Isotopes of nitrogen

Main isotopes of nitrogen (7N)
Iso­tope Decay
abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct
13N syn 9.965 min ε 13C
14N 99.6% stable
15N 0.4% stable
Standard atomic weight (Ar, standard)
  • [14.00643, 14.00728][1]
  • Conventional: 14.007

Natural nitrogen (7N) consists of two stable isotopes, nitrogen-14, which makes up the vast majority of naturally occurring nitrogen, and nitrogen-15, which is less common. Fourteen radioactive isotopes (radioisotopes) have also been found so far, with atomic masses ranging from 10 to 25, and one nuclear isomer, 11mN. All of these radioisotopes are short-lived, with the longest-lived one being nitrogen-13 with a half-life of 9.965 minutes. All of the others have half-lives below 7.15 seconds, with most of these being below five-eighths of a second. Most of the isotopes with atomic mass numbers below 14 decay to isotopes of carbon, while most of the isotopes with masses above 15 decay to isotopes of oxygen. The shortest-lived known isotope is nitrogen-10, with a half-life of about 2.3 microseconds.

Natural isotopes

Nitrogen-14

Nitrogen-14 is one of two stable (non-radioactive) isotopes of the chemical element nitrogen, which makes about 99.636% of natural nitrogen.

Nitrogen-14 is one of the very few stable nuclides with both an odd number of protons and of neutrons (seven each). Each of these contributes a nuclear spin of plus or minus spin 1/2, giving the nucleus a total magnetic spin of one.

Like all elements heavier than lithium, the original source of nitrogen-14 and nitrogen-15 in the Universe is believed to be stellar nucleosynthesis, where they are produced as part of the carbon-nitrogen-oxygen cycle.

Nitrogen-14 is the source of naturally-occurring, radioactive, carbon-14. Some kinds of cosmic radiation cause a nuclear reaction with nitrogen-14 in the upper atmosphere of the Earth, creating carbon-14, which decays back to nitrogen-14 with a half-life of 5,730±40 years.[2]

Nitrogen-15

Nitrogen-15, is a rare stable isotope of nitrogen. Two sources of nitrogen-15 are the positron emission of oxygen-15[3] and the beta decay of carbon-15. Nitrogen-15 presents one of the lowest thermal neutron capture cross sections of all isotopes.[4]

Nitrogen-15 is frequently used in NMR (Nitrogen-15 NMR spectroscopy). Unlike the more abundant nitrogen-14, which has an integer nuclear spin and thus a quadrupole moment, 15N has a fractional nuclear spin of one-half, which offers advantages for NMR such as narrower line width.

Nitrogen-15 tracing is a technique used to study the nitrogen cycle.

Nitrogen-13

Nitrogen-13 and oxygen-15 are produced in the atmosphere when gamma rays (for example from lightning) knock neutrons out of nitrogen-14 and oxygen-16:

14N + γ → 13N + n
16O + γ → 15O + n

The nitrogen-13 decays with a half-life of ten minutes to carbon-13, emitting a positron. The positron quickly annihilates with an electron, producing two gamma rays of about 511 keV. After a lightning bolt, this gamma radiation dies down with a half-life of ten minutes, but these low-energy gamma rays go on average only about 90 metres through the air, so they may only be detected for a minute or so as the "cloud" of 13N and 15O floats by, carried by the wind.[5]

Isotopic signatures

List of isotopes

nuclide
symbol		 Z(p) N(n)  
isotopic mass (u)
 		 half-life decay mode(s)[6] daughter
isotope(s)[n 1]		 nuclear
spin and
parity		 representative
isotopic
composition
(mole fraction)		 range of natural
variation
(mole fraction)
excitation energy
10N 7 3 10.04165(43) 200(140)×10−24 s
[2.3(16) MeV]		 p 9
C
 (2−)
11N 7 4 11.02609(5) 590(210)×10−24 s
[1.58(+75−52) MeV]		 p 10
C
 1/2+
11mN 740(60) keV 6.90(80)×10−22 s 1/2−
12N 7 5 12.0186132(11) 11.000(16) ms β+ (96.5%) 12
C
 1+
β+, α (3.5%) 8
Be
[n 2]
13N[n 3] 7 6 13.00573861(29) 9.965(4) min β+ 13
C
 1/2−
14N 7 7 14.0030740048(6) Stable 1+ 0.99636(20) 0.99579–0.99654
15N 7 8 15.0001088982(7) Stable 1/2− 0.00364(20) 0.00346–0.00421
16N 7 9 16.0061017(28) 7.13(2) s β− (99.99%) 16
O
 2−
β−, α (.001%) 12
C
17N 7 10 17.008450(16) 4.173(4) s β−, n (95.0%) 16
O
 1/2−
β− (4.99%) 17
O
β−, α (.0025%) 13
C
18N 7 11 18.014079(20) 622(9) ms β− (76.9%) 18
O
 1−
β−, α (12.2%) 14
C
β−, n (10.9%) 17
O
19N 7 12 19.017029(18) 271(8) ms β−, n (54.6%) 18
O
 (1/2−)
β− (45.4%) 19
O
20N 7 13 20.02337(6) 130(7) ms β−, n (56.99%) 19O
β− (43.00%) 20O
21N 7 14 21.02711(10) 87(6) ms β−, n (80.0%) 20O 1/2−#
β− (20.0%) 21O
22N 7 15 22.03439(21) 13.9(14) ms β− (65.0%) 22O
β−, n (35.0%) 21O
23N 7 16 23.04122(32)# 14.5(24) ms
[14.1(+12−15) ms]		 β− 23O 1/2−#
24N 7 17 24.05104(43)# <52 ns n 23N
25N 7 18 25.06066(54)# <260 ns 1/2−#
  1. ↑ Bold for stable isotopes.
  2. ↑ Immediately decays into two alpha particles for a net reaction of 12N → 3 4He + e+.
  3. ↑ Used in positron emission tomography.

Notes

  • The precision of the isotope abundances and atomic mass is limited through variations. The given ranges should be applicable to any normal terrestrial material.
  • Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from systematic trends. Spins with weak assignment arguments are enclosed in parentheses.
  • Uncertainties are given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits. Uncertainty values denote one standard deviation, except isotopic composition and standard atomic mass from IUPAC, which use expanded uncertainties.
  • Nuclide masses are given by IUPAP Commission on Symbols, Units, Nomenclature, Atomic Masses and Fundamental Constants (SUNAMCO).
  • Isotope abundances are given by IUPAC Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW).

References

  1. ↑ Meija, J.; et al. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 88 (3): 265–91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305.
  2. ↑ Godwin, H (1962). "Half-life of radiocarbon". Nature. 195 (4845): 984. Bibcode:1962Natur.195..984G. doi:10.1038/195984a0.
  3. ↑ CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (64th ed.). 1983–1984. p. B-234.
  4. ↑ "Evaluated Nuclear Data File (ENDF) Retrieval & Plotting". National Nuclear Data Center.
  5. ↑ Teruaki Enoto; et al. (Nov 23, 2017). "Photonuclear reactions triggered by lightning discharge". Nature. Bibcode:2017Natur.551..481E. doi:10.1038/nature24630.
  6. ↑ "Universal Nuclide Chart". nucleonica. (Registration required (help)).
  • Isotope masses from:
    • G. Audi; A. H. Wapstra; C. Thibault; J. Blachot; O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties" (PDF). Nuclear Physics A. 729: 3–128. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-09-23.
  • Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
    • J. R. de Laeter; J. K. Böhlke; P. De Bièvre; H. Hidaka; H. S. Peiser; K. J. R. Rosman; P. D. P. Taylor (2003). "Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 75 (6): 683–800. doi:10.1351/pac200375060683.
    • M. E. Wieser (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 78 (11): 2051–2066. doi:10.1351/pac200678112051. Lay summary.
  • Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources. See editing notes on this article's talk page.
    • G. Audi; A. H. Wapstra; C. Thibault; J. Blachot; O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties" (PDF). Nuclear Physics A. 729: 3–128. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-09-23.
    • National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.1 database". Brookhaven National Laboratory. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
    • N. E. Holden (2004). "Table of the Isotopes". In D. R. Lide. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). CRC Press. Section 11. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.
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