Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital

Hôpital Necker – Enfants Malades
Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris
Geography
Location 149, rue de Sèvres,
Paris 15,
France
Organisation
Care system Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris
Hospital type Teaching
Affiliated university University of Paris
Services
Emergency department Yes
Beds 600
Speciality Children's hospital
History
Founded 1778
Links
Website http://www.hopital-necker.aphp.fr

The Hôpital Necker – Enfants Malades (French: [opital nɛkɛʁ ɑ̃fɑ̃ malad], Necker Hospital – Sick Children) is a French teaching hospital in central Paris. It is a hospital of the Assistance publique – Hôpitaux de Paris group and is affiliated to the University of Paris Descartes. It was the first paediatric hospital in the world.

History

The Necker Hospital was founded in 1778 by Madame Necker, born Suzanne Curchod, mother of Madame de Stael and wife of Jacques Necker, minister of Louis XVI. Jacques Necker was a leader in the movement to reform crowded hospitals by building smaller treatment centers closer to the patients' neighborhoods. Madame Necker subsequently remodeled an old monastery into the hospital,[1] which prior to the French Revolution was known as the Hospice de Charité. It was a Catholic institution where a baptism certificate and a confession were requirements for admission. Many poor parishioners would come to the hospital for their last rites before death. Hospitals at the time were seen as "gates to heaven" which were run by the Catholic Sisters of Charity, rather than the scientific institutions run by doctors they would later become.[1] Male and female patients were kept separate from each other, as many hospitals of the time did. Triage procedures, established all over Paris in 1802, systematically excluded pregnant women, the mentally ill, and venereal patients. Patients were divided into four categories: fever, malignant fever, surgical, and convalescent.[2]

The Hôpital des Enfants Malades (Hospital for Sick Children), not to be confused with the foundling hospital, the Hôpital des Enfants Trouvés, was created by the Conseil général des Hospices (General Hospices Council) in January 1801 to help manage the health and social structures of Paris. With the aim of reorganising the hospital, the Council proposed a new classification based on the common distinction between hospitals and special hospitals and announced the creation of a hospital "for the children of both sexes under the age of fifteen years" (4 December 1801). The newly formed Hôpital des Enfants Malades opened in June 1802 on the site of the previous orphanage hospital Hôpital de l'Enfant Jésus ("Baby Jesus hospital"). It was the first paediatric hospital in the Western world.[3]

The two physically contiguous hospitals were merged in 1920, but the Necker division continued to care for adults and Enfants malades for children.

Famous Physicians

French physician René Laennec invented the stethoscope in 1816 while he was working at the Hôpital Necker. Previously, doctors placed their heads directly on their patient's chest and listened for any irregular sounds to aid in diagnosis. But when a large young woman came to the hospital, he realized that this method would be less effective given her size. Instead, he used a tightly rolled up piece of paper to press against the patient's chest, which made the heartbeat much clearer than ever before. Further experimentation yielded Laennec's famous hollow wooden tube, the forerunner of today's stethoscopes.[4] His invention's ability to magnify the internal sounds of the body advanced the medical practice of auscultation, and proved beneficial to the Hôpital Necker, which had a high fatality rate for Phthisis pulmonalis.[5] This was because Laennec discovered with his stethoscope that patients who developed the disease first displayed a particular irregularity how their voices were manifested within their bodies, thus allowing patients to be diagnosed earlier.[6]

Among eminent physicians working at the Hôpital des Enfants Malades were Auguste Chaillou, Eugène Bouchut, Director Jacques-Joseph Grancher), Director Victor Henri Hutinel, Eugène Apert and Édouard Kirmisson.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Risse, Guenter (1999). Mending Bodies, Saving Souls. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 290. ISBN 0-19-505523-3.
  2. ↑ Risse, Guenter (1999). Mending Bodies, Saving Souls. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 291. ISBN 0-19-505523-3.
  3. ↑ Ballbriga, Angel (1991). "'One century of pediatrics in Europe (section: development of pediatric hospitals in Europe)'". In Nichols, Burford L. et al. (eds). History of Paediatrics 1850–1950. Nestlé Nutrition Workshop Series. 22. New York, NY: Raven Press. pp. 6–8. ISBN 0-88167-695-0.
  4. ↑ Roguin, Ariel (2017-02-25). "Rene Theophile Hyacinthe Laënnec (1781–1826): The Man Behind the Stethoscope". Clinical Medicine and Research. 4 (3): 230–235. doi:10.3121/cmr.4.3.230. ISSN 1539-4182. PMC 1570491. PMID 17048358.
  5. ↑ Bynum, W.F. (2006). Science and the Practice of Medicine in the Nineteenth Century. New York City: Cambridge University Press. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-521-27205-6. "The relevance of the hospital to his work was obvious; so was the relevance of the work to the hospital, where Bayle had reported, of 696 deaths, 244 were from phthisis.
  6. ↑ René, Laennec (1962). A Treatise on the Diseases of the Chest. New York: Hafner Publishing Company. pp. 297–301.

Coordinates: 48°50′42″N 2°18′56″E / 48.84500°N 2.31556°E / 48.84500; 2.31556

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