. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa4304_14. PMID 16366974.
  • Matlin, Margaret W. (2004). "Pollyanna Principle". In Rüdiger, F Pohl. Cognitive Illusions: A Handbook on Fallacies and Biases in Thinking. Taylor & Francis. p. 260. ISBN 9781135844950. Retrieved 2014-12-14.
  • Paul, A.M. (2004). The Cult of Personality: How Personality Tests Are Leading Us to Miseducate Our Children, Mismanage Our Companies, and Misunderstand Ourselves. Free Press. ISBN 978-0-7432-4356-8.
  • Pearrow, M (2002). The Wireless Web Usability Handbook. Boston, MA: Charles River Media. ISBN 1-58450-056-5.
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