Methanosarcina barkeri

Methanosarcina barkeri
Methanosarcina barkeri fusaro
Scientific classification
Domain: Archaea
Kingdom: Euryarchaeota
Phylum: Euryarchaeota
Class: Methanomicrobia
Order: Methanosarcinales
Family: Methanosarcinaceae
Genus: Methanosarcina
Species: M. barkeri
Binomial name
Methanosarcina barkeri
Balch et al. 1979

Methanosarcina barkeri is the most fundamental species of the genus Methanosarcina, and their properties apply generally to the genus Methanosarcina.[1] Methanosarcina barkeri can produce methane anaerobically through different metabolic pathways. M. barkeri can subsume a variety of molecules for ATP production, including methanol, acetate, methylamines, and different forms of hydrogen and carbon dioxide.[1] Although it is a slow developer and is sensitive to change in environmental conditions, M. barkeri is able to grow in a variety of different substrates, adding to its appeal for genetic analysis.[2] Additionally, M. barkeri is the first organism in which the amino acid pyrrolysine was found.[3] Furthermore, two strains of M. barkeri, M. b. Fusaro and M. b. MS have been identified to possess an F-type ATPase (unusual for archaea, but common for bacteria, mitochondria and chloroplasts) along with an A-type ATPase.[4]

Location and structure

The fusaro strain of M. barkeri was found in mud samples taken from Lake Fusaro, a freshwater lake near Naples.[2] M. barkeri also lives in the rumen of cattle, where it works in tandem with other microbes to digest polymers.[2] Methanosarcina barkeri can also be found in sewage, landfills, and in other freshwater systems.[2] Methanosarcina barkeri are lobed cocci.[5] They consistently form unorganized clusters, and can grow large enough to be seen by the naked eye.[5] The cells also grow large and spherical, producing a positive Gram strain.[5] M. barkeri has a thick cell wall compounded by a short lipid cell membrane that is similar in structure to most other methanogens.[5] However, its cell walls do not contain peptidoglycan.[6] M. barkeri str. fusaro has no flagellum but has potential for movement through the creation of gas vesicles.[5] These gas vesicles have only been produced in the presence of hydrogen and carbon dioxide, likely acting as a response to a hydrogen gradient.[5] M. barkeri's chromosome is large and circular, derived from its remarkable ability to metabolize a variety of different carbon molecules.[5] This offers the species an advantage as though it is immotile, it can adapt to its environment depending on the energy sources available. M. barkeri's circular plasmid consists of 26 genes.[5]

Applications and importance

Methanosarcina barkeri's unique nature as an anaerobic methanogen that ferments many carbon sources can have many implications for future biotechnology and environmental studies.[1] As M. barkeri is found in the rumen of cows, a place with an extreme dearth of oxygen, it is classified as an extreme anaerobe.[7] Furthermore, the methane gas produced by cows due to M. barkeri could play a role in greenhouse gas production.[7] However, since M. barkeri can survive in extreme conditions and produce methane, M. barkeri can be implemented in low pH ecosystems, effectively neutralizing the acidity environment, and making it more amenable for other methanogens.[7] This, in turn, would allow people to harness the pure methane produced at landfills or through cow waste.[7] Evidently, the implications of M. barkeri are those aligned with potential alternative energy and investment.[7]

References

  1. 1 2 3 Balch, W.E. (1979). "Methanogens:reevaluation of a unique biological group" (PDF). Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 43 (2): 260–96. PMC 281474. PMID 390357.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Brill, Jessica. "Methanosarcina barkeri Fusaro, DSM 804". Retrieved 2 June 2014.
  3. ↑ Atkins, John; Gesteland, Ray (24 May 2002). "The 22nd Amino Acid" (PDF). Science Magazine. American Association for the Advancement of Science. 296 Idoi=10.1126/science.1073339. Retrieved 1 June 2014.
  4. ↑ Regina Saum et al.: The F1FO ATP synthase genes in Methanosarcina acetivorans are dispensable for growth and ATP synthesis, in: FEMS Microbiology Letters Vol. 300 Issue 2, November 2009, P. 230–236, DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2009.01785.x
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Maeder, Dennis; Anderson, Iian (November 2006). "The Methanosarcina barkeri Genome: Comparative Analysis with Methanosarcina acetivorans and Methanosarcina mazei Reveals Extensive Rearrangement within Methanosarcinal Genomes". Journal of Bacteriology. American Society for Microbiology. 188 (22): 7922–7931. doi:10.1128/JB.00810-06. PMC 1636319. PMID 16980466. Retrieved 1 June 2014.
  6. ↑ Kandler, Otto; Hippe, Hans (1977). "Lack of peptidoglycan in the cell walls of Methanosarcina barkeri". Archives of Microbiology. Springer Science. 113 (1–2): 57–60. doi:10.1007/bf00428580. Retrieved 2016-04-25.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 Hook, Sarah; McBride, Brian (December 2010). "Methanogens: Methane Producers of the Rumen and Mitigation Strategies". Archea. Hindawi. 2010: 11. Retrieved 3 June 2014.

Further reading

  • Rotaru, Amelia-Elena; Shrestha, Pravin Malla; Liu, Fanghua; Markovaite, Beatrice; Chen, Shanshan; Nevin, Kelly P.; Lovley, Derek R. (16 May 2014). "Direct Interspecies Electron Transfer between Geobacter metallireducens and Methanosarcina barkeri". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 80 (15): 4599–4605. doi:10.1128/AEM.00895-14. PMC 4148795.
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