Ministry of Petroleum (Iran)

Islamic Republic of Iran
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The Ministry of Petroleum (MOP) (Persian: وزارت نفت‎ Vezârat-e Naft) manages the oil industry, the producer of oil and petrochemical products. MoP is in charge of all issues pertaining to exploration, extraction, exploitation, distribution and exportation of crude oil and oil products. In addition, according to the "Imports and Exports Regulation Act", issuing import licenses for such products is also among the functions of the Ministry of Petroleum.^[1] According to BP, Iran's has 137.6 billion barrels (2.188×10¹⁰ m³) of proven oil reserves and 29.61 trillion cubic meters of proven gas reserves. Iran ranks third in the world in oil reserves and second in gas reserves.^[2] It is responsible for applying the principle of Iranian ownership and sovereignty over oil and gas reserves. Also, it is undertake the separation of sovereignty tasks from management and development of country's oil and gas industry.

The Ministry of petroleum was established after revolution in Iran and in the interim government of Bazargan, after departure of Hasan Nazia, the managing director of National Iranian Oil Company from the country in 1979. The organizational structure of this ministry consists of a central headquarters and four subsidiaries, including National Iranian Oil Company, National Iranian Gas Company, National Iranian Petrochemical Company and National Iranian Oil Refining and Distribution Company. It monitors the operations of exploration, extraction, marketing and sale of crude oil, natural gas and oil products in the country through its subsidiaries and subsidiaries. In addition to meeting its major energy needs, the ministry supplies over 80% of foreign currency earnings by exporting crude oil and refined petroleum products.

According to the Fourth Economic, Social and Cultural Development Plan, the Government has been required to transfer at least 10% of the activities related to the exploration, extraction and production of crude oil to the private sector, while in the meantime retaining its ownership of oil resources. This is also the case in other fields of the Ministry of Petroleum's activities.^[1]

Iran plans to invest $500 billion in the oil sector until 2025.^[3] As of 2010, US$70 billion worth of oil and gas projects are under construction.^[4] Iran's annual oil and gas revenues will reach $250 billion by 2015.^[4]

History

The Ministry of petroleum of Islamic Republic of Iran was formed with the aim of applying the principle of Iranian national ownership and sovereignty to oil and gas resources, and separating sovereignty functions from company in the management and development of oil and gas industry of the country. Since the petroleum industry has a special role in the country's economy as a propellant industry and plays a key role in achieving the major goals of national economy, the ministry's performance is very important.

Iran holds 836.47 billion barrels of liquid hydrocarbon reserves (crude oil, liquids and gas condensate) and about 34 trillion gas reserves. It is ranked first in the world in terms of having a total hydrocarbon reserves and in terms of energy security in the world. Also, the privileges like geopolitical position of the country and availability of powerful human capital have given it more strength.

The National Petroleum Procurement Proposal was signed by 17 representatives of National Petroleum Commission on December 8, 1950. In the text of message was following: “we are proposing for Iranian oil industry to be announced in all regions of the country without exception under the name of well-being of Iranian people and in order to contribute to peace of the world: all exploration, extraction and exploitation operations be in the control of government.” ^[5]

Following the announcement of this proposal, “the law of oil Nationalization throughout the country and two-month extension to Petroleum Commission to study around implementation of this principle” passed in National Assembly and eventually in the Senate on March 29, 1950. Thus, The National Iranian Oil Company was established.

First board of directors of National Iranian Oil Company was constituted by implementing the law of oil industry nationalization and after expropriation of former British oil company in June 1951. Then, new rules were adopted for this new company.

The legal framework for activities of National Iranian Oil Company in discussion of hydrocarbons sources and its products was determined by approving the “Law on Development of Petrochemical Industries (with subsequent amendments)” on July 20, 1965 and the “Law on Development of Gas Industry” on May 25, 1972. In addition, the extent of Iranian or foreign companies and firms has clarified to participate in petrochemical product plans.

Finally, a detailed description of presenting and receiving proposals, signing contracts, contract termination, conservation and preventing environmental pollution, maintaining Iran's interests and pricing conditions were presented by the approval of first “Oil Act” on August 8, 1974, in addition to defining the terms and conditions of work within hydrocarbon resources of whole country.

Upon approval of first “Oil Act”, the “Law on Statute of National Iranian Oil Company” was ratified in five seasons on May 17, 1977.

“General and capital”, “subject, duties, rights and authorities of company”, “the entity of company”, “balance sheet and profit and loss account” have formed first four chapters of the statute. In the fifth chapter of this law is also addressed to “other regulations”.

Subsequently, the “Statute of National Petrochemical Company” and “Statute of National Iranian Gas Company” were approved on November 21, and November 25, 1977, respectively.

After Islamic Revolution of Iran, the editing and approval of new laws were also on the agenda of Islamic Consultative Assembly with the necessity of following some principles and with regard to departure of foreign experts. Hence, new oil law was approved on October 9, 1987.

Oil law

Following the announcement of this proposal, “the law of oil Nationalization throughout the country and two-month extension to Petroleum Commission to study around implementation of this principle” passed in National Assembly and eventually in the Senate on March 29, 1950. Thus, The National Iranian Oil Company was established.

First board of directors of National Iranian Oil Company was constituted by implementing the law of oil industry nationalization and after expropriation of former British oil company in June 1951. Then, new rules were adopted for this new company.

The legal framework for activities of National Iranian Oil Company in discussion of hydrocarbons sources and its products was determined by approving the “Law on Development of Petrochemical Industries (with subsequent amendments)” on July 20, 1965 and the “Law on Development of Gas Industry” on May 25, 1972. In addition, the extent of Iranian or foreign companies and firms has clarified to participate in petrochemical product plans.

Finally, a detailed description of presenting and receiving proposals, signing contracts, contract termination, conservation and preventing environmental pollution, maintaining Iran's interests and pricing conditions were presented by the approval of first “Oil Act” on August 8, 1974, in addition to defining the terms and conditions of work within hydrocarbon resources of whole country.

Upon approval of first “Oil Act”, the “Law on Statute of National Iranian Oil Company” was ratified in five seasons on May 17, 1977.

“General and capital”, “subject, duties, rights and authorities of company”, “the entity of company”, “balance sheet and profit and loss account” have formed first four chapters of the statute. In the fifth chapter of this law is also addressed to “other regulations”.

Subsequently, the “Statute of National Petrochemical Company” and “Statute of National Iranian Gas Company” were approved on November 21, and November 25, 1977, respectively.

After Islamic Revolution of Iran, the editing and approval of new laws were also on the agenda of Islamic Consultative Assembly with the necessity of following some principles and with regard to departure of foreign experts. Hence, new oil law was approved on October 9, 1987.

Constitution

The Iranian constitution prohibits the granting of petroleum rights on a concessionary basis or direct equity stake. However, the 1987 Petroleum Law permits the establishment of contracts between the ministry, state companies and "local and foreign national persons and legal entities." Buyback contracts, for instance, are arrangements in which the contractor funds all investments, receives remuneration from the National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC) in the form of an allocated production share, then transfers operation of the field to NIOC after a set number of years, at which time the contract is completed.

Since the 1979 revolution in Iran, the country has been under constant US unilateral sanctions. The first U.S. sanctions against Iran were formalized in November 1979, and during the hostage crisis, many sanctions were leveled against the Iranian government. By 1987 the import of Iranian goods into the United States had been banned. In 1995, President of the United States Bill Clinton issued Executive Order 12957,^[6] banning U.S. investment in Iran's energy sector, followed a few weeks later by Executive Order 12959^[6] eliminating all trade and investment and virtually all interaction between the United States and Iran.

Specifically the ministry has been on the sanction list of the European Union since 16 October 2012.^[7]

Fifth Development Plan

Subsidiaries

Revenues from crude oil

Iran's oil and gas projected revenues chart by the International Monetary Fund. Officials in Iran estimate that Iran's annual oil and gas revenues could reach $250 billion by 2015 once the current projects come on stream.^[4]

Iran's top oil export destinations, 2010.

Iran’s total revenues from the sale of oil amounted to $77 billion in Iranian year 1387 (2008–09).^[13] The average sale price of Iran’s crude oil during that year was $100 per barrel.^[13] According to the National Iranian Oil Company, Iran’s average daily production of crude oil stood at 4 million barrels (640,000 m³) per day. Of this amount, 55% was exported and the remainder was consumed domestically.^[13] As of 2010, oil income accounts for 80% of Iran's foreign currency revenues and 60% of the nation's overall budget.^[14] Iran exported over 844 million barrels (134,200,000 m³) of oil in the one year to 21 March 2010, averaging around 2.3 million barrels (370,000 m³) a day. The exports included around 259 million barrels (41,200,000 m³) of light crude and more than 473 million barrels (75,200,000 m³) of heavy crude oil. Japan, China, South Africa, Brazil, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Spain, India and the Netherlands are the main importers of Iran's crude oil.^[14] Iran's annual oil revenues reached $100 billion in 2011.^[15] Iran's annual oil and gas revenues are expected to reach $250 billion by 2015,^[4] including $100 billion from Iran's South Pars giant gas field.^[16]

Reserves and production

Iran holds 10% of the world's proven oil reserves and 15% of its gas. It is OPEC's second largest exporter and the world's fourth oil producer.

Iran's oil & gas production (1970–2030)

Public projects

As of 2012, the Ministry of Petroleum in Iran handles 4,000 public (non-oil) projects across the country. The estimated value of the projects stands at 53,868 trillion rials (approximately $4 trillion).^[17]

See also

• The nationalization of the Iran oil industry movement
• Petroleum industry in Iran
• Economy of Iran
• International Rankings of Iran in Energy
• Iranian Economic Reform Plan
• Oil megaprojects

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ministry of Petroleum of Iran.

• Official website
• Oil & Gas in Iran – Brief study (2003)
• US Department of Energy – Iran's entry
• Ministry of Petroleum Overview

Coordinates: 35°42′25.85″N 51°24′41.91″E / 35.7071806°N 51.4116417°E / 35.7071806; 51.4116417