Guatemala–Mexico border

Border between Guatemala (left) and Mexico (right, Lagunas de Montebello National Park) delineated by cleared trees and a white border marker.

The Guatemala–Mexico border is the international border between Guatemala and Mexico. There is no continuous wall on the border, although there are sections of fence near populated areas and official border crossings.[1] It measures 871 km (541 mi) and runs between north and west Guatemala (the Guatemalan departments of San Marcos, Huehuetenango, El Quiché and El Petén) and the Mexican states of Campeche, Tabasco and Chiapas. The border includes stretches of the Usumacinta River, the Salinas River, and the Suchiate River.

The Usumacinta River as viewed from Chiapas, Mexico. The far bank is Guatemala
Photo of a landscape of Mexico-Guatemala border, at the right hand Mexico
Entrance to Mexico in the Ciudad Hidalgo border crossing

Geopolitically, this border represents much of the western and northern boundary of the region of Central America within North America. It is across this border that most of the commerce between Mexico and Guatemala and the rest of Central America takes place.

History

In 1881, problems arose for Guatemala when President Justo Rufino Barrios claimed lands Soconusco and Chiapas. The initial position of the Government of Mexico was not to accept discussion about their rights in that region. However, from 1882 began talks to resolve the problem between Matías Romero and Justo Rufino at The Winch at Hacienda de Barrios (Soconusco), where both had possessions. They decided to go to arbitration in the United States.

The preliminary agreement was signed in New York City on August 12 of 1882, and it stated that: "The Republic of Guatemala dispenses with the argument that has held about his rights to the territory of Chiapas and Soconusco department." The position of Mexico is well seated in their rights of those territories. The final boundary treaty was signed in Mexico City on September 27 of 1882. The first article provides that: "The Republic of Guatemala forever renounce rights that judges have on the territory of the State of Chiapas and Soconusco your district, and therefore considers the territory as part of the United Mexican States." As for the delineation of the border itself, Mexico and Guatemala agreed to use straight lines between key points known and accepted by both countries. The measurement and demarcation work was completed in 1902. Soconusco in Guatemala advanced to the Suchiate river and Mexico received the county of Motozintla.

Immigration issues

In 2006, Joseph Contreras profiled the issue of Guatemalan immigrants illegally entering Mexico for Newsweek magazine and pointed out that while Mexican president Vicente Fox demanded that the United States grant legal residency to millions of illegal Mexican immigrants, Mexico had only granted legal status to 15,000 illegal immigrants. Additionally, Contreras found that at coffee farms in the Mexican state Chiapas, "40,000 Guatemalan field hands endure backbreaking jobs and squalid living conditions to earn roughly [US]$3.50 a day" and that some farmers "even deduct the cost of room and board from that amount."[2] In 2008, the Mexican National Institute of Migration estimated that 400,235 people crossed the border illegally every year and that around 150,000 of them intended to enter the United States.[3]

Programa Frontera Sur

Like the Mexico–United States border, Mexico has limited fencing along its southern border with Guatemala.[4] In July 2014, Mexico adopted the Programa Frontera Sur at the urging of the United States.[4] The plan proposes "to overcome common challenges related to migration and respect for human rights" and to establish "a more modern, efficient, prosperous and secure border."[4] Instead of building a wall and preventing people from crossing the border, Mexico relies on interior enforcement via layers of checkpoints staffed by the National Migration Institute, the military police, the Mexican Army, and the Mexican Navy.[4] The results of the enforcement program has been mixed with increased detentions and removals but also increased victimization of migrants by criminal gangs and corrupt government officials due to more dispersed flows as migrants use less travelled routes.[4] In 2015, Mexican authorities arrested more than 170,000 Central Americans[4] up from 120,000 in 2014.[5] In 2016, according to the Mexican civil rights organization Meso-American Migration Movement (Movimiento Migrante Mesoamericano), over 400,000 migrants crossed Mexico's southern border with 20,000 of them dying or disappearing in Mexico due to criminal gangs, trafficking, or exposure to the elements.[4]

Gun and drug running

The border with Guatemala is the primary source of military grade weaponry - including rocket-propelled grenades, hand grenades, plastic explosives, and grenade launchers - used by the Mexican drug cartels. The weapons are typically stolen from Central American government munitions stockpiles.[6] A 2010 U.S. diplomatic cable disclosed by WikiLeaks states that Mexico does not have sufficient resources to patrol the border with only 125 officers to monitor the entire 577-mile border.[7] Mexican officials confirm that they do not have sufficient resources as they have been concentrating their efforts on fighting the cartels in the North.[8]

Cities and Border crossing

In 2014, Mexico's border with Guatemala and Belize had 11 formal crossings (10 with Guatemala and 1 with Belize) and more than 370 informal crossings.[9] As part of an effort known as Plan Frontera Sur (Southern Border Plan), which is intended to limit illegal Central American entry into the country, Mexico will increase the number of formal crossings.[9]

Guatemala and Mexico had 10 formal border crossings in 2004:

  • Ciudad Hidalgo, Chiapas - Ciudad Tecún Umán, San Marcos
  • Talismán, Chiapas|Talismán, Chiapas - El Carmen, San Marcos|El Carmen, San Marcos
  • Union Juárez, Chiapas - Toquían Grande, San Marcos
  • Mazapa de Madero, Chiapas - Sibinal, San Marcos
  • Ciudad Cuahtemoc, Chiapas - La Mesilla, Huehuetenango
  • Carmen Xhán, Chiapas - Gracias a Dios, Huehuetenango
  • Nuevo Orizaba, Chiapas - Ingenieros, El Quiché
  • Frontera Corozal, Chiapas - Bethel, El Petén
  • El Ceibo, Tabasco - El Ceibo, El Petén
  • El Martillo, Tabasco - El Naranjo, El Petén

See also

References

  1. ↑ Nathaniel Parish Flannery, "As Mexico tightens its southern border, Central American migrants find new routes north", Fusion.net
  2. ↑ Contreras, Joseph (June 5, 2006), "Stepping Over the Line", Newsweek, 147 (23), p. 72
  3. ↑ Gorney, Cynthia (February 2008), "Mexico's Other Border", National Geographic, 213 (2), pp. 60–79
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 The Globe and Mail: "Southern exposure: The costly border plan Mexico won’t discuss" by Stephanie Nolen January 5, 2017
  5. ↑ MSNBC: "Mexico's Other Border - Mexico once turned a blind eye toward migration. Now, it's cracking down along its southern border" by Amanda Sakuma retrieved June 9, 2017
  6. ↑ McClatchyDC: "Mexican cartels amass better arsenals, mostly bought in U.S." by Tim Johnson November 18, 2010
  7. ↑ El Paso Times: "Document: Mexico can't control border" by Diana Washington Valdez December 10, 2010
  8. ↑ McClatchyDC: "Headless corpses spark worries on Mexico's southern border" by Tim Johnson May 26, 2011
  9. 1 2 Lakhani, Nina. "Mexico deports record numbers of women and children in US-driven effort". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 February 2015.

Coordinates: 17°48′45″N 89°08′55″W / 17.8125°N 89.1486°W / 17.8125; -89.1486

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