Action Party (Italy)
Action Party Partito d'Azione | |
---|---|
| |
President |
Carlo Rosselli (1929–1937) Emilio Lussu (1937–1943) Ferruccio Parri (1943–1945) Ugo La Malfa (1945–1946) Ernesto Rossi (1946–1947) |
Founder (s) | Carlo Rosselli, Gaetano Salvemini, Sandro Pertini |
Founded |
July 1, 1929 (as GL) June 14, 1942 (as PA) |
Dissolved | 25 April 1947 |
Newspaper | L'Italia Libera |
Armed wing | Giustizia e Libertà |
Ideology |
Liberal socialism[1][2] Liberalism[3] Anti-fascism Republicanism |
Political position | Centre-left[3][4] |
National affiliation | National Liberation Committee (1943–1945) |
International affiliation | None |
Colours | Green |
The Action Party (Italian: Partito d'Azione, PdA) was a liberal-socialist political party in Italy.[1][5] The party was anti-fascist[6] and republican.[7] Its prominent leaders were Carlo Rosselli, Ferruccio Parri, Emilio Lussu and Ugo La Malfa. Other prominent members included Leone Ginzburg,[5] Ernesto de Martino, Norberto Bobbio, Riccardo Lombardi and Vittorio Foa, and the Nobel-winning poet Eugenio Montale.[8][9]
History
Founded in July 1942 by former militants of Giustizia e Libertà ("Justice and Freedom"), liberal-socialists, and democrats. Ideologically they were heirs to the "Liberal Socialism" of Carlo Rosselli,[10] and to Piero Gobetti's "Liberal Revolution", whose writings rejected Marxist "economic determinism" and aimed at the overcoming of class struggle and for a new shape of Socialism, respect for civil liberty and for radical change in both the social and the economic structure of Italy. From January 1943 it published a clandestine newspaper, L'Italia Libera ("Free Italy"), edited by Leone Ginzburg. In the same year members of the Party came into contact with Allied secret services stationed in neutral Switzerland. In particular, this activity was commissioned to Filippo Caracciolo which had a special relationship with British Special Operations Executive. Caracciolo tried to avoid Allied bombing on Italy, but most of all he tried to get British support for an Anti-Fascist Committee that was supposed to lead the new government after an anti-Mussolini coup.[11]
After the armistice of 8 September 1943, as a central member of the National Liberation Committee, the Action Party actively participated in the Italian resistance movement with units of Giustizia e Libertà commanded by Ferruccio Parri. It maintained a clear anti-monarchical position and it was opposed to Togliatti and the Italian Communist Party's Salerno Initiative for postwar governance.[12] The party adopted the symbol of a flaming sword.
In the immediate post-war period it joined the government securing the post of Prime Minister for Ferruccio Parri from June to November 1945. However, as a result of the internal conflict between the democratic-reformist line of Ugo La Malfa and the socialist line of Emilio Lussu, combined with the electoral defeat of 1946, the party folded. Unwillingness of the "Actionists" to work with reviving political parties "tainted by association with Fascism" also resulted in the decline of the Action Party. The main group of former members, led by Riccardo Lombardi, joined the Italian Socialist Party, while the La Malfa group (as the Movement for Republican Democracy) entered the Italian Republican Party.[13]
Prominent members
- Giorgio Bassani
- Norberto Bobbio
- Piero Calamandrei
- Aldo Capitini
- Nicola Chiaromonte
- Carlo Azeglio Ciampi
- Tristano Codignola
- Enrico Cuccia
- Francesco de Martino
- Oriana Fallaci
- Vittorio Foa
- Leone Ginzburg
- Natalia Ginzburg
- Ugo La Malfa
- Carlo Levi
- Primo Levi
- Riccardo Lombardi
- Emilio Lussu
- Raffaele Mattioli
- Eugenio Montale
- Ferruccio Parri
- Ernesto Rossi
- Gaetano Salvemini
- Eugenio Scalfari
- Altiero Spinelli
- Alberto Tarchiani
- Leo Valiani
- Franco Venturi
- Bruno Zevi
Election results
Italian Parliament
Chamber of Deputies | |||||
Election year | # of overall votes |
% of overall vote |
# of overall seats won |
+/– | Leader |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1946 | 334,748 (#8) | 1.45 | 7 / 556 |
See also
References
- 1 2 Steve Bastow, James Martin. Third way discourse: European ideologies in the twentieth century. Edinburgh, Scotland, UK: Edinburgh University Press, Ltd., 2003. Pp. 74.
- ↑ Bernard A. Cook, ed. (2001). "Italy". Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 671. ISBN 978-1-135-17932-8.
- 1 2 Ercolessi, Giulio (2009), "Italy: The Contemporary Condition of Italian Laicità", Secularism, Women & the State: The Mediterranean World in the 21st Century, Institute for the Study of Secularism in Society and Culture, p. 13
- ↑ Glenda Sluga (2001). The Problem of Trieste and the Italo-Yugoslav Border: Difference, Identity, and Sovereignty in Twentieth-Century Europe. SUNY Press. p. 76. ISBN 978-0-7914-4824-3.
- 1 2 David Ward (2000). "Natalia Ginzberg's early writings in L'Italia Libera". In Angela M. Jeannet; Giuliana Sanguinetti Katz; Giuliana Katz. Natalia Ginzburg. University of Toronto Press. p. 46. ISBN 978-0-8020-4722-9.
- ↑ Carlo Testa (2002). Italian Cinema and Modern European Literatures, 1945-2000. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-275-97522-7.
- ↑ Susanna Mancini (2012). "From the struggle for suffrage to the construction of a fragile gender citizenship: Italy 1861–2009". In Blanca Rodríguez-Ruiz; Ruth Rubio-Marín. The Struggle for Female Suffrage in Europe: Voting to Become Citizens. BRILL. p. 373. ISBN 978-90-04-22991-4.
- ↑ Phil Edwards (2009). "More Work! Less Pay!": Rebellion and Repression in Italy, 1972-77. Oxford University Press. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-7190-7873-6.
- ↑ Cambon, Glauco (2014). Eugenio Montale's Poetry: A Dream in Reason's Presence. Princeton University Press. p. 189.
- ↑ Luca Barattoni (2012). Italian Post-Neorealist Cinema. Edinburgh University Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-7486-5093-4.
- ↑ Mireno Berrettini, La Gran Bretagna e l’Antifascismo italiano. Diplomazia clandestina, Intelligence, Operazioni Speciali (1940-1943), Firenze, 2010
- ↑ Mireno Berrettini, La Resistenza italiana e lo Special Operations Executive britannico (1943-1945), Firenze, 2013
- ↑ Mark Gilbert; Robert K. Nilsson, eds. (2010). The A to Z of Modern Italy. Scarecrow Press. p. 227. ISBN 978-1-4616-7202-9.