Serial comma

In English language punctuation, a serial comma or series comma (also called an Oxford comma or a Harvard comma)[1] is a comma placed immediately before the coordinating conjunction (usually and or or) in a series of three or more terms. For example, a list of three countries might be punctuated either as "France, Italy, and Spain" (with the serial comma), or as "France, Italy and Spain" (without the serial comma).[2][3][4]

Opinions among writers and editors differ on whether to use the serial comma, and usage also differs somewhat between regional varieties of English. In American English, not using a serial comma is often characterized as a journalistic style of writing, in contrast to a more academic or formal style. A majority of American style guides mandate use of the serial comma, including APA style,[5] The Chicago Manual of Style, The MLA Style Manual, Strunk and White's Elements of Style,[6] and the U.S. Government Printing Office Style Manual. In contrast, the Associated Press Stylebook advises against it. In Canada, the stylebook published by The Canadian Press advises against it. It is used less often in British English,[7] but a few British style guides require it, notably The Oxford Style Manual.[8] According to The Oxford Companion to the English Language, "Commas are used to separate items in a list or sequence … Usage varies as to the inclusion of a comma before and in the last item … This practice is controversial and is known as the serial comma or Oxford comma, because it is part of the house style of Oxford University Press."[9] Some use it only where necessary to avoid ambiguity,[10] in contrast to such guides as Garner's Modern American Usage, which advocate its routine use to avoid ambiguity.[11]

Arguments for and against

Common arguments for consistent use of the serial comma:

  1. Use of the comma is consistent with conventional practice.[12]
  2. It matches the spoken cadence of sentences better.[13]
  3. It can resolve ambiguity (see examples below).[14]
  4. Its use is consistent with other means of separating items in a list (for example, when semicolons are used to separate items, a semicolon is consistently included before the last item even when and or or is present).[15]
  5. Its omission can suggest a stronger connection between the last two items in a series than actually exists.[16]
  6. In order "to prevent any misreading that the last item is part of the preceding one".[17][18]

Common arguments against consistent use of the serial comma:

  1. Use of the comma is inconsistent with conventional practice.[19]
  2. The comma may introduce ambiguity (see examples below).
  3. It is redundant in a simple list because the and or the or is often meant to serve (by itself) to mark the logical separation between the final two items,[20] unless the final two items are not truly separate items but are two parts of a compound single item.
  4. Where space is at a premium, the comma adds unnecessary bulk to the text.

Many sources are against both systematic use and systematic avoidance of the serial comma, making recommendations in a more nuanced way (see Usage and subsequent sections).

Ambiguity

Resolving ambiguity

The style that always uses the serial comma may be less likely to result in ambiguity. Consider this apocryphal book dedication:[21]

To my parents, Ayn Rand and God.

There is ambiguity about the writer's parentage, because "Ayn Rand and God" can be read as in apposition to my parents, leading the reader to believe that the writer claims Ayn Rand and God are the parents. A comma before and removes the ambiguity:

To my parents, Ayn Rand, and God.

But lists can also be written in other ways that eliminate the ambiguity without introducing the serial comma, such as by changing the word order or by using other punctuation, or none, to introduce or delimit them (though the emphasis may thereby be changed):

To God, Ayn Rand and my parents.

An example collected by Nielsen Hayden was found in a newspaper account of a documentary about Merle Haggard:

Among those interviewed were his two ex-wives, Kris Kristofferson and Robert Duvall.[22]

A serial comma following "Kris Kristofferson" would help prevent this being understood as Kris Kristofferson and Robert Duvall being the ex-wives in question.

Another example is:

My usual breakfast is coffee, bacon and eggs and toast.

It is unclear whether the eggs are being grouped with the bacon or the toast. Adding a serial comma removes this ambiguity.

Writers who normally avoid the serial comma often use one in these circumstances, although sometimes re-ordering the elements of such a list can help as well.

Creating ambiguity

In some circumstances using the serial comma can create ambiguity. If the book dedication above is changed to

To my mother, Ayn Rand, and God

the serial comma after Ayn Rand creates ambiguity about the writer's mother because it uses punctuation identical to that used for an appositive phrase, leaving it unclear whether this is a list of three entities (1, my mother; 2, Ayn Rand; and 3, God) or of only two entities (1, my mother, who is Ayn Rand; and 2, God).[23]

Unresolved ambiguity

The Times once published an unintentionally humorous description of a Peter Ustinov documentary, noting that "highlights of his global tour include encounters with Nelson Mandela, an 800-year-old demigod and a dildo collector". This would still be ambiguous if a serial comma were added, as Mandela could still be mistaken for a demigod, although he would be precluded from being a dildo collector.[24]

Or consider

They went to Oregon with Betty, a maid, and a cook.

This is ambiguous because it is unclear whether "a maid" is an appositive describing Betty, or the second in a list of three people. On the other hand, removing the final comma:

They went to Oregon with Betty, a maid and a cook.

leaves the possibility that Betty is both a maid and a cook (with "a maid and a cook" read as a unit, in apposition to Betty). So in this case neither the serial-comma style nor the no-serial-comma style resolves the ambiguity. A writer who intends a list of three distinct people (Betty, maid, cook) may create an ambiguous sentence, regardless of whether the serial comma is adopted. Furthermore, if the reader is unaware of which convention is being used, both versions are always ambiguous.

These forms (among others) would remove the ambiguity:

  • One person
    • They went to Oregon with Betty, who was a maid and a cook.
    • They went to Oregon with Betty, both a maid and a cook.
    • They went to Oregon with Betty (a maid and cook).
    • They went to Oregon with Betty, their maid and cook.
  • Two people
    • They went to Oregon with Betty (a maid) and a cook.
    • They went to Oregon with Betty – a maid – and a cook.
    • They went to Oregon with Betty, a maid, and with a cook.
    • They went to Oregon with the maid Betty and a cook.
    • They went to Oregon with a cook and Betty, a maid.
  • Three people
    • They went to Oregon with Betty, as well as a maid and a cook.
    • They went to Oregon with Betty and a maid and a cook.
    • They went to Oregon with Betty, one maid and a cook.
    • They went to Oregon with a maid, a cook, and Betty.
    • They went with Betty to Oregon with a maid and a cook.

In general

  • The list x, y and z is unambiguous if y and z cannot be read as in apposition to x.
  • Equally, x, y, and z is unambiguous if y cannot be read as in apposition to x.
  • If neither y nor y[,] and z can be read as in apposition to x, then both forms of the list are unambiguous; but if both y and y and z can be read as in apposition to x, then both forms of the list are ambiguous.
  • x and y and z is unambiguous if x and y and y and z cannot both be grouped.

Usage

In her style guide Eats, Shoots & Leaves, Lynne Truss writes: "There are people who embrace the Oxford comma, and people who don't, and I'll just say this: never get between these people when drink has been taken."[25]

The lack of usage of a serial comma is often characterized as a journalistic style of writing, as contrasted with a more academic or formal style.[26][27][28] Journalists typically do not use the serial comma, possibly for economy of space.[29] Various journalistic style guides (such as those published by The New York Times, The Los Angeles Times, the Associated Press, The Times newspaper in the United Kingdom, and the Canadian Press) recommend against its use (see below).

A key consideration can be whether its usage (or lack of usage) within a document is consistent or not.[30] Inconsistent usage can seem unprofessional.[28]

The Chicago Manual of Style, Strunk and White's Elements of Style,[6] and the United States Government Printing Office[6] require the use of the serial comma. In Britain some authorities oppose its use, although others (especially the Oxford University Press) do recommend it.

In Australia, Canada, and South Africa, the serial comma tends not to be used in non-academic publications unless its absence produces ambiguity. The Australian Government Publishing Service's Style Manual for Authors, Editors and Printers (6th edition, 2002) recommends against it, except "to ensure clarity" (p. 102).

Individual disputes

Maine labor dispute

In the U.S. state of Maine, the lack of a serial comma became the deciding factor in a $13 million lawsuit filed in 2014 that was eventually settled for $5 million in 2017. As the U.S. appeals judge David J. Barron wrote, "For want of a comma, we have this case."[31][32][33]

In the case known as O'Connor v. Oakhurst Dairy,[34] a state appellate court was required to interpret a statute under which the "canning, processing, preserving, freezing, drying, marketing, storing, packing for shipment or distribution" of certain goods were activities exempted from the general requirement of overtime pay; the question was whether this list included the distribution of the goods, or only the packing of the goods for distribution. The lack of a comma suggested one meaning, while the omission of the conjunction or before "packing" and the fact that the Maine Legislative Drafting Manual advised against use of the serial comma suggested another. It said "Although authorities on punctuation may differ, when drafting Maine law or rules, don’t use a comma between the penultimate and the last item of a series."[35] In addition to the absence of a comma, the fact that the word chosen was "distribution" rather than "distributing" was also a consideration,[36] as was the question of whether it would be reasonable to consider the list to be an asyndetic list (a list in which the coordinating conjunction is absent). Truck drivers demanded overtime pay, and the defense conceded that the expression was ambiguous, but said it should be interpreted as exempting distribution activity from overtime pay.[36] The lower court agreed with the defense and held that "distribution" was an exempt activity. On appeal, however, the Circuit Court decided that the sentence was ambiguous and "because, under Maine law, ambiguities in the state's wage and hour laws must be construed liberally in order to accomplish their remedial purpose", adopted the drivers' narrower reading of the exemption and ruled that those who distributed the goods were entitled to overtime pay. Oakhurst Dairy settled the case by paying $5 million to the drivers,[37] and the phrase in the law in question was later changed to use serial semicolons and "distributing" – resulting in "canning; processing; preserving; freezing; drying; marketing; storing; packing for shipment; or distributing".[38]

The judge in the case said that 43 of the 50 U.S. states had mandated the use of a serial comma and that both chambers of the federal congress had warned against omitting it, in the words of the U.S. House Legislative Counsel's Manual on Drafting Style, "to prevent[] any misreading that the last item is part of the preceding one"; only 7 states "either do not require or expressly prohibited the use of the serial comma".[17][18]

Recommendations by style guides

Mainly American style guides supporting mandatory or typical use

The United States Government Printing Office's Style Manual
"After each member within a series of three or more words, phrases, letters, or figures used with and, or, or nor." It notes that an age ("70 years 11 months 6 days") is not a series and should not take commas.[39]
Wilson Follett's Modern American Usage: A Guide (Random House, 1981), pp. 397–401:
"What, then, are the arguments for omitting the last comma? Only one is cogent – the saving of space. In the narrow width of a newspaper column this saving counts for more than elsewhere, which is why the omission is so nearly universal in journalism. But here or anywhere one must question whether the advantage outweighs the confusion caused by the omission. … The recommendation here is that [writers] use the comma between all members of a series, including the last two, on the common-sense ground that to do so will preclude ambiguities and annoyances at a negligible cost."[40]
The Chicago Manual of Style, 16th edition (University of Chicago Press, 2010), paragraph 6.18
"When a conjunction joins the last two elements in a series of three or more, a comma … should appear before the conjunction. Chicago strongly recommends this widely practiced usage." In answer to a reader's query, The Chicago Manual of Style Online notes that their style guide has been recommending use of the serial comma ever since the first edition in 1906, but also qualifies this, saying "the serial comma is optional; some mainstream style guides (such as the Associated Press) don't use it. … there are times when using the comma (or omitting it) results in ambiguity, which is why it's best to stay flexible."[41]
The Elements of Style (Strunk and White, 4th edition 1999), Rule 2[6]
"In a series of three or more terms with a single conjunction, use a comma after each term except the last." This has been recommended in The Elements of Style since the first edition by Strunk in 1918.[41]
The American Medical Association Manual of Style, 9th edition (1998) Chapter 6.2.1
"Use a comma before the conjunction that precedes the last term in a series."
The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th edition (2010) Chapter 4.03
"Use a comma between elements (including before and and or) in a series of three or more items."
The CSE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers (Council of Science Editors, 7th edition, 2006), Section 5.3.3.1
"To separate the elements (words, phrases, clauses) of a simple series of more than 2 elements, including a comma before the closing 'and' or 'or' (the so-called serial comma). Routine use of the serial comma helps to prevent ambiguity."
Garner's Modern English Usage, 4th edition (Oxford University Press, 2016), "Punctuation," § D, "Comma", p. 748
"Whether to include the serial comma has sparked many arguments. But it's easily answered in favor of inclusion because omitting the final comma may cause ambiguities, whereas including it never will – e.g.: 'A and B, C and D, E and F[,] and G and H'."
MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing (Modern Language Association 2008), paragraph 3.4.2.b
"Use commas to separate words, phrases, and clauses in a series."
AAMT Book of Style for Medical Transcription
"Medical transcriptionists use the serial comma when two medications or diagnoses must be seen as separate; i.e., for 'The patient was on Aspirin, Coversyl, and Dilaudid', the comma is used before 'and' to avoid the reader erroneously thinking that Coversyl and Dilaudid must be taken together."[42]
AIP Style Manual, American Institute of Physics, fourth edition, 1990
"A comma goes before 'and' or 'or' in a series of three or more: Sn, K, Na, and Li lines are invisible."
Plain English Handbook, Revised Edition (McCormick-Mathers Publishing Co., 1959), § 483, p. 78
"Use commas to separate the items in a series of words, phrases, or short clauses:
    The farmer sold corn, hay, oats, potatoes, and wheat."

Mainly British style guides supporting mandatory or typical use

The Oxford Style Manual, 2002
"For a century it has been part of OUP style to retain or impose this last serial (or series) comma consistently, … but it is commonly used by many other publishers both here and abroad, and forms a routine part of style in US and Canadian English. … Given that the final comma is sometimes necessary to prevent ambiguity, it is logical to impose it uniformly, so as to obviate the need to pause and gauge each enumeration on the likelihood of its being misunderstood – especially since that likelihood is often more obvious to the reader than the writer."[43]
MHRA Style Guide (Modern Humanities Research Association), 3rd edition (2013)[44]
"In an enumeration of three or more items, the practice in MHRA journals is to insert commas after all but the last item, to give equal weight to each enumerated element.  … The conjunctions and and or without a preceding comma are understood as linking the parts of a single enumerated element"
But paragraph 5.1[44] says "The comma after the penultimate item may be omitted in books published by the MHRA, as long as the sense is clear."

Mainly British style guides opposing typical use

The Times style manual[45]
"Avoid the so-called Oxford comma; say 'he ate bread, butter and jam' rather than 'he ate bread, butter, and jam'."
The Economist Style Guide[46]
"Do not put a comma before and at the end of a sequence of items unless one of the items includes another and. Thus 'The doctor suggested an aspirin, half a grapefruit and a cup of broth. But he ordered scrambled eggs, whisky and soda, and a selection from the trolley.'"
"Sometimes it is essential: compare 'I dedicate this book to my parents, Martin Amis, and JK Rowling' with 'I dedicate this book to my parents, Martin Amis and JK Rowling'."
University of Oxford Public Affairs Directorate Writing and Style Guide[47]
"Note that there is generally no comma between the penultimate item and 'and'/'or' – this is sometimes referred to as the 'Oxford comma'. However, it is essential to use an Oxford comma if required to prevent ambiguity."

Mainly British style guides that consider it generally unnecessary but discretionary

The Guardian Style Guide[48]
"A comma before the final 'and' in lists: straightforward ones (he ate ham, eggs and chips) do not need one, but sometimes it can help the reader (he ate cereal, kippers, bacon, eggs, toast and marmalade, and tea)."
The Cambridge Guide to English Usage[49]
"In British practice there's an Oxford/Cambridge divide … In Canada and Australia the serial comma is recommended only to prevent ambiguity or misreading."
Fowler's Dictionary of Modern English Usage, 4th edition, 2015[30]
"The so-called 'Oxford comma' is an optional comma that follows the penultimate item in a list of three or more items and precedes the word 'and'.... The general rule is that it should be used consistently or not at all. ... However, the Oxford comma can help to avoid ambiguity, ... and it is sometimes helpful to the reader to use an isolated serial comma for clarification, even when the convention has not been adopted in the rest of the text."
New Hart's Rules, 2014[50]
"The general rule is that one style or the other should be used consistently. However, the last comma can serve to resolve ambiguity, particularly when any of the items are compound terms joined by a conjunction, and it is sometimes helpful to the reader to use an isolated serial comma for clarification even when the convention has not been adopted in the rest of the text."

Mainly American style guides opposing typical use

The New York Times stylebook[51]
"In general, do not use a comma before and or or in a series."
The AP Stylebook[52]
"Use commas to separate elements in a series, but do not put a comma before the conjunction in a simple series. […] Put a comma before the concluding conjunction in a series, however, if an integral element of the series requires a conjunction: I had orange juice, toast, and ham and eggs for breakfast. Use a comma also before the concluding conjunction in a complex series of phrases: The main points to consider are whether the athletes are skillful enough to compete, whether they have the stamina to endure the training, and whether they have the proper mental attitude. In the United States, the choice is between journalistic style (no serial comma) and "literary" style (with serial comma); consistent use of the serial comma is usually recommended for college writing."[26]

Australian style guides opposing typical use

The Australian Government Publishing Service's Style Manual for Authors, Editors and Printers[53]
"A comma is used before and, or, or etc. in a list when its omission might either give rise to ambiguity or cause the last word or phrase to be construed with a preposition in the preceding phrase. … Generally, however, a comma is not used before and, or or etc. in a list."

Canadian style guides opposing typical use

Public Works and Government Services Canada Translation Bureau's The Canadian Style: A Guide to Writing and Editing[54]
"Items in a series may be separated by commas:
Complacency, urbanity, sentimentality, whimsicality
They may also be linked by co-ordinating conjunctions such as and or or:
economists, sociologists or political scientists
the good, the bad and the ugly
Opinions differ on whether and when a comma should be inserted before the final and or or in a sequence. In keeping with the general trend toward less punctuation, the final comma is best omitted where clarity permits, unless there is a need to emphasize the last element in a series."

Other languages

In the following languages, the serial comma is not the norm and may go against punctuation rules:

See also

  • Syndeton, the conjunctive phrasing that may or may not contain a serial comma
  • Roger Casement, "hanged on a comma" due to contested non-punctuation in a law

References

  1. ↑ Bryan A. Garner (2016). Garner's Modern English Usage. Oxford University Press. p. 748. ISBN 978-0-19-049148-2.
  2. ↑ The terms Oxford comma and Harvard comma come from Oxford University Press and Harvard University Press, where serial-comma use is the house style.
  3. ↑ Sometimes, the term also denotes the comma that might come before etc. at the end of a list (see the Australian Government Publishing Service's Style Manual for Authors, Editors, and Printers, below). Such an extension is reasonable, since etc. is the abbreviation of the Latin phrase et cetera (lit. and other things).
  4. ↑ The serial comma sometimes refers to any of the separator commas in a list, but this is a rare, old-fashioned usage. Herein, the term is used only as defined above.
  5. ↑ David Becker. "Using Serial Commas". APA. Retrieved October 14, 2014.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Strunk, Jr., William; White, E. B. (2005). The Elements of Style. Illustrated by Maira Kalman (Illustrated ed.). Penguin Press. p. 3. ISBN 9-7815-9420-069-4. Retrieved February 15, 2013. In a series of three or more terms with a single conjunction, use a comma after each term except the last.
  7. ↑ Truss, Lynn (2004). Eats, Shoots & Leaves: The Zero Tolerance Approach to Punctuation. New York: Gotham Books. p. 84. ISBN 1-59240-087-6.
  8. ↑ The Oxford Style Manual, 2002: "The presence or lack of a comma before and or or … has become the subject of much spirited debate. For a century it has been part of OUP style …, to the extent that the convention has come to be called the 'Oxford comma'. But it is commonly used by many other publishers here and abroad, and forms a routine part of style in US and Canadian English" (p. 121).
  9. ↑ McArthur, Tom, "Comma." Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language. 1998. Encyclopedia.com.
  10. ↑ The Economist Style Guide (10th ed.). Profile Books. 2012. pp. 152–153. ISBN 978-1-84668-606-1.
  11. ↑ Garner, Bryan A. (2009). Garner's Modern American Usage (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 676. ISBN 978-0-19-538275-4. … omitting the final comma may cause ambiguities, whereas including it never will …
  12. ↑ The Oxford Style Manual, 2002: "But it is commonly used by many other publishers here and abroad, and forms a routine part of style in US and Canadian English" (p. 121).
  13. ↑ The Oxford Style Manual, 2002; from discussion of the serial comma: "If the last item in a list has emphasis equal to the previous ones, it needs a comma to create a pause of equal weight to those that came before" (p. 121). The University of Oxford itself is quite distinct from Oxford University Press, and gives different advice. See University of Oxford Writing and Style Guide, below in this article.
  14. ↑ The Oxford Style Manual, 2002; from discussion of the serial comma: "The last comma serves also to resolve ambiguity, particularly when any of the items are compound terms joined by a conjunction" (p. 122).
  15. ↑ The Oxford Style Manual, 2002; in discussion of the semicolon, examples are given in which complex listed items are separated by semicolons, with the same structure and on the same principles as are consistently recommended for use of the comma as a list separator in the preceding section (pp. 124–5)
  16. ↑ "Rhetorical Grammar: Grammatical Choices, Rhetorical Effects. 4th Ed.", 2003; This punctuation style, however, does have a drawback: It may imply a closer connection than actually exists between the last two elements of the series (p. 89)
  17. 1 2 Petelin, Roslyn (March 21, 2017), "The case of the $13 million comma and why grammarians are rejoicing", ABC News Australia, retrieved March 3, 2018
  18. 1 2 U.S. House Legislative Counsel's Manual on Drafting Style, No. HLC 104-1, § 351 at 58 (1995)
  19. ↑ Ridout, R., and Witting, C., The Facts of English, Pan, 1973, p. 79: "Usually in such lists 'and' is not preceded by a comma, […]".
  20. ↑ Implicit in the treatment given in The Australian Government Publishing Service's Style Manual for Authors, Editors and Printers, 6th edition, Wiley, 2002, on p. 102. The exception discussed (see Usage, below) makes sense only on the assumption of this argument.
  21. ↑ Based on example quoted in Victor, Daniel (March 16, 2017). "Lack of Oxford Comma Could Cost Maine Company Millions in Overtime Dispute". New York Times. Retrieved March 17, 2017.
  22. ↑ "Making Light". Nielsenhayden.com. October 21, 2010. Retrieved February 10, 2013.
  23. ↑ Adams, Kenneth A. (2013). A Manual of Style for Contract Drafting (3rd ed.). American Bar Association. 12.61. ISBN 978-161438803-6.
  24. ↑ "The Best Shots Fired in the Oxford Comma Wars". Retrieved May 18, 2015.
  25. ↑ Lynne Truss (2004). Eats, Shoots & Leaves: The Zero Tolerance Approach to Punctuation. Gotham. ISBN 1-59240-087-6.
  26. 1 2 Gramlich, Andy (2005). "Commas: the biggest little quirks in the English language" (pdf). Hohonu. 3 (3): 71. Retrieved December 17, 2013. It's just a matter of STYLE, and in this case, newspaper or literary (book) style. . . . Choose one style or the other the authorities say, but be consistent. Most writers recommend the literary style in college writing to avoid possible confusion . . .
  27. ↑ Reimink, Troy (February 16, 2018). "The Oxford comma is an abomination, but it's now the law". The Traverse City Record-Eagle. Retrieved March 3, 2018.
  28. 1 2 Lubin, Gus (September 20, 2013). "The Oxford Comma Is Extremely Overrated". Business Insider. Retrieved March 3, 2018.
  29. ↑ Bryan A. Garner (2003). Garner's Modern American Usage. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 654. ISBN 0-19-516191-2.
  30. 1 2 Fowler, Henry Watson (2015). Butterfield, Jeremy, ed. Fowler's Dictionary of Modern English Usage. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-966135-0.
  31. ↑ Volokh, Eugene (March 15, 2017). "'A, B or C' vs. 'A, B, or C' – the serial comma and the law". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 19, 2017.
  32. ↑ Clauss, Kyle Scott (March 15, 2017). "Oxford Comma Decides Court Case in Maine Labor Dispute". Boston Magazine.
  33. ↑ Victor, Daniel (March 16, 2017). "Lack of Oxford Comma Could Cost Maine Company Millions in Overtime Dispute". New York Times. Retrieved March 17, 2017.
  34. ↑ O'Connor v. Oakhurst Dairy
  35. ↑ "Maine Legislative Drafting Manual 113 (Legislative Council, Maine State Legislature 2009)" (PDF).
  36. 1 2 Norris, Mary (March 17, 2017). "A Few Words About That Ten-Million-Dollar Serial Comma". The New Yorker. Retrieved March 3, 2018.
  37. ↑ Victor, Daniel (9 February 2018). "Oxford Comma Dispute Is Settled as Maine Drivers Get $5 Million". The New York Times. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
  38. ↑ "Title 26: Labor and Industry, Chapter 7: Employment Practices, Subchapter 3: Minimum wages, §664. Minimum wage; overtime rate". Maine Legislature official website. March 3, 2018.
  39. ↑ "8. Punctuation" (PDF). GPO Style Manual (30th ed.). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. 2008. p. 201. ISBN 978-0-16-081813-4. Retrieved June 9, 2010.
  40. ↑ "The Case of the Serial Comma-Solved!". Swcp.com. Retrieved February 10, 2013.
  41. 1 2 "Browse Q & A: Commas". The Chicago Manual of Style Online. University of Chicago Press. 6 January 2016. Retrieved 3 March 2018.
  42. ↑ The AAMT Book of Style for Medical Transcription, Claudia Tessier, ISBN 0-935229-22-1, Modesto, California, USA. Page 309.
  43. ↑ The Oxford Style Manual, 2002, section 5.3, pp. 121–122
  44. 1 2 MHRA Style Guide: a handbook for authors, editors, and writers of theses (3rd ed.). London: Modern Humanities Research Association. 2013. pp. 33–4. ISBN 978-1-78188-009-8.
  45. ↑ Kelly, Jeremy (December 16, 2005). "Online Style Guide – P". London: The Times. pp. (see punctuation/commas). Retrieved March 22, 2008.
  46. ↑ "Style Guide". The Economist. October 18, 2011. Retrieved April 19, 2013.
  47. ↑ "Punctuation – University of Oxford". Public Affairs, University of Oxford. Retrieved June 1, 2012.
  48. ↑ "Guardian and Observer style guide: O". The Guardian. London. December 19, 2008. Retrieved April 1, 2010.
  49. ↑ Peters, Pam (2004). The Cambridge Guide to English Usage. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-62181-X.
  50. ↑ New Hart's Rules: The Oxford Style Guide. Oxford University Press. 2014. ISBN 9780191649141.
  51. ↑ Perlman, Merrill (March 6, 2007). "Talk to the Newsroom: Director of Copy Desks Merrill Perlman". The New York Times.
  52. ↑ Norman Goldstein, ed. (2002). The Associated Press Stylebook and Briefing on Media Law. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Perseus. pp. 329–330. ISBN 0-7382-0740-3.
  53. ↑ Agency, Digital Transformation. "Style manual - australia.gov.au".
  54. ↑ The Canadian style : a guide to writing and editing. Canada. Translation Bureau. (Rev and expanded ed.). Toronto [Ont.]: Published by Dundurn Press in co-operation with Public Works and Government Services Canada, Translation Bureau. 1997. ISBN 9781550022766. OCLC 244771093.
  55. ↑ "Hrvatski pravopis: §8.7. Zarez" [Croatian Orthography: §8.7 Comma] (in Croatian). Institute of Croatian Language and Linguistics. June 2013. Retrieved December 2, 2017.
  56. ↑ Dansk Sprognævn (2004). "Kommaregler" (PDF) (in Danish). pp. 8–10. Retrieved December 16, 2011. | The rule described in §1.1 opposes the use of the serial comma.
  57. ↑ Nederlandse Taalunie. "Komma voor en" (in Dutch). Retrieved March 16, 2012.
  58. ↑ Korpela, Jukka. "Pilkku: Pilkku luettelon osien erottimena". Nykyajan kielenopas (in Finnish). Retrieved August 18, 2012.
  59. ↑ Grevisse, Maurice (1988). "Ponctuation: la virgule dans la coordination". Le bon usage: grammaire française (in French). Revised by André Goosse (12th ed.). Paris-Gembloux: Duculot. pp. §124 (c) Remarque 1. ISBN 2-8011-0588-0.
  60. ↑ Rat für deutsche Rechtschreibung (2017). "Deutsche Rechtschreibung. Regeln und Wörterverzeichnis – Aktualisierte Fassung des amtlichen Regelwerks entsprechend den Empfehlungen des Rats für deutsche Rechtschreibung 2016" [German Orthography. Rules and Word List – Updated version of the official rules in accordance with the 2016 recommendations of the Council for German Orthography] (PDF) (in German). Mannheim. § 72. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 6, 2017. Retrieved August 9, 2017.
    This rule was documented as early as 1903. Duden, Konrad (1903). Rechtschreibung der Buchdruckereien deutscher Sprache: Auf Anregung und unter Mitwirkung des Deutschen Buchdruckervereins, des Reichsverbandes Österreichischer Buchdruckereibesitzer und des Vereins Schweizerischer Buchdruckereibesitzer [Orthography of German-language book printers: On the initiative and with the cooperation of the German-language book printers of the German Society of Book Printers, the Imperial Association of Austrian Printing Press Owners and the Society of Swiss Printing Press Owners] (in German). Bibliographisches Institut. p. 35.
  61. ↑ "EUROPA – Δικτυακή Πύλη της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης – Υπηρεσία Εκδόσεων – Εγχειρίδιο σύνταξης – IV. Συμβατικοί κανόνες για την ελληνική γλώσσα – 10. Οδηγίες για την παρουσίαση των κειμένων – 10.1.2 Κόμμα" (in Greek). Retrieved 2012-10-18.
  62. ↑ יסודות כללי הפיסוק (in Hebrew). Retrieved March 1, 2013.
  63. ↑ Magyar Tudományos Akadémia. "A Magyar helyesírás szabályai (AkH) - AZ ÍRÁSJELEK – A mondatrészek közötti írásjelek - 247" (in Hungarian). Akadémiai Kiadó. Retrieved June 28, 2013.
  64. ↑ Eiríkur Rögnvaldsson. "Auglýsing um greinarmerkjasetningu". Retrieved 2018-04-05.
  65. ↑ Accademia della Crusca. "Uso della virgola prima della congiunzione e" (in Italian). Retrieved December 24, 2012.
  66. ↑ "Kommaregler" (in Norwegian). Språkrådet. Retrieved October 11, 2012.
  67. ↑ Polański, E. (editor) (2006). Wielki słownik ortograficzny PWN z zasadami pisowni i interpunkcji, 2nd ed., Warsaw: Polish Scientific Publishers PWN. ISBN 978-83-01-14571-2.
  68. ↑ PWN. "Przecinek a spójniki: i, a (= i), oraz, tudzież, lub, albo, bądź, czy, ani, ni" (in Polish). Retrieved May 22, 2016.
  69. ↑ PWN. "Przecinek przed spójnikami powtórzonymi, pełniącymi identyczną funkcję" (in Polish). Retrieved May 22, 2016.
  70. ↑ PWN. "Spójnik łączny, rozłączny, wyłączający (oraz partykuła czy) powtórzone na początku dwóch zdań współrzędnych" (in Polish). Retrieved May 22, 2016.
  71. ↑ PWN: Mirosław Bańko, Uniwersytet Warszawski (May 5, 2011). "Czy nie stawia się przecinka przed i?" (in Polish). Retrieved May 22, 2016.
  72. ↑ PWN: Mirosław Bańko (May 10, 2006). "przecinki między jednorodnymi częściami zdania" (in Polish). Retrieved May 22, 2016.
  73. ↑ PWN: Mirosław Bańko, Uniwersytet Warszawski (October 11, 2011). "przecinek a powtórzone spójniki" (in Polish). Retrieved May 22, 2016.
  74. ↑ PWN: Mirosław Bańko, Uniwersytet Warszawski (May 13, 2011). "interpunkcja a powtórzone spójniki" (in Polish). Retrieved May 22, 2016.
  75. ↑ "Virgulă şi. Adversativ". diacritica. Retrieved September 28, 2014.
  76. ↑ Справочно-информационный портал ГРАМОТА.РУ. Учебник ГРАМОТЫ: пунктуация (in Russian). Retrieved June 15, 2014.
  77. ↑ Real Academia Española (October 2005). "Diccionario panhispánico de dudas: coma² §1.2.1" (in Spanish). Retrieved May 10, 2017.
  78. ↑ Regeringskansliet, Statsrådsberedningen (2009). "Myndigheternas skrivregler" (PDF) (in Swedish). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 21, 2013. Retrieved September 19, 2013.
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