North Korean abductions of Japanese citizens

In May 2004, North Korea allowed the five children of two abducted couples to leave North Korea and join their families, who had come back to Japan a year and a half before.

The abductions of Japanese citizens from Japan by agents of the North Korean government took place during a period of six years from 1977 to 1983.[1] Although only 17 Japanese (eight men and nine women) are officially recognized by the Japanese government as having been abducted,[2] there may have been hundreds of victims.[3] The North Korean government has officially admitted to abducting 13 Japanese citizens.[4][5]

There are testimonies that many non-Japanese citizens, including nine European citizens,[6] have been abducted by North Korea.[7]

Background

In the 1970s, a number of Japanese citizens disappeared from coastal areas in Japan. The people who had disappeared were average Japanese people who were opportunistically abducted by operatives lying in wait. Although North Korean agents were suspected, the opinion that North Korea had nothing to do with the disappearances was widely held.[8] Most of the missing were in their 20s; the youngest, Megumi Yokota, was 13[9] when she disappeared in November 1977, from the Japanese west coast city of Niigata.[5][10]

Some of the victims were abducted to teach Japanese language and culture at North Korean spy schools.[8][9] Older victims were also abducted for the purpose of obtaining their identities.[11] It is speculated that Japanese women were abducted to have them become wives to a group of North Korea-based Japanese terrorists belonging to the "Yodo-go" terrorist group after a 1970 Japan Airlines hijacking[12] and that some may have been abducted because they happened to witness activities of North Korean agents in Japan, which may explain Yokota's abduction at such a young age.[5][13]

For a long time, these abductions were denied by North Korea and its sympathizers (including Chongryon and the Japan Socialist Party) and were often considered a conspiracy theory. Despite pressure from Japanese parent groups, the Japanese government took no action.

There are claims that this issue is now being used by Japanese nationalists, including Prime Minister Shinzō Abe, to "further militarize", push for revision of the Constitution to reduce constitutional limits on the army, revise the Basic Education Law, and pursue other political goals.[14][15] Such claims have been criticized by Kyoko Nakayama, the special adviser in Tokyo to the Japanese prime minister on the abduction issue, who said "This is about rescuing our citizens [from ongoing abduction]... They deserve all possible support to regain their freedom and dignity. It is our duty to retrieve them."[16] (See Norimitsu Onishi.)

Talks between North Korea and Japan in 2002 and aftermath

On September 17, 2002, then Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi visited North Korea to meet North Korean leader Kim Jong-il for the First Japan-North Korea Summit, which eventually resulted in the Japan-North Korean Pyongyang Declaration.[5] To facilitate normalization of relations with Japan, Kim admitted North Korea had abducted 13 Japanese citizens and issued an oral apology.[17] He attributed the abductions to "some people who wanted to show their heroism and adventurism", and avoided taking the blame.[18] During the meeting, North Korea also provided death certificates for eight people who the North claimed were dead, but admitted in 2004 that these certificates were hastily drafted shortly before.[19] For several reasons, the Japanese government and NGOs question that those eight people are dead.[5][20]

According to Russian scholar Andrei Lankov, the North Korean disclosure was a strategic mistake. What was intended as a gesture of honesty was met with outrage within both the Japanese government and the general public. The allegations that were previously thought of as conspiracy theories proved to be true. Japan retaliated by trying to isolate North Korea by cutting trade and other exchanges. In Lankov's view, the North Korean government will "probably think twice" before making similar confessions in the future. The ordeal was also unnecessary because North Korea had ample supply of willing Japanese speakers through Chongryon.[8]

Return of five victims

Later, North Korea allowed the five victims that it said were alive to return to Japan, on the condition that they return later to North Korea. The victims returned to Japan on October 15, 2002.[5] The five repatriated victims were Yasushi Chimura and his wife Fukie, Kaoru Hasuike and his wife Yukiko, and Hitomi Soga - the wife of Charles Robert Jenkins, who remained in North Korea.[5] However, the Japanese Government, listening to the pleas of the general public and the abductees' families, told North Korea that the victims would not be returning. North Korea claimed that this was a violation of the agreement and refused to continue further talks.[5]

Children/spouses of returned victims reunited

The three children of the Chimura family and the two children of the Hasuike family, who were born in North Korea, were allowed to rejoin their parents in Japan following the second visit of Japanese Prime Minister Koizumi to Pyongyang on May 22, 2004. They returned to Japan on July 18, 2004.[18] All five children expressed willingness to remain in Japan and live as Japanese, per their parents' and other relatives' accounts.

Hitomi Soga was able to reunite with her husband and children, but through a more circuitous route. Her husband, Charles Robert Jenkins, was a defector from the United States Army who fled to North Korea where he eventually met and married Soga. Fearing a court-martial, Jenkins and their two daughters initially met Soga in Jakarta, Indonesia, on July 9, 2004, eventually returning together to Japan on July 18. Two months later, on September 11, 2004, Jenkins reported to the army base at Camp Zama, Japan, served a light sentence after being found guilty of desertion and aiding the enemy, and was discharged dishonorably from the army. Charles then lived on Sado Island in Japan with his family until his death in 2017.

Further evidence and investigations

In November 2004, North Korea returned the cremated remains of two people, stating that they were those of Megumi Yokota and Kaoru Matsuki, who the North claimed died after being abducted. Subsequent Japanese DNA testing determined that those remains belonged to neither of the two. However, the independent scientific journal Nature published an article highly critical of this testing, which was performed at Teikyo University by Tomio Yoshii, a relatively junior faculty member (lecturer) in a forensics department, without a professor being present. Yoshii later acknowledged that he had no previous experience in the analysis of cremated specimens. This mistake — intentional or not — further strained relations between Japan and North Korea.

In an interview with Japanese police, Yasushi Chimura and Kaoru Hasuike, two of the abductees allowed to return to Japan in 2002, identified two of their abductors as Sin Gwang-su (known also as Sin Kwang-su) and a man known as "Pak". The National Police Agency has requested the arrests of Sin Gwang-su and Choi Sung-chol for the abductions of Japanese nationals. Sin reportedly told police in South Korea that he had been personally ordered by Kim Jong-il to carry out abductions.[21]

In March 2006, Osaka police raided six facilities, including the North Korean Chamber of Commerce, in an investigation into the circumstances surrounding the June 1980 disappearance of one of the alleged abductees, Tadaaki Hara. All six facilities were linked to Chongryon, a pro-North Korean residents' organization in Japan. A police spokesman said that the head of Chongryon at the time was suspected of cooperating in his abduction.[22]

Current situation (2004–present)

Sakie Yokota, the mother of the abducted girl Megumi Yokota, meets with U.S. President George W. Bush at the White House in April 2006.
Badge worn in support of returning victims to Japan

The North Korean government continues to claim that there were only 13 abductees and that the issue has been resolved with the return of the five victims. However, the Japanese government claims that the issue has not been properly resolved, and that all evidence provided by North Korea is forged.

By May 2004, five abductee victims and their families (10 in total) returned from North Korea. However, a number of alleged victims are still missing. Although then Chief Cabinet Secretary Hiroyuki Hosoda commented on December 24, 2004, that "unless honest measures are taken swiftly, we cannot help but impose strict measures", hinting at possible sanctions.[23]

The victims' support group has also looked to the United Nations (UN) for help. UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan, in a speech given in the Japanese Diet on February 24, 2004, mentioned the issue, sympathized with the victims and their families, and expressed wishes for a complete settlement.[24] Later that year, the United States Congress passed the North Korean Human Rights Act of 2004.[25] In response to this, the South Korean ruling party, not wanting to damage North-South relations, expressed concern. On the other hand, the victims' families and their supporters expressed gratitude toward the United States government and president.[26]

In 2004, the Japanese Diet passed two laws designed to restrict trade with North Korea.[27] On November 2, 2005, the United Kingdom led 45 countries, including the United States and Japan, in submitting a proposal condemning North Korea to the United Nations. On December 16, this proposal was passed by the UN General Assembly with 88 supporting, 21 opposing and 60 abstention votes. In particular, China and Russia opposed this proposal and the South Korean government abstained. The proposal condemned North Korea for "systematic humanitarian violations" and mentioned the abduction issue, the existence of concentration camps and the abuse against North Korean defectors sent back to North Korea.[28] A working group dealing with human rights abuses has also been set up at the six-party talks. United States Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice expressed support for the abduction issue.[29] On April 27, 2006, Sakie Yokota, mother of abductee Megumi Yokota, testified in a United States House of Representatives subcommittee about the abduction issue. The next day, Yokota met with US President George W. Bush to ask for the United States' help in resolving the abduction issue. The President called the meeting "one of the most moving meetings" in his presidency and questioned North Korea's actions.[30] On June 13, 2006, the North Korean Human Rights Bill, calling for sanctions to be placed on North Korea, was tabled in the Japanese Diet.[31]

Following Kim Jong-il's death in December 2011, former abductee Kaoru Hasuike expressed a wish for the Japanese government to "carefully analyze the state of affairs in North Korea and do its best to secure the safety of abductees still left there".[32] The abduction issue has become very central to Japan's North Korea policy and Japan's participation in the Six-Party Talks. Most importantly, "Tokyo has kept conditioning its provision of economic incentives, widely deemed to be crucial to a comprehensive and lasting solution of the nuclear conundrum, on the establishment of diplomatic relations with North Korea—a development which in turn hinges on a resolution of the abduction issue."[33]

On August 29, 2013, families of victims including the Yokotas testified at a UN team hearing.[34][35][36] In May 2014, after talks with Japan, North Korea agreed to probe the abductees issue.[37] On 4 July 2014, Japan eased several of its sanctions on North Korea after talks between the two countries. Pyongyang agreed to reopen investigations about the abduction cases.[38] In October 2014, a Japanese delegation visited North Korea.[39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47]

In March 2015, after talks with North Korea failed to produce results, Japan extended its sanctions for another 24 months. These include barring North Korean ships from entering Japanese ports and limits on trade with the country.[48] These sanctions have expired in March 2017.

List of victims

Seventeen nationals are officially recognized by the Japanese government as victims of the abduction issue.[10] The sixteenth, Minoru Tanaka, was added to the list on April 27, 2005, following discovery of evidence supporting the assertion that he was abducted.[49] The seventeenth victim, Kyoko Matsumoto, was added to the list in November 2006.[10][17]

NameSexBornCircumstances of disappearanceCurrent status
Yutaka KumeMalec. 1925Disappeared September 19, 1977 from Noto Peninsula, Ishikawa PrefectureNorth Korea denies any involvement[10]
Megumi YokotaFemaleOctober 15, 1964Disappeared November 15, 1977 from Niigata, Niigata PrefectureAllegedly died on March 13, 1994 in North Korea [date was originally announced as 1993 but was later corrected by North Korea], but her parents still refused to believe their daughter is dead until the North provides irrefutable evidence.
Minoru TanakaMalec. 1950Disappeared in June 1978. Persuaded to go overseas, and later taken to North Korea.[49]North Korea denies any involvement[50]
Yaeko TaguchiFemaleAugust 10, 1955Disappeared in June 1978 from an undetermined place.[10]Allegedly died on July 30, 1986 in North Korea. However, Kim Hyon-hui, the surviving bomber of Korean Air Flight 858, denied North Korea's claim.[51]
Yasushi ChimuraMaleJune 4, 1955Disappeared on July 7, 1978 together with his fiancée Fukie Hamamoto near coast of Obama, Fukui.Alive (returned)
Fukie HamamotoFemaleJune 8, 1955Disappeared on July 7, 1978 together with her fiancé Yasushi Chimura near coast of Obama, Fukui.Alive (returned)
Kaoru HasuikeMaleSeptember 29, 1957Disappeared on July 31, 1978 with his girlfriend Yukiko Okudo from the coast of Kashiwazaki, Niigata.Alive (returned)
Yukiko OkudoFemaleApril 15, 1956Disappeared on July 31, 1978 with her boyfriend Kaoru Hasuike from coast of Kashiwazaki, Niigata.Alive (returned)
Hitomi SogaFemaleMay 17, 1959Disappeared together with her mother Miyoshi Soga on August 12, 1978 from Sado Island, Niigata PrefectureMarried Charles Robert Jenkins, a deserter from the United States Army, in 1980, and returned to Japan with him in 2004.
Miyoshi SogaFemalec. 1932Disappeared together with her daughter Hitomi Soga on August 12, 1978 from Sado Island, Niigata PrefectureNorth Korea asserted that Miyoshi Soga never entered the country. However, Hitomi Soga, Miyoshi's daughter, denies North Korea's claim.[10]
Rumiko MasumotoFemaleNovember 1, 1954Disappeared on August 12, 1978 from Fukiage, Kagoshima Prefecture, together with her boyfriend Shuichi IchikawaAllegedly died on August 17, 1981 in North Korea
Shuichi IchikawaMaleOctober 20, 1954Disappeared on August 12, 1978 from Fukiage, Kagoshima Prefecture, together with his girlfriend Rumiko MasumotoAllegedly died on September 4, 1979 in North Korea
Toru IshiokaMaleJune 29, 1957Disappeared in May 1980 from Madrid, Spain during a trip in EuropeAllegedly died on November 4, 1988 in North Korea
Kaoru MatsukiMaleJune 23, 1953Disappeared in May 1980 from Madrid, Spain during a trip in EuropeAllegedly died on August 23, 1996 in North Korea
Tadaaki HaraMaleAugust 10, 1936Disappeared in June 1980 from Miyazaki, Miyazaki PrefectureAllegedly died on July 19, 1986 in North Korea
Keiko ArimotoFemaleJanuary 12, 1960Disappeared in June 1983 from Copenhagen, Denmark.[52] She had previously been studying English in London.[53]Allegedly died on November 4, 1988 in North Korea.[54] However, in 2014, her parents still refused to believe their daughter is dead until the North provides irrefutable evidence.[55]
Kyoko MatsumotoFemale1948Disappeared on October 21, 1977 on her way to a knitting class near her homeAs of 2010, North Korea has given no response to Japanese demands.[10]

Other abductions by North Korea

North Korea has also perpetrated abductions in South Korea, which has the highest number of citizens abducted by the North. The number of South Korean abductees is put at 3,800 in total, with an estimated 485[56] or 486 abductees still in North Korean captivity.[57]

In December 1969, a Korean Air Lines YS-11 was hijacked by a North Korean agent soon after taking off from Gangneung.[58] The pilot was forced to fly to and land in North Korea. The crew, aircraft, and seven of the passengers have yet to be returned. North Korea claims that this was an act of asylum by the pilot, but it is considered to be another case of abduction.

In the 1970s, many women were abducted from Lebanon and in July 1977 there was an attempt to abduct a Korean pianist/actress and her husband from Yugoslavia.[58] There were also incidents in which South Korean high school students were abducted.

There are testimonies that several others have been abducted, including two Chinese (Macau), two Dutch, three French, three Italians, a Jordanian, four Malaysians and a Singaporean.[7] There is also some evidence that suggests that a missing American citizen, David Sneddon, was kidnapped while traveling in China in 2004 by North Korean agents and brought to somewhere just outside Pyongyang to teach English.[59][60][61]

The UN Commission on Human Rights investigated the abductees issue, as part of the Commission of Inquiry on Human Rights in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea.[17] Abductee Hitomi Soga has also testified that citizens of Romania and Thailand were among the abductees.[62] The family of an abduction victim from Thailand has been identified and the Japanese government is working with the Thai government to resolve the issue.

According to the Committee for Democratization of North Korea (CDNK), North Korean agents are also believed to have abducted roughly 200 citizens of the People's Republic of China from the late 1990s onward, mostly ethnic Koreans from frontier towns in northeast China who provided aid to North Korean defectors. The kidnap victims were then imprisoned in North Korea. The Chinese government reportedly has not officially requested the repatriation of any of these victims, a policy the CDNK describes as aimed at preserving harmony in the countries' bilateral relations.[63]

Controversies

There is also controversy about whether the remains of Megumi Yokota returned by North Korea to Japan are genuine or not. The Japanese government tested them and claims they are not. But in February 2005, the British scientific journal Nature published an article in which the Teikyo University DNA analyst who did the tests, Tomio Yoshii, acknowledged that the results could be inconclusive. Likewise, the technique used is reportedly no longer used professionally in the United States due to the ease with which contamination can occur. According to the Japanese Foreign Ministry, the remains are not available for further testing.[64]

Another controversy arose when, in May 2012, Japan strongly protested when a top American diplomat linked the issue of North Korean abductions of Japanese citizens with the issue of abduction to Japan by Japanese parents away from non-Japanese parents.[65]

In fiction

The protagonist of the novel The Orphan Master's Son spends several years during the early part of the book helping with and organizing abductions of Japanese to North Korea. These abductions and some of their victims remain an important secondary theme for the rest of the book.

2018 play The Great Wave written by Francis Turnly[66]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "ABDUCTION - An Unforgivable Crime - - Japanese Government Internet TV". Japanese Government Internet TV. Retrieved 3 June 2015.
  2. ↑ "Individual Cases - 17 Abductees Identified by the Government of Japan". Retrieved 3 June 2015.
  3. ↑ "Investigation Commission on Missing Japanese Probably Related to N.Korea(COMJAN)". Retrieved 3 June 2015.
  4. ↑ "North Korea rejects DNA link to Megumi Yokota abduction case". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 2011-08-20. Retrieved 2006-05-01.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Taken! North Korea's Criminal Abduction of Citizens of Other Countries (p. 33)" (PDF). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Committee for Human Rights in North Korea. May 12, 2011. ISBN 978-0-9771111-3-8. LCCN 2011907022. OCLC 803422778. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 18, 2015. Retrieved March 16, 2013.
  6. ↑ "Les captives étrangères de la Corée du Nord". Le Figaro. Retrieved 3 June 2015.
  7. 1 2 "NARKN". Sukuukai.jp. Retrieved 2016-08-18.
  8. 1 2 3 Lankov, Andrei (2015). The Real North Korea: Life and Politics in the Failed Stalinist Utopia. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-19-939003-8.
  9. 1 2 McCurry, Justin (October 16, 2002). "North Korea's kidnap victims return home after 25 years". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2006-05-01.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan). "Abduction of Japanese Citizens by North Korea" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-07-23.
  11. ↑ "North Korea's Abduction Project". The New Yorker. Retrieved 2017-06-15.
  12. ↑ https://www.huffingtonpost.com/yuriko-koike/japan-isis-hostage-crisis_b_6564404.html
  13. ↑ http://www.slate.com/id/2087627/ Why North Koreans Were Kidnappers
  14. ↑ Onishi, Norimitsu (December 17, 2006). "Abduction issue used by Japanese nationalists". International Herald Tribune. Retrieved July 26, 2010.
  15. ↑ Gregory Clark (Japan Times). "Ideological laundry unfurled". Retrieved 2006-11-21.
  16. ↑ Kyoko Nakayama (25 December 2006). "Abductions in Japan". International Herald Tribune. Archived from the original on 26 December 2006.
  17. 1 2 3 Kirby, Michael Donald; Biserko, Sonja; Darusman, Marzuki (7 February 2014). "Report of the detailed findings of the commission of inquiry on human rights in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea - A/HRC/25/CRP.1". United Nations Human Rights Council: 295–304 (Paragraph 924–964). Archived from the original on February 27, 2014. In September 2002, the Japanese Prime Minister Koizumi Junichiro visited Pyongyang to negotiate with DPRK authorities the return of Japanese nationals suspected of having been abducted to the DPRK. The DPRK’s Supreme Leader Kim Jong-il admitted to Prime Minister Koizumi that DPRK agents had abducted 13 Japanese nationals (seven women and six men). The admission came after years of speculation in Japan that many Japanese nationals had been forcefully kidnapped by the DPRK.(...) Prior to this admission to Prime Minister Koizumi, the DPRK had denied all allegations of connections with disappeared persons believed to have been abducted or forcibly disappeared by the regime.
  18. 1 2 "Abductions of Japanese Citizens by North Korea" (PDF). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan.
  19. ↑ Headquarters for the Abduction Issue, Government of Japan. "Points of Contention with the North Korean Position". Retrieved 2016-04-28.
  20. ↑ Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan). "Abductions of Japanese citizens by North Korea" (PDF). Retrieved 2016-04-28.
  21. ↑ "The Japan News - Breaking News from Japan by The Yomiuri Shimbun". Yomiuri.co.jp. Retrieved 2014-02-05.
  22. ↑ "Transcript of the Japan Considered Podcast Volume 02, Number 14 - Relations with North Korea". Japanconsidered.com. April 7, 2006. Retrieved 22 July 2010.
  23. ↑ National Association for the Rescue of Japanese Kidnapped by North Korea. "Prospectus". Retrieved 2006-05-01.
  24. ↑ "アナン国連事務総長の訪日（成果と概要）". Retrieved 3 June 2015.
  25. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-03-04. Retrieved 2016-02-09. North Korean Human Rights Act of 2004
  26. ↑ "NARKN". Sukuukai.jp. Retrieved 2016-08-18.
  27. ↑ Kajimoto, Tetsushi (2004-04-07). "Bill to bar ships from ports goes to Diet | The Japan Times". Search.japantimes.co.jp. Retrieved 2016-08-18.
  28. ↑
  29. ↑ Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan). "Visit to Japan by U.S. Secretary of State Rice". Retrieved 2006-05-01.
  30. ↑ Iwama, Toshimitsu. "Bush meets family of Japanese woman abducted by North Korea". Retrieved 2006-04-30.
  31. ↑ BBC News Online (June 13, 2006). "N Korea to face Japan sanctions". London. Retrieved 2006-06-13.
  32. ↑ "Japan eyes new North Korea with caution". Archived from the original on 2013-01-24. Retrieved 2012-02-10.
  33. ↑ Hagström, Linus (2009). "Normalizing Japan: Supporter, Nuisance, or Wielder of Power in the North Korean Nuclear Talks". Asian Survey. p. 848.
  34. ↑ Ryall, Julian (2013-08-29). "Parents of Japanese schoolgirl abducted by North Korea 'lived in fear every day'". London: Telegraph. Retrieved 2014-02-05.
  35. ↑ Lies, Elaine (August 29, 2013). "Japanese mother tells of heartbreak years after North Korea abducted 13-year-old daughter". Reuters. Retrieved 2014-02-05.
  36. ↑ "U.N. mission hears from kin of North Korea's abduction victims". The Japan Times. Retrieved 2014-02-05.
  37. ↑ "North Korea to probe decades-old Japanese abductions". BBC News. Retrieved 3 June 2015.
  38. ↑ Yoko Wakatsuki and Jethro Mullen, CNN (4 July 2014). "Japan eases sanctions on North Korea after talks - CNN.com". CNN. Retrieved 3 June 2015.
  39. ↑ "North Korea to deepen probe into Japanese abductees: Japan's Abe". Reuters. Retrieved 3 June 2015.
  40. ↑ "Signals From North Korea". The New York Times. 12 April 2014. Retrieved 17 August 2016.
  41. ↑ "North Korea abductee: Japan parents meet grand-daughter". BBC News. Retrieved 3 June 2015.
  42. ↑ "Yokotas still hopeful for reunion on 50th birthday of abducted daughter". AJW by The Asahi Shimbun. Archived from the original on 15 September 2015. Retrieved 3 June 2015.
  43. ↑ Euan McKirdy, CNN (17 March 2014). "Abductee's parents finally meet North Korean granddaughter". CNN. Retrieved 3 June 2015.
  44. ↑ AFP (17 March 2014). "Elderly Japanese couple meet family of daughter kidnapped by N Korea". Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 3 June 2015.
  45. ↑ "INSIGHT: Meeting with abductee's daughter could propel Tokyo-Pyongyang talks". AJW by The Asahi Shimbun. Archived from the original on 31 October 2014. Retrieved 3 June 2015.
  46. ↑ "North Korean daughter of Japanese abductee could visit Japan this year". Reuters. Retrieved 3 June 2015.
  47. ↑ "Years After Abduction by North Korea, a Reunion". The New York Times. 17 March 2014. Retrieved 17 August 2016.
  48. ↑ Takahashi, Maiko (March 31, 2015). "Japan to Extend Sanctions on North Korea Over Abductee Issue". Bloomberg. Retrieved Mar 31, 2015.
  49. 1 2 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (MOFA) (July 2007). 外務省: 北朝鮮による日本人拉致問題 (in Japanese). Archived from the original on April 21, 2008. Retrieved July 25, 2010.
  50. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-02-04. Retrieved 2016-02-09.
  51. ↑ "Japanese Abduction Victim Still Alive, Says KAL Bomber". The Chosun Ilbo (English Edition). January 16, 2009. Retrieved July 25, 2010.
  52. ↑ "Suspected Abduction of Cases by North Korea - Suspected Abduction Case of a Female Japanese in Europe". Npa.go.jp (in Japanese). Retrieved 2016-08-18.
  53. ↑ Brainwashed au pair abducted by spy team, Daily Telegraph, 16 March 2002
  54. ↑ Arimoto may have written her last letter under duress, Japan Times, September 27, 2002
  55. ↑ North Korea abductions: ‘I am hopeful my daughter is still alive’, The Guardian, 4 November 2014
  56. ↑ Nakamura, Yuichiro. "S. Korea reacts to abductions". Retrieved 2006-04-30.
  57. ↑ Lankov, Andrei. "Body snatching, North Korean style". Retrieved 2006-04-30.
  58. 1 2 Nanto, Dick K. "North Korea: Chronology of Provocations, 1950 - 2003" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 5, 2006. Retrieved July 25, 2010.
  59. ↑ Vogel, Chris. "Did North Korea Kidnap an American Hiker?". Retrieved Dec 12, 2014.
  60. ↑ https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/david-sneddon-found-north-korea-english-12-years-byu-kim-jong-un-a7220951.html
  61. ↑ http://edition.cnn.com/2016/09/02/asia/david-sneddon-north-korea/
  62. ↑ Takahara, Kanako. "Abductees' multinational kin unite". Retrieved 2006-04-30.
  63. ↑ "N.Korea kidnapped Chinese in refugee crackdown: report". Agence France-Presse. 2009-11-17. Retrieved 2009-11-18.
  64. ↑ Donald Macintyre (March 28, 2005). "Bones of Contention". Time. Retrieved 2010-07-27.
  65. ↑ "The Japan Times - News on Japan, Business News, Opinion, Sports, Entertainment and More". The Japan Times. Retrieved 3 June 2015.
  66. ↑ https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2018/mar/20/great-wave-francis-turnly-north-korea-kidnap-abductions-japanese

Further reading

  • Boynton, Robert S. (2016). The Invitation-Only Zone: The True Story of North Korea's Abduction Project. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 978-0-374-71266-2.
  • Steinhoff, Patricia G. (2004). "Kidnapped Japanese in North Korea: The New Left Connection". The Journal of Japanese Studies. 30 (1): 123–142. doi:10.1353/jjs.2004.0035. ISSN 1549-4721.
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