Mycoplasma bovis

Mycoplasma bovis
Scientific classification
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Tenericutes
Class: Mollicutes
Order: Mycoplasmatales
Family: Mycoplasmataceae
Genus: Mycoplasma
Species: M. bovis
Binomial name
Mycoplasma bovis

Mycoplasma bovis is one of 126 species of genus Mycoplasma. It is the smallest living cell and anaerobic in nature. It does not contain any cell wall, and is therefore resistant to penicillin and other beta lactam

Mycoplasma bovis mainly affects cattle and has little effect on other production animals. It does not affect horses and or pet animals, but other animals can be carriers for Mycoplasma bovis.[1] Mycoplasma bovis causes a constellation of diseases, including mastitis in dairy cows, arthritis in cows and calves, pneumonia in calves, and various other diseases likely including late-term abortion. Not all infected cows get sick – some shed the disease without becoming ill, allowing for transmission between farms if apparently healthy cows are moved.[2]

Signs and symptoms

Mastitis

Gangrenous mastitis in a cow, Day 10; green arrow : complete necrosis of the teat; yellow arrows : limits of the gangrenous tissue, but the necrotic area is not well delimited on the upper part of the udder

Mastitis can cause a decline in potassium and lactoferrin. It also results in decreased casein, the major protein in milk. As most calcium in milk is associated with casein, the disruption of casein synthesis contributes to lowered calcium in milk.[3] The milk protein continues to undergo further deterioration during processing and storage. Milk from cows with mastitis also has a higher somatic cell count. Generally speaking, the higher the somatic cell count, the lower the milk quality.

Bovine respiratory disease

In early bovine respiratory disease (BRD) cases, the lungs and airways are generally painful, so the animal will try to clear the airway with mild, tentative, soft coughing.[4] Fever of over 40 °C (104 °F) is one of the earliest signs of BRD.[5]

  • Depression
  • Lack of appetite
  • Dullness
  • Respiratory signs:
    • Rapid, shallow breathing
    • Coughing

Arthritis

Cattle affected by arthritis have difficulty in moving, including getting up and swelling in joints. Some outbreaks have many lame calves while others have none affected calves. While, some calves have swollen joints, that are so painful that they will reluctant to walk to the feed and water bunks. In rare cases, calves can have spinal issues, tiredness, irritability, muscle atrophy, licking, chewing and biting.[6]

Prevention

There are many ways by which cattle can be prevented from catching Mycoplasma bovis and other pathogenic bacteria.[7]

Transport of animals

Animal transport vehicles should be cleaned with disinfectants before and after use. Environmental swabs should be taken and samples sent to a microbiology lab. If any harmful bacteria are detected, further action should be taken.[8]

Visitors

Only authorized people should be allowed to visit a farm. Visitors should arrive with clean clothing and footwear. Disinfectant on arrival and departure can reduce the spread of bacteria. For example, a water mat with disinfectant can be used in the entrance of the farm.

Weekly inspection and maintenance

Weekly cleaning of all the areas and equipment reduces the chances of animals getting sick. Also, it is important to clean the feedlot container and keep the feed dry. Doubling the boundary fence with a 6-inch gap prevents the animals contacting neighbouring animals.

History and taxonomy

Mycoplasma bovis was first isolated in the United States from the milk of a mastitic cow in 1961.[9] At first scientist recognized it as a Pleuro-Pneumonia-like-organism afterwards, it is found to be from class-Mollicutes, Genus- Mycoplasma, order- Mycoplasmatales.[6] Initially, it was named Mycoplasma bovimastidis, then it was classified in group 5, Mycoplasma agalactia var bovis, on the basis of its antigenicity and biochemical tests and both the species are identical in cell and colony form as well as in their metabolic behavior with the sharing of high number of antigens. Due to difficulty in differentiation of both by usual morphological, metabolical and serological methods. At the end, it was ranked as species and named Mycoplasma bovis based on 16s ribosomal RNA sequences.

Before 2017, only two OECD nations (New Zealand and Norway) were free of Mycoplasma bovis, but in July 2017 some cattle near Oamaru, New Zealand were found to be Mycoplasma bovis positive; see 2017 Mycoplasma bovis outbreak.

Loss to economy

There are only estimated economic losses in two continents due to Mycoplasma bovis. The estimated loss in Europe due to Mycoplasma bovis is approximately €576 million per year.[10] The total loss in the United States is estimated to be $108 million. US losses due to mastitis, lack of the weight gain and diminished carcass value are valued at $32 million.[11] It is very expensive for the government and the farmers to control Mycoplasma bovis. Also, it affects the production of milk and the cost for treatment is high. Because cows are the main source of income to most of the farmers, many governments have to reimburse the farmers for loss of income and stock value, which affects the economy.

Treatment

Mycoplasma species have unusual characteristics for bacteria. Unlike other bacteria they can live in cultures outside cells and they lack a cell wall. Some antibiotics work by damaging cell walls so these do not work on Mycoplasma species. However, they can be killed by antibiotics such as tetracyclines, macrolides or erythromycin which do not act on the cell wall. Draxxin (Tulathromycin) is the only drug approved for treating Mycoplasma bovis in cattle but Florfenicol (Nuflor) and Batril can also be used. The normal duration of the treatment is 10–14 days by antibiotic therapy.[12]

Vaccination

Several vaccines are available: Pulmo-GuardMpB, Mycomune Mycoplasma Bovis bacterin, and Myco-BacTM B.[13]

References

  1. ↑ "Bacterial disease mycoplasma bovis found in New Zealand cows for the first time". NZ Herald. 25 July 2017. Retrieved 2018-06-17.
  2. ↑ "Mycoplasma bovis - fact sheet". Ministry for Primary Industries. Retrieved 2018-06-17.
  3. ↑ Jones, G.M.; Bailey, T.L.,Jr (1 May 2009). "Understanding the Basics of Mastitis". Virginia Cooperative Extension. Retrieved 2018-06-17.
  4. ↑ "Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD)". Zoetis US.
  5. ↑ Jelinski, Murray; Janzen, Eugene. "Bovine Respiratory Disease - Beef Cattle Research Council". Beef Cattle Research Council.
  6. 1 2 Maunsell, F.P.; Woolums, A.R.; Francoz, D.; Rosenbusch, R.F.; Step, D.L.; Wilson, D.J.; Janzen, E.D. (July 2011). "Mycoplasma bovis infections in cattle". Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 25 (4): 772–783. doi:10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.0750.x. PMID 21745245.
  7. ↑ "Abortion in cattle". Partners in Reproduction. MSD Animal Health.
  8. ↑ "What you need to know about the Mycoplasma bovis infection". Dairy NZ.
  9. ↑ Maunsell, FP; Donovan, GA (March 2009). "Mycoplasma bovis Infections in young calves". The Veterinary clinics of North America. Food animal practice. 25 (1): 139–77, vii. doi:10.1016/j.cvfa.2008.10.011. PMID 19174287.
  10. ↑ Pfützner, H; Sachse, K (1996). "Mycoplasma bovis as an agent of mastitis, pneumonia, arthritis and genital disorders in cattle" (PDF). Scientific and Technical Review. World Organisation for Animal Health. 15 (4): 1477–1494.
  11. ↑ Edward, D.G.; Freundt, E.A. (1 February 1956). "The Classification and Nomenclature of Organisms of the Pleuropneumonia Group". Journal of General Microbiology. 14 (1): 197–207. doi:10.1099/00221287-14-1-197. PMID 13306904.
  12. ↑ Anderson, David E.; Rings, Michael, eds. (2008). "Vaccines". Current Veterinary Therapy: Food Animal Practice (5th ed.). St Louis, Missouri: Saunders. pp. 192–193. ISBN 9781416035916.
  13. ↑ Dyer, N.W. "Recommendations on control of Mycoplasma bovis infection in beef feedlots" (PDF). NDSU Agriculture and Extension. Retrieved 2018-06-17.

Further reading

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