Overflow metabolism

Overflow metabolism refers to the seemingly wasteful strategy in which cells incompletely oxidize their growth substrate (e.g. glucose) instead of using the more energetically-efficient respiratory pathway, even in the presence of oxygen.[1] As a result of employing this metabolic strategy, cells excrete (or "overflow") metabolites like lactate, acetate and ethanol. Incomplete oxidation of growth substrates yields less energy (e.g. ATP) than complete oxidation through respiration, and yet overflow metabolism - known as the Warburg effect in the context of cancer[2] - occurs ubiquitously among fast-growing cells, including bacteria, fungi and mammalian cells.

Based on experimental studies of acetate overflow in Escherichia coli, recent research has offered a general explanation for the association of overflow metabolism with fast growth. According to this theory, the enzymes required for respiration are more costly than those required for partial oxidation of glucose.[3][4] That is, if the cell were to produce enough of these enzymes to support fast growth with respiratory metabolism, it would consume much more energy, carbon and nitrogen (per unit time) than supporting fast growth with an incompletely oxidative metabolism (e.g. fermentation). Given that cells have limited energy resources and fixed physical volume for proteins, there is thought to be a trade-off between efficient energy capture through central metabolism (i.e. respiration) and fast growth achieved through high central-metabolic fluxes (e.g. through fermentation as in yeast).

See also

References

  1. ↑ Vazquez, Alexei (2017-10-27). Overflow Metabolism: From Yeast to Marathon Runners. Academic Press. ISBN 9780128122082.
  2. ↑ Fernandez-de-Cossio-Diaz, Jorge; Vazquez, Alexei (2017-10-18). "Limits of aerobic metabolism in cancer cells". Scientific Reports. 7 (1). doi:10.1038/s41598-017-14071-y. ISSN 2045-2322.
  3. ↑ Molenaar, Douwe; Berlo, Rogier van; Ridder, Dick de; Teusink, Bas (2009-01-01). "Shifts in growth strategies reflect tradeoffs in cellular economics". Molecular Systems Biology. 5 (1): 323. doi:10.1038/msb.2009.82. ISSN 1744-4292. PMC 2795476. PMID 19888218.
  4. ↑ Basan, Markus; Hui, Sheng; Okano, Hiroyuki; Zhang, Zhongge; Shen, Yang; Williamson, James R.; Hwa, Terence (2015-12-03). "Overflow metabolism in Escherichia coli results from efficient proteome allocation". Nature. 528 (7580): 99–104. doi:10.1038/nature15765. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 4843128.
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