Ordination of women in Protestant denominations

Ordination is the process by which individuals are consecrated, that is, set apart as clergy to perform various religious rites and ceremonies. The process and ceremonies of ordination varies by religion and denomination. One who is in preparation for, or who is undergoing the process of ordination is sometimes called an ordinand. The liturgy used at an ordination is sometimes referred to as an ordinal.

Ordination of women has been taking place in an increasing number of Protestant churches during the 20th century.

Overview of the theological debate

Most (although not all) Protestant denominations ordain church leaders who have the task of equipping all believers in their Christian service (Ephesians 4:11–13). These leaders (variously styled elders, pastors or ministers) are seen to have a distinct role in teaching, pastoral leadership.

Protestant churches have historically viewed the Bible as the ultimate authority in church debates (the doctrine of sola scriptura), as such the debate over women's eligibility for such offices normally centers around interpretation of certain Biblical passages relating to teaching and leadership roles. The main passages in this debate include 1 Cor. 11:2–16, 1 Cor. 14:34–35 and 1 Tim. 2:11–14, 1 Tim. 3:1–7, Tit. 1:5–9

Proponents of a male only ordination take these scriptures to limit ordination to qualified men only and indeed most proponents of the view that ordination is not limited by gender will agree that a cursory reading of these texts appear to place some limits on women's role within the church.

Increasingly however, supporters of women in ministry argue that the Biblical passages used to argue against women's ordination might be read differently when more understanding of the unique historical context of each passage is available.^[1] They further argue that the New Testament shows that women did exercise certain ministries in the apostolic Church (e.g., Acts 21:9, Acts 18:18, Romans 16:1–4, Romans 16:7; 1 Cor. 16:19, and Philippians 4:2–3). Lastly, often quoting, Galatians 3:28 they argue that the good news brought by Jesus has broken down all barriers and that female ordination is an equality issue that Jesus would have approved of.

In turn, those who argue for a male only ministry will say that the claims to contexts that change the apparent meaning of the texts at hand to one supporting female ordination are in fact spurious, that the passages that appear to show women in positions of authorithy do not in fact do so and the idea that the good news of Jesus brings equality before God only relates to salvation and not to roles for ministry.

By Protestant Tradition

Baptist

The very diverse organizations which employ the term Baptist in self-designation:

The Baptist organizations in Germany and Switzerland (Bund Evangelisch-Freikirchlicher Gemeinden, Bund Schweizer Baptistengemeinden) ordain women.^[2]
The Southern Baptist Convention (the largest of the various Baptist denominations) does not support the ordination of women; however, some churches that are members of the SBC have ordained women. Though each SBC church is autonomous and may choose whether or not to ordain women, the local associations and state conventions have the right to not seat messengers from those churches at the annual meetings, and some have done so.
Baptist groups in the United States that do ordain women include American Baptist Churches USA, North American Baptist Conference, Alliance of Baptists, Cooperative Baptist Fellowship (CBF) National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc. and Progressive National Baptist Convention.
The General Association of Baptists (mostly United States) (some would call these General Baptists, or Arminian Baptists) ordain women.
The Okinawa Baptist Convention,^[3] Japan ordains women to be Pastors of the church.
The General Association of Regular Baptist Churches does not ordain women.^[4]
Although Independent Baptists are not organized as a denomination, and therefore there is no central statement of faith, because of their strong Christian fundamentalist views, they do not ordain women.

Mennonites

The Canadian Conference of Mennonite Brethren Churches' has ordained women.^[5]
The Mennonite Church Canada ordains women.
The Mennonite Brethren Church does not ordain women to be lead pastors.
The Mennonite Church USA does ordain women.

Presbyterian or Reformed

Scotland

The Church of Scotland

Women were commissioned as deacons from 1935, and allowed to preach from 1949.
In 1963 Mary Levison petitioned the General Assembly for ordination.
Woman elders were introduced in 1966 and women ministers in 1968.
The first female Moderator of the General Assembly was Dr Alison Elliot in 2004.

The United Free Church of Scotland does ordain women.
The Free Church of Scotland does not ordain women.
The Free Church of Scotland (Continuing) does not ordain women.
The Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland based in Scotland, Australia and Zimbabwe does not ordain women.
The Associated Presbyterian Churches based in Scotland does not ordain women.

England/Wales

The United Reformed Church in the United Kingdom ordains women.
The International Presbyterian Church based in the UK Europe and Korea, does not ordain women.
The Evangelical Presbyterian Church in England and Wales does not ordain women.
The Free Church of England does not ordain women.

Ireland

The Presbyterian Church in Ireland does ordain women.
The Non-subscribing Presbyterian Church of Ireland does ordain women.
The Free Presbyterian Church of Ulster does not ordain women.
The Evangelical Presbyterian Church (Ireland) does not ordain women.
The Reformed Presbyterian Church of Ireland does not ordain women.

United States

The Presbyterian Church (USA). In 1893, Edith Livingston Peake was appointed Presbyterian Evangelist by First United Presbyterian of San Francisco.^[6] Between 1907 and 1920 five more women became ministers.^[7] The Presbyterian Church (USA) began ordaining women as elders in 1930, and as ministers of Word and sacrament in 1956. By 2001, the numbers of men and women holding office were almost equal.^[8]
The Presbyterian Church in America does not ordain women.^[9] In 1997, the PCA even broke its fraternal relationship with the Christian Reformed Church over this issue.^[10]
The Free Reformed Churches of North America ordain men only.
The Cumberland Presbyterian Church. In 1888 Louisa Woosley was licensed to preach. She was ordained in 1889. She wrote Shall Woman Preach.
The Christian Reformed Church in North America began ordaining women in 1995.^[11] As a result, several conservative congregations formed the United Reformed Churches in North America, and the CRC's position as a member of the North American Presbyterian and Reformed Council (NAPARC) was suspended in 1997.^[12] Several individual congregations continue to oppose women's ordination and women are not seated at some Classes (regional assemblies).
The Orthodox Presbyterian Church does not ordain women.^[13]
The Reformed Church in America began allowing for the ordination of women in 1979.
The United Church of Christ. Antoinette Brown was ordained as a minister by a Congregationalist Church in 1853, though this was not recognized by her denomination.^[14] She later became a Unitarian. The Christian Connection Church, which later merged with the Congregationalist Churches to form the Congregational Christian Church, ordained women as early as 1810. Women's ordination is now non-controversial in the United Church of Christ.

Europe other than the British Isles

The Reformed Church of France ordains women.^[15]
The Dutch Reformed Church ordains women.
The Reformed Churches in the Netherlands (Liberated) does not ordain women.
The Reformed Congregations in the Netherlands does not ordain women.
The Reformed Church in Hungary ordains women.

Australia

The Uniting Church in Australia has ordained women since it formed in 1977. The three member denominations, the Congregational Union of Australia, the Methodist Church of Australasia and the Presbyterian Church of Australia had all ordained women prior to Union. The Congregational Union of Australia ordained the first woman in Christian ministry in Australia, Rev Winifred Kiek in 1927. The Methodist Church of Australasia first ordained women (Rev Margaret Sanders and Rev Coralie Ling) in 1969, while the Presbyterian Church of Australia ordained its first woman minister in 1974. After formation of the Uniting Church in Australia the continuing Presbyterian Church of Australia reversed the decision to ordain women in 1991.
The Presbyterian Church of Australia does not ordain women. As mentioned above some of its congregations left to join the new Uniting Church in 1977, 14 years later in 1991 it ceased ordaining women to the ministry, but the rights of women ordained prior to this time were not affected.^[16]

Elsewhere

The Presbyterian Church of Pakistan ordains women.
The United Church of Canada ordains women. The church was divided during the 1930s by this issue inherited from the churches it brought together, the United Church ordained its first woman minister, Reverend Lydia Emelie Gruchy, of Saskatchewan Conference in 1936. In 1953, Reverend Lydia Emelie Gruchy was the first Canadian woman to receive an honorary Doctor of Divinity.^[17]

Methodist/Wesleyan-Arminian

The United Methodist Church does ordain women. In 1880, Anna Howard Shaw was ordained by the Methodist Protestant Church; Ella Niswonger was ordained in 1889 by the United Brethren Church. Both denominations later merged into the United Methodist Church. In 1956, the Methodist Church in America granted ordination and full clergy rights to women. Since that time, women have been ordained full elders (pastors) in the denomination, and 21 have been elevated to the episcopacy. In 1967 Noemi Diaz is the first Hispanic woman ordained by an Annual Conference. The New York Annual Conference did the honors.^[18]^[19]^[20] The first woman elected and consecrated Bishop within the United Methodist Church (and, indeed, the first woman elected bishop of any mainline Christian church) was Marjorie Matthews in 1980. Leontine T. Kelly, in 1984, was the first African-American woman elevated to the episcopacy in any mainline denomination. In Germany Rosemarie Wenner is since 2005 leading bishop in the United Methodist Church.
The Primitive Methodist Church does not ordain women as elders nor does it license them as pastors or local preachers;^[21] the PMC does consecrate women as deaconesses.^[21]
The Fundamental Methodist Conference' does not ordain women.
The Southern Methodist Church does not ordain women.
The Free Methodist Church has ordained women since 1911.^[22]
The Bible Methodist Connection of Churches ordains women.^[23]
The Salvation Army ordains women and has done since its inception. Catherine Booth was co-founder, with her husband William.
The Church of the Nazarene ordains women, with the first women being ordained since 1908.
The Wesleyan Methodist Church (which is now the Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection and Wesleyan Church) has ordained women as ministers since near its inception, and claims to be one of the first to ordain women in the modern era. ^[24]

Latter Day Saint movement

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (the mainstream LDS Church) does not ordain women.
The Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (FLDS Church – a branch of Mormon fundamentalism) does not ordain women.
Community of Christ: A revelation was approved at the church's 1984 World Conference which called for the ordination of women, and granted women access to all the offices of the priesthood. Although this caused many congregations to break off from the main body of the church, forming dissident congregations and in some cases new denominations, women have been ordained in many nations since then. Currently the Council of Twelve Apostles has four female members. In addition, in 2007, Becky L. Savage became the first female member of the church's First Presidency. Following the legislative action of the 1984 World Conference, the church changed the name of one of its priesthood offices from evangelist-patriarch to evangelist, and its associated sacrament, the patriarchal blessing, to the evangelist's blessing.
The Remnant Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints was organized on 6 April 2000, exactly 170 years to the date after Joseph Smith Junior founded the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and the Latter Day Saint movement. The church was organized by a host of people who left the Community of Christ after its decision to ordain women, choose a leader who was not a descendant of Joseph Smith, and construct the Independence, Missouri Temple.

Lutheran

Europe

The Evangelical Church in Germany in (EKD) ordains women and has women as bishops.
The Independent Evangelical-Lutheran Church in Germany does not ordain women.
The Evangelical Lutheran Church of Latvia reversed its earlier (1975) decision to ordain women as pastors. Since 1993 it no longer does so in practice. And since 2016 this principle has been affirmed in its constitution.
The Lutheran state churches in the Nordic countries ordain women as pastors and have women as bishops. The first female pastors were ordained in the Church of Denmark in 1948, in Sweden in 1960, Norway in 1961, in Iceland in 1974 and in Finland in 1988.
- While the Church of Sweden ordained its first female pastors in 1960, there was a considerable debate in this church of the ordination of women, which led to marginalization of a vocal high-church minority, which successively subdivided into loyalist high-church adherents on one hand and the splinter group Missionsprovinsen which was formed in 2003 but in 2005 was separated as a church body from the Church of Sweden.
- Although the ordination of women was accepted by the Church of Finland in 1988, controversy over the issue occasionally surfaces among the more conservative wing of the church. Occasional debate on the matter has caused church membership resignations.^[25]
The Estonian Evangelical Lutheran Church (EELC) began to ordain women in 1967 and 2004 all obstacles that forbade women to be consecrated as bishops were removed although none have yet consecrated.^[26]

United States

The Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) is the largest Lutheran body in the USA. The church bodies that formed the ELCA in 1988 began ordaining women in 1970 when the Lutheran Church in America ordained the Rev Elizabeth Platz. In 2017 about 27% of the rostered leaders were women and about 50% of the seminarians preparing for ministry were women.^[27] In 2013 the first female presiding bishop of the ELCA, Elizabeth Eaton, was elected.^[28] In 2018 16 of the 65 synodical bishops (17 bishops including Presiding Bishop Eaton) in the ELCA were women ^[29]
The General Lutheran Church ordains women.
The Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod (LCMS), which is the second largest Lutheran body in the United States, does not ordain women.
The Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod does not ordain women.
The Evangelical Lutheran Synod an American church body does not ordain women.
The Lutheran Evangelical Protestant Church (GCEPC) has ordained women since its inception in the year 2000. Ordination of women is not a controversial issue in the LEPC/GCEPC. Women are ordained/consecrated at all levels, including deacon, priest, and bishop in the LEPC/GCEPC.

Africa

The Evangelical Lutheran Church in Tanzania (ELCT) decided to ordain women in 1990, but does not have any women bishops. Some dioceses are still opposed to the ordination of women.^[30]
The Ethiopian Evangelical Church Mekane Yesus (EECMY) began to ordain women in 2000.^[31]

Pentecostal

The Pentecostal church in Germany allows ordination of women.^[32]
The Pentecostal Mission does not ordain women pastors.
The occurrence of women pastors, often as co-pastors along with their husbands, is frequent in the Pentecostal movement especially in churches not affiliated with a denomination; they may or may not be ordained. Notable women pastors include Paula White and Victoria Osteen.

Unitarian Universalist

The Unitarian Universalist Association was formed by the merger in 1961 of the American Unitarian Association and the Universalist Church of America. Each organization had ordained women ministers in the 19th century. The Universalists were the first national organization to do so.

The Universalist Council ordained Olympia Brown on 25 June 1863, making her (according to some) the first fully ordained woman minister.
The first woman ordained by the American Unitarian Association) was Antoinette Brown Blackwell, in 1878.

Other Protestant

The Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) do not ordain anyone but have had women in leadership roles such as Recorded Minister since they first started in 1652.
'Christian Connection Church: An early relative of the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) and the United Church of Christ, this body ordained women as early as 1810. Among them were Nancy Gove Cram, who worked as a missionary with the Oneida Indians by 1812, and Abigail Roberts (a lay preacher and missionary), who helped establish many churches in New Jersey. Others included Ann Rexford, Sarah Hedges and Sally Thompson.
The Christian and Missionary Alliance in the USA does not ordain women, but it does in other nations. A female minister in Philippines, Ruth Tablada, has recently been ordained. The Christian and Missionary Alliance Church in Canada also ordains women.^[33]^[34]^[35]
The Moravian Church ordains women.^[36]
The Seventh-day Adventist Church officially does not ordain women in most of the world, but in regions of the United States, the Netherlands, parts of Germany, and China may occasionally ordain women. These ordinations are considered irregular and are not officially recognized in the church yearbook. In some parts of the world the Adventist Church, commissions women instead of ordaining. They can perform almost the same duties as an ordained minister but do not hold the title of ordained. This is because recent votes at the worldwide General Conference Sessions turned down a proposal to allow ordination of women. There was a strong polarization between nations, with Western countries and North Asia Pacific generally voting in support and other countries generally voting against. A further proposal to allow local choice was also turned down. In practice, there are numerous women working as ministers and in leadership positions. The most influential co-founder of the church, Ellen G. White, was a woman, but never ordained.
Churches of Christ, because of their conservative stance, generally do not ordain women.

Women as Anglican and Protestant bishops

Some Anglican and other Protestant churches have allowed women to become bishops:^[14]

1924: Mount Sinai Holy Church of America- Ida B. Robinson served as founder and first presiding bishop
1929: Old Catholic Mariavite Church in Poland (and Catholic Mariavite Church, a 1935 schism from the Old Catholic Mariavite Church) – Maria Izabela Wiłucka-Kowalska and 11 nuns
1980: United Methodist Church – Marjorie Matthews
1988: Episcopal Church in the United States of America – Barbara Clementine Harris
1990: Anglican Church of New Zealand – Penelope Ann Bansall Jamieson
1990: Evangelical Lutheran Church in America – April Ulring Larson^[37]
1992: North Elbian Evangelical Lutheran Church – Maria Jepsen
1993: Church of Norway (Lutheran) – Rosemarie Köhn
1993: Anglican Church of Canada – Victoria Matthews
1995: Church of Denmark (Evangelical Lutheran) – Lise-Lotte Rebel
1996: Church of Sweden (Evangelical Lutheran) – Christina Odenberg
1998: Moravian Church in America – Kay Ward
1998: United Church of Christ in the Philippines – Nelinda Primavera-Briones
1998: Presbyterian Church in Guatemala
1999: Czechoslovak Hussite Church – Jana Šilerová
1999: Evangelical Lutheran State Church of Hanover – Margot Käßmann
2000: African Methodist Episcopal Church – Vashti Murphy McKenzie
2001: Evangelical Church of Bremen – Brigitte Boehme, titled president, a laywoman since the presidency does not require theological skills
2003: The Lutheran Evangelical Protestant Church (GCEPC) USA – Nancy K. Drew
2007: Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada – Susan Johnson
2008: Anglican Church of Australia – Kay Goldsworthy
2008: African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church – Mildred Hines
2009: Evangelical Church in Central Germany – Ilse Junkermann
2010: Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland – Irja Askola
2011: North Elbian Evangelical Lutheran Church – Kirsten Fehrs
2011: Evangelical Church of Westphalia – Annette Kurschus, titled praeses
2012: Church of Iceland (Lutheran) – Agnes M. Sigurðardóttir
2012: Anglican Church of Southern Africa – Ellinah Wamukoya
2012: Anglican Church of Southern Africa – Margaret Vertue^[38]
2012: Church of Denmark – Tine Lindhardt^[39]
2013: Church of Denmark – Marianne Christiansen^[40]
2013: Church of Ireland (Anglican) – Pat Storey^[41]
2013: Evangelical Lutheran Church of America – Elizabeth Eaton^[42]
2014: Anglican Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia - Helen-Ann Hartley
2015: Church of England – Libby Lane
2015: Church of England - Alison White
2015: Church of England – Rachel Treweek
2015: Church of England – Sarah Mullally
2015: Church of England - Anne Hollinghurst
2015: Church of England - Ruth Worsley
2015: Church of England – Christine Hardman
2016: Church of England - Karen Gorham
2016: Church of England - Jo Bailey Wells
2016: Church of England - Jan McFarlane
2017: Church of England - Guli Francis-Dehqani
2017: Church in Wales - June Osborne
2018: Scottish Episcopal Church - Anne Dyer
2018: Church in Wales - Joanna Penberthy
Others: Protestant churches in German Lutheran, Reformed and United churches (EKD), Protestant Church of the Netherlands

Women as archbishops or denominational heads

1934 Salvation Army – Evangeline Booth General of The Salvation Army.
2004 Church of Scotland - Dr. Alison Elliot becomes moderator of the General Assembly
2005 Metropolitan Community Church - Nancy Wilson, first woman installed as moderator.
2006 The Episcopal Church—The Most Reverend Dr. Katharine Jefferts Schori. Installed as Presiding Bishop of the Episcopal Church and Primate (the same position which some other provinces in the Anglican Communion refer to as an Archbishop) at Washington National Cathedral on 4 November 2006, though she technically took office on the first of November.
2007 Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada – Susan Johnson. First woman to serve as National Bishop of the ELCIC. She was consecrated 29 September 2007.
2013: Evangelical Lutheran Church of America – Elizabeth Eaton. First women installed as Presiding Bishop.^[42]
2014 Church of Sweden – Antje Jackelén Archbishop of Uppsala. Installed in Uppsala Cathedral on 15 June 2014.

References

↑ "Women's Service in the Churh: The Biblical Baisi by N.T. Wright". Retrieved 14 March 2015.
↑ "Bund Evangelisch-Freikirchlicher Gemeinden in Deutschland K.d.ö.R".
↑ "沖縄バプテスト連盟". www.okinawa-baptist.asia. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
↑ http://www.garbc.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/The-Ordination-of-Women-1975.pdf
↑ http://www.mbconf.ca/home/products_and_services/resources/publications/mb_herald/vol_47_no_5/people_and_events/ordination_of_two_women_revives_discussion/
↑ "Women's Ordination Time Line". Retrieved 2007-03-20.
↑ "Women's Ordination Time Line (page 2)". Retrieved 2007-03-20.
↑ What Presbyterians Believe Holper, J. Frederick, 2001 "What Presbyterians Believe about Ordination," Presbyterians Today, May 2001, retrieved from on 21 August 2006
↑ http://www.byfaithonline.com/partner/Article_Display_Page/0,,PTID323422%7CCHID664022%7CCIID2143300,00.html
↑ "PCA: Press Release".
↑ "Women in Ecclesiastical Office". Archived from the original on 26 July 2013. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
↑ "NAPARC Votes, 6–1, to Suspend the Christian Reformed Church". Retrieved 14 June 2013.
↑ "Orthodox Presbyterian Church". Retrieved 14 March 2015.
1 2 "When churches started to ordain women". Retrieved 14 March 2015.
↑ "Women pastors from 1900 to 1960 – Musée virtuel du Protestantisme". Retrieved 14 March 2015.
↑ Scheme of Union Archived 3 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine. of the Presbyterian Church of Australia.
↑ Pound, Richard W. (2005). 'Fitzhenry and Whiteside Book of Canadian Facts and Dates'. Fitzhenry and Whiteside.
↑ Rev. Patricia J. thompson, Courageous Past—Bold Future ISBN 0-938162-99-3
↑ Paramore the digital agency. "United Methodist Church Timeline – GCAH". www.gcah.org.
↑ "2010 New York Annual Conference Newsletter" (PDF).
1 2 "Discipline of the Primitive Methodist Church in the United States of America" (PDF). Primitive Methodist Church. Retrieved 31 May 2017.
↑ "FMC Statement on Women in Ministry". Free Methodist Church. Retrieved 31 May 2017.
↑ Sams, G. Clair (2017). "The Bible Methodist, Issue I, Volume 49" (PDF). Bible Methodist Connection of Churches. p. 2. Retrieved 31 May 2017.
↑ https://secure.wesleyan.org/147/women-in-ministry-historical-view
↑ Eroakirkosta.fi – Naispappeuskiista tuplannut kirkosta eroamisen
↑ "5.05 Naised vaimulikus ametis – Eesti Kirik". www.eestikirik.ee. Retrieved 2016-09-18.
↑ "ELCA Facts". ELCA.org. ELCA. Archived from the original on 20 September 2018. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
↑ "Presiding Bishop". ELCA.org. ELCA. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
↑ "'She is loose': A historic group of female Lutheran bishops on #MeToo and the Holy Spirit". Religion News Service. Retrieved 29 September 2018.
↑ "ELCT". www.elct.org.
↑ "wfn.org – Lutheran pastor becomes Ethiopia's first ordained woman". archive.wfn.org.
↑ "Dienst der Frau-Frauenordination eingeführt". 2004.
↑ "Women in Ministry". www.cmalliance.org.
↑ "camacop.org.ph". camacop.org.ph.
↑ "Home" (PDF). CMACCD.
↑ "Women in ordained ministry". Archived from the original on 15 April 2009.
↑ http://www.vasynod.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/The-Rev-Dr-April-Ulring-Larson-Bishop-Emeritus.pdf
↑ "South Africa: Church Elects Woman Bishop". www.allAfrica.com. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
↑ "interchurch.dk: Third woman bishop elected on Funen". interchurch.dk. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
↑ "Marianne Christiansen bispeviet i Haderslev". folkekirken.dk. 4 March 2015. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
↑ Central Communications Board of the General Synod). "Church of Ireland – A province of the Anglican Communion". Retrieved 14 March 2015.
1 2 "Presiding Bishop". ELCA.org. Retrieved 14 March 2015.

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

[1] "Women's Service in the Churh: The Biblical Baisi by N.T. Wright". Retrieved 14 March 2015.

[2] "Bund Evangelisch-Freikirchlicher Gemeinden in Deutschland K.d.ö.R".

[3] "沖縄バプテスト連盟". www.okinawa-baptist.asia. Retrieved 14 March 2015.

[4] ttp://www.garbc.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/The-Ordination-of-Women-1975.pdf

[5] ttp://www.mbconf.ca/home/products_and_services/resources/publications/mb_herald/vol_47_no_5/people_and_events/ordination_of_two_women_revives_discussion/

[6] "Women's Ordination Time Line". Retrieved 2007-03-20.

[7] "Women's Ordination Time Line (page 2)". Retrieved 2007-03-20.

[8] What Presbyterians Believe Holper, J. Frederick, 2001 "What Presbyterians Believe about Ordination," Presbyterians Today, May 2001, retrieved from on 21 August 2006

[9] ttp://www.byfaithonline.com/partner/Article_Display_Page/0,,PTID323422%7CCHID664022%7CCIID2143300,00.html

[10] "PCA: Press Release".

[11] "Women in Ecclesiastical Office". Archived from the original on 26 July 2013. Retrieved 14 June 2013.

[12] "NAPARC Votes, 6–1, to Suspend the Christian Reformed Church". Retrieved 14 June 2013.

[13] "Orthodox Presbyterian Church". Retrieved 14 March 2015.

[autogenerated2-14] 1 2 "When churches started to ordain women". Retrieved 14 March 2015.

[15] "Women pastors from 1900 to 1960 – Musée virtuel du Protestantisme". Retrieved 14 March 2015.

[16] Scheme of Union Archived 3 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine. of the Presbyterian Church of Australia.

[17] Pound, Richard W. (2005). 'Fitzhenry and Whiteside Book of Canadian Facts and Dates'. Fitzhenry and Whiteside.

[18] Rev. Patricia J. thompson, Courageous Past—Bold Future ISBN 0-938162-99-3

[19] Paramore the digital agency. "United Methodist Church Timeline – GCAH". www.gcah.org.

[20] "2010 New York Annual Conference Newsletter" (PDF).

[PMC2013-21] 1 2 "Discipline of the Primitive Methodist Church in the United States of America" (PDF). Primitive Methodist Church. Retrieved 31 May 2017.

[22] "FMC Statement on Women in Ministry". Free Methodist Church. Retrieved 31 May 2017.

[23] Sams, G. Clair (2017). "The Bible Methodist, Issue I, Volume 49" (PDF). Bible Methodist Connection of Churches. p. 2. Retrieved 31 May 2017.

[24] ttps://secure.wesleyan.org/147/women-in-ministry-historical-view

[25] Eroakirkosta.fi – Naispappeuskiista tuplannut kirkosta eroamisen

[26] "5.05 Naised vaimulikus ametis – Eesti Kirik". www.eestikirik.ee. Retrieved 2016-09-18.

[elca-facts-27] "ELCA Facts". ELCA.org. ELCA. Archived from the original on 20 September 2018. Retrieved 15 May 2017.

[28] "Presiding Bishop". ELCA.org. ELCA. Retrieved 15 May 2017.

[29] "'She is loose': A historic group of female Lutheran bishops on #MeToo and the Holy Spirit". Religion News Service. Retrieved 29 September 2018.

[30] "ELCT". www.elct.org.

[31] "wfn.org – Lutheran pastor becomes Ethiopia's first ordained woman". archive.wfn.org.

[32] "Dienst der Frau-Frauenordination eingeführt". 2004.

[33] "Women in Ministry". www.cmalliance.org.

[34] "camacop.org.ph". camacop.org.ph.

[35] "Home" (PDF). CMACCD.

[36] "Women in ordained ministry". Archived from the original on 15 April 2009.

[37] ttp://www.vasynod.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/The-Rev-Dr-April-Ulring-Larson-Bishop-Emeritus.pdf

[38] "South Africa: Church Elects Woman Bishop". www.allAfrica.com. Retrieved 14 March 2015.

[39] "interchurch.dk: Third woman bishop elected on Funen". interchurch.dk. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 14 March 2015.

[40] "Marianne Christiansen bispeviet i Haderslev". folkekirken.dk. 4 March 2015. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 14 March 2015.

[41] Central Communications Board of the General Synod). "Church of Ireland – A province of the Anglican Communion". Retrieved 14 March 2015.

[elca.org-42] 1 2 "Presiding Bishop". ELCA.org. Retrieved 14 March 2015.