Messier 61

Messier 61[1]
Messier 61 taken by Hubble[2]
Credit: ESA/Hubble & NASA. Acknowledgement: Det58
Observation data
Epoch J2000
Constellation Virgo
Right ascension 12h 21m 54.9s[3]
Declination +04° 28′ 25″[3]
Apparent dimension (V) 6.5 × 5.8 arcmin[3]
Apparent magnitude (V)10.18
Characteristics
TypeSAB(rs)bc,[3] HIISy2[3]
Astrometry
Heliocentric radial velocity 1566 ± 2[3] km/s
Redshift 0.005224 ± 0.000007[3]
Galactocentric velocity 1483 ± 4[3] km/s
Distance 52.5 ± 2.3 Mly (16.10 ± 0.71 Mpc)
Other designations
NGC 4303,[3] UGC 07420,[3] PGC 040001,[3]
MCG +01-32-022,[3] GC 2878
Database references
SIMBAD Search M61 data
    See also: Galaxy, List of galaxies

    Messier 61 (also known as M61 or NGC 4303) is an intermediate barred spiral galaxy in the Virgo Cluster of galaxies. It was discovered by Barnaba Oriani on May 5, 1779. This was six days before Charles Messier observed the same galaxy, but had mistaken it as a comet.[4]

    Properties

    M61 is one of the largest members of Virgo Cluster, and belongs to a smaller subgroup known as the S Cloud.[5][6] It has an active galactic nucleus[7] and is classified as a starburst galaxy containing a massive nuclear star cluster with an estimated mass of 105 solar masses and an age of 4 million years,[8] as well as a central candidate supermassive black hole weighing around 5×106 M☉ solar masses.[9] It cohabits with an older massive star cluster as well as a likely older starburst.[8] Evidence of significant star formation and active bright nebulae appears across M61's disk.[10] Unlike most late-type spiral galaxies within the Virgo Cluster, M61 shows an unusual abundance of neutral hydrogen (H I)[11]

    Extragalactic supernovae

    Seven extragalactic supernovae have so far been observed in M61, making it one of the most prodigious galaxies for such cataclysmic events.[12][13][4] These include: SN 2014dt, SN 2008in, SN 2006ov, SN 1999gn, SN 1964F, SN 1961I,[13] and the first to be observed, the Type II-K SN 1926A, which appeared on 9 May 1926.[13][14]

    References

    1. ↑ Tschöke, D.; Hensler, G.; Junkes, N. (2000). "X-rays from the barred galaxy NGC 4303". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 360 (2): 447–456. arXiv:astro-ph/0006361. Bibcode:2000A&A...360..447T.
    2. ↑ "A hungry starburst galaxy". ESA/Hubble Picture of the Week. Retrieved 29 April 2014.
    3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for M 61. Retrieved 2006-11-18.
    4. 1 2 "Messier 61". Archived from the original on 2017-01-06. Retrieved 2017-01-11.
    5. ↑ "Galaxy On Line Database Milano Network (GOLDMine)". Retrieved 2012-08-06.
    6. ↑ "The Virgo Cluster". Retrieved 2013-04-06.
    7. ↑ Jiménez-Bailón, E.; Santos-Lleó, M.; Mas-Hesse, J. M.; Guainazzi, M.; Colina, L.; Cerviño, M.; González Delgado, Rosa M. (2003). "Nuclear Activity and Massive Star Formation in the Low-Luminosity Active Galactic Nucleus NGC 4303: Chandra X-Ray Observations". The Astrophysical Journal. 593 (1): 127–141. arXiv:astro-ph/0304465. Bibcode:2003ApJ...593..127J. doi:10.1086/376554.
    8. 1 2 Colina, L.; Gonzalez Delgado, R.; Mas-Hesse, J. Miguel; Leitherer, C.; Jimenez Bailon, E. (2002). "Detection of a Super-Star Cluster as the Ionizing Source in the Low-Luminosity Active Galactic Nucleus NGC 4303". The Astrophysical Journal. 579 (2): 545–553. Bibcode:2002ApJ...579..545C. doi:10.1086/342839.
    9. ↑ Pastorini, G.; Marconi, A.; Capetti, A.; Axon, D. J.; Alonso-Herrero, A.; Atkinson, J.; Batcheldor, D.; Carollo, C. M.; Collett, J.; Dressel, L.; Hughes, M. A.; Macchetto, D.; Maciejewski, W.; Sparks, W.; van der Marel, R. (2007). "Supermassive black holes in the Sbc spiral galaxies NGC 3310, NGC 4303 and NGC 4258". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 469 (2): 405–423. arXiv:astro-ph/0703149. Bibcode:2007A&A...469..405P. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20066784.
    10. ↑ Koopmann, R.; Kenney, J. D. P. (2004). "Hα Morphologies and Environmental Effects in Virgo Cluster Spiral Galaxies". The Astrophysical Journal. 613 (2): 866–885. arXiv:astro-ph/0406243. Bibcode:2004ApJ...613..866K. doi:10.1086/423191.
    11. ↑ Kenney, J. D.; Young, J. S. (1986). "CO in H I-deficient Virgo cluster spiral galaxies". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 301: L13–L17. Bibcode:1986ApJ...301L..13K. doi:10.1086/184614.
    12. ↑ Supernovae which have been observed in Messier catalog galaxies
    13. 1 2 3 "List of Supernovae". Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams. Retrieved 2011-07-03.
    14. ↑ Boffi, F.R.; Sparks, W.B.; Macchetto, F.D. (1999). "A search for candidate light echoes: Photometry of supernova environments". Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series. 138: 253–266. arXiv:astro-ph/9906206. Bibcode:1999A&AS..138..253B. doi:10.1051/aas:1999274.

    Coordinates: 12h 21m 54.9s, +04° 28′ 25″

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