Message in a bottle

This bottle and its contents (sample postcard and insert shown above) were launched in 1959 as part of the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, and were found in 2013.[1]

A message in a bottle is a form of communication in which a printed, typed, or handwritten message is sealed in a container (typically a bottle) and released into a conveyance medium (typically a body of water).

Messages in bottles have been used to send distress messages; in crowdsourced scientific studies of ocean currents; as memorial tributes; to send deceased loved ones' ashes on a final journey; to convey expedition reports, and to carry letters or reports from those believing themselves to be doomed. Invitations to prospective pen pals and letters to actual or imagined love interests have also been sent as messages in bottles.

The lore surrounding messages in bottles has often been of a romantic or poetic nature.

Use of the term "message in a bottle" has expanded to include metaphorical uses or uses beyond its traditional meaning as bottled messages released into oceans. The term has been applied to plaques on craft launched into outer space, interstellar radio messages, stationary time capsules, balloon mail, and containers storing medical information for use by emergency medical personnel.

With a growing awareness that bottles constitute waste that can harm the environment and marine life, biodegradable drift cards and wooden blocks are alternatives favored by environmentalists.

History and uses

Bottled messages may date to about 310 B.C., in water current studies reputed[2] to have been carried out by Greek philosopher Theophrastus.[3] The Japanese medieval epic The Tale of the Heike records the story of an exiled poet who, in about 1177 A.D., launched wooden planks on which he had inscribed poems describing his plight.[4] In the sixteenth century, Queen Elizabeth I created an official position of "Uncorker of Ocean Bottles", and—thinking some bottles might contain secrets from British spies or fleets—decreed that anyone else opening the bottles could face the death penalty.[3][5] In the nineteenth century, literary works such as Edgar Allan Poe’s 1833 “MS. Found in a Bottle” and Charles Dickens' 1860 "A Message from the Sea" inspired an enduring popular passion for sending bottled messages.[6]

Scientific experiments involving drift objects—more generally called determinate drifters[7]—provide information about currents and help researchers develop ocean circulation maps.[8] For example, experiments conducted in the mid-1700s by Benjamin Franklin and others indicated the existence and approximate location of the Gulf Stream, with scientific confirmation following in the mid-1800s.[9] Using a network of beachcomber informants, rear admiral Alexander Becher is believed to be the first (from 1808-1852) to study travel of so-called "bottle papers" around an ocean gyre (a large circulating current system).[10] In the late 1800s, Albert I, Prince of Monaco determined that the Gulf Stream branched into the North Atlantic Drift and the Azores Current.[11] In the 1890s, Scottish scientist T. Wemyss Fulton released floating bottles and wooden slips to chart North Sea surface currents for the first time.[12] Releasing bottles designed to remain a short distance above the sea bed, British marine biologist George Parker Bidder III first proved in the early twentieth century that deep sea currents flowed from east to west in the North Sea[13] and that bottom feeders prefer to move against the current.[14]

Floating wood-and-metal "drift casks" launched from northern Alaska in 1899-1901 reached Siberia, Iceland and Norway, becoming the first human-made objects to transit the Northwest Passage.[15]
This 1960s-era seabed drifter includes a descending ballast stem to allow a more buoyant disk to remain just above the seabed to be carried by bottom currents. An imprinted message offers a small reward for reporting the time and place the drifter was found.[8]

The U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey (C&GS) used drift bottles from 1846 to 1966.[1] More recently, technologies involving satellite tags, fixed current profilers and satellite communication have permitted more efficient analysis of ocean currents: at any given time, thousands of modern "drifters" transmit current position, temperature, velocity, etc., to satellites, thus avoiding conventional drift bottles' dependence on serendipitous finds and cooperation by conscientious citizens.[16]

Drift bottle studies have provided a simple way to learn about non-tidal movement of waters containing eggs and larvae of commercially important fishes, for sharing among fisheries scientists and oceanographers.[8] Such experiments simulate the travel of pollutants[14] such as oil spills,[9] study formation of ocean gyre "garbage patches",[14] and suggest travel paths of invasive species.[9] Persistent currents are detected to allow ships to ride favorable currents and avoid opposing currents.[17] Projected travel paths of navigation hazards, such as naval mines, advise safer shipping routes.[17] Even in inland waterways, drifters wirelessly deliver real-time data on water quality, GPS location, and water velocity, for early warning against flash floods, measuring pollution run-off, and monitoring algal blooms.[18]

Outside science, many launch bottled messages to find pen pals,[19] "bottle preachers"[20] have sent "sermon bottles",[21] propaganda-bearing bottles have been directed at foreign shores,[22][19][23][24] and survivors have sent deceased loved ones' ashes on a final journey.[25]

It was estimated in 2009 that since the mid-1900s, six million bottled messages had been released, including 500,000 from oceanographers.[26]

Bottle design, and recovery rates

Some bottles are ballasted with dry sand so that they float vertically at or near the ocean surface, and are less influenced by winds and breaking waves than other bottles that are purposely not ballasted.[8] Wooden blocks float higher in the water and thus are more influenced by wind—a design specially suited for simulating travel paths of plastic waste that is less dense than glass containers.[27]

An early-20th-century "bottom" (or seabed) drift bottle design by George Parker Bidder III involved weighting a bottle with a long copper wire that causes it to sink until the wire trails upon the sea bottom, at which time the bottle tends to remain a few inches above the bottom to be moved by the bottom current.[28] A mushroom-shaped seabed drifter design has also been used.[8] Seabed drifters are designed to be scooped up by a trawler or wash up on shore.[3] Water pressure pressing on the cork or other closure was thought to keep a bottle better sealed;[3] some designs included a wooden stick to stop the cork from imploding.[8] Vessels of less scientific designs have survived for extended periods, including a baby food bottle[29] a ginger beer bottle,[30] and a 7-Up bottle.[31]

A low percentage of bottles—thought by some to be less than 3 percent—are actually recovered, so they are released in large numbers, sometimes in the thousands.[9] Reported recovery rates for large-scale scientific studies vary based on the ocean of release, and range from 11 percent (Woods Hole, 156,276 bottles from 1948–1962, Atlantic), to 10 percent (Woods Hole, 165,566 bottles from 1960–1970, Atlantic), to 3.4 percent (Scripps Institution, 148,384 bottles from 1954–1971, Pacific).[32] Oceanographic drift card recovery rates have ranged from 50 percent if released in densely populated areas (North Sea, Puget Sound) to 1 percent in uninhabited areas (Antarctica).[26] Recovery rates decrease as bottles are released further from shore, with oceanographer Curtis Ebbesmeyer developing a rule of thumb that bottles released more than 100 miles from shore have recovery rates below 10 percent, and "only a few percent" of those released more than 1000 miles from shore are recovered.[23]

A Scripps scientist said that marine organisms grow on the bottles, causing them to sink within eight to ten months unless washed ashore earlier.[33] An unknown number are found but not reported.[33]

Time and distance

Some drift bottles were not found for more than a century after being launched.[3][13][34][35][36]

Drift bottles and seabed drifters
provide only a birth notice and an obituary
with no biography.

1973, Dean F. Bumpus, Senior Scientist
Woods Hole Oceanographic Inst.[37]

Floating objects may ride gyres (large circulating current systems) that are present in each ocean, and may be transferred from one ocean's gyre to another's.[22] Further, objects may be sidetracked by wind, storms, countercurrents, and ocean current variation.[22] Accordingly, drift bottles have traveled large distances,[14] with drifts of 4,000 to 6,000 miles and more—sometimes traveling 100 miles per day—not uncommon.[17] Bottles have traveled from the Beaufort Sea above northern Alaska and northwestern Canada to northern Europe; from Antarctica to Tasmania; from Mexico to the Philippines; from Canada's Labrador Sea and Baffin Bay to Irish, French, Scottish, and Norwegian beaches;[3] from the Galapagos Islands to Australia;[38] and from New Zealand to Spain (practically antipodes).[39] Based on empirical data collected since 1901, a computer program called OSCURS (Ocean Surface Current Simulator) digitally simulates motion and timing of floating objects in and between ocean gyres.[40]

Despite being launched substantial time periods before being found, some bottles have been found physically close to their original launch points, such as a message launched by two girls in 1915 and found in 2012 near Harsens Island, Michigan, U.S.,[41] and a ten-year-old girl's message launched into the Indian River Bay in Delaware, U.S. in 1971 and found in adjacent Delaware Seashore State Park in 2016.[31]

Historical examples

Historical examples are listed in chronological order, based on year of recovery (when applicable):

This late-1700s ocean circulation map was based on the work of Benjamin Franklin and James Poupard after conducting drift bottle experiments, apparently still unaware of the Gulf Stream's origin in the Gulf of Mexico.[9]
  • When Christopher Columbus encountered a severe storm while returning from America, he is said to have written on parchment what he had found in the New World and requested it be forwarded to King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, enclosed the parchment in a waxed cloth and placed it into a large wooden barrel to be cast into the sea.[42] The communication was never found.[42]
  • In 1784 Chunosuke Matsuyama sent a message detailing his and 43 shipmates' shipwrecking in a bottle that washed ashore and was found in 1935 by a Japanese seaweed collector in the village of Hiraturemura, Matsuyama's birthplace.[3][43]
  • In 1847, from the brig Eagle laden with corn for the starving Irish in Waterford, Ireland, master Gregg dropped a bottled message with his location (42.40N, 54.10W) on March 27, requesting the find be sent to the Nautical Magazine (London) for publication to provide information on Atlantic currents. The bottle was retrieved on July 20 by Capt. Robert Oke on a revenue cutter off the coast of Newfoundland (55.30W, 46.36N).[44]
  • In 1875, ship's steward Van Hoydek and cabin boy Henry Trusillo of the British sailing ship Lennie released 24 bottled messages into the Bay of Biscay, telling of the murder by mutineers of their captain and officers.[45] French authorities soon received the message, rescued Hoydek and Trusillo, and brought the mutineers to justice.[45][46]
  • In 1876, on the remote Scottish island of St Kilda, freelance journalist John Sands and marooned Austrian sailors deployed two messages requesting the Austrian Consul rescue them with provisions.[47] The messages, each enclosed in a cocoa tin attached to a sheep’s bladder for flotation in an arrangement later called a "St. Kilda mail boat",[48] were discovered in Orkney within nine days and in Ross-Shire after 22 days.[47] Since that time, sending "St. Kilda mail" has become a recreational ritual for island visitors, the containers often riding the Gulf Stream to the British mainland, Shetland, Orkney and Scandinavia.[47]
  • Message-bearing bottles from Titanic (1912)[49] and Lusitania (1915)[3] have been widely recounted as fact, but even before these bottles were found The Irish News stated in April 1912 that "very many" such stories turn out to be "cruel hoaxes".[49]
  • In February 1916, when German Zeppelin L 19 experienced unfavorable weather, battle damage and multiple engine failure after attacking the British Midlands, its commander's last message to superiors and the crew's final letters to relatives were released into the North Sea to be found on a Swedish coast six months later.[50][51] The written descriptions of how a British fishing trawler had refused to rescue the downed Zeppelin's crew—the trawler captain claiming he feared the German airmen would overpower his own unarmed crew—contributed to an enduring international controversy.[52]
  • On December 23, 1927, Frances Wilson Grayson, niece of U.S. President Woodrow Wilson, was to attempt to be the first woman to make a transatlantic flight (non-solo). However, her Sikorsky amphibian plane disappeared en route from New York's Long Island to Harbour Grace, Newfoundland, and was never found. A bottled message was found in Salem Harbor, Massachusetts, in January 1929, the unauthenticated message reading, "1928, we are freezing. Gas leaked out. We are drifting off Grand Banks. Grayson.”[53]
This romanticized Édouard Riou drawing of a message in a bottle was included in Jules Verne's 1860s book In Search of the Castaways.[54]
  • In 1929, a bottle that came to be known as the Flying Dutchman was released by a German marine science expedition with instructions for any finders to report the find but return the bottle to the sea.[11] Found at several locations in succession, the Flying Dutchman traveled 16,000 miles from its release point in the southern Indian Ocean, to Cape Horn in South America, and back through the Indian Ocean to its last reported find in 1935 on the west coast of Australia.[11]
  • On Christmas Day 1945, 21-year-old medical corpsman Frank Hayostek threw a message-laden aspirin bottle from his Liberty ship as it approached New York, the bottle being found eight months later near Dingle, County Kerry, by Irish milkmaid Breda O'Sullivan.[55] Her mailed reply began a correspondence that inspired Hayostek to save money for airfare to visit O'Sullivan in 1952.[55] Intense media attention for the "impossibly romantic story",[56] including Time magazine stories, overshadowed their two-week visit, the two parting but corresponding until they married other people in 1958 and 1959.[55] Media attention endured through the sixtieth anniversary of their meeting,[56] 2–3 years after their deaths.[55]
  • In 1955, a bottle from a 1903 German Antarctic expedition was found in New Zealand, about 3400 miles from its launch point between the Kerguelen Islands and Tasmania; however, hydrographers surmise it had drifted around the world many times.[57]
  • In 1956, Swedish sailor Ake Viking sent a bottled message “To Someone Beautiful and Far Away” that reached a 17-year-old Sicilian girl named Paolina, sparking a correspondence that culminated in their marriage in 1958.[58] The affair attracted so much attention that 4,000 people celebrated their wedding.[59]
  • In 1959 Guinness Brewery launched 150,000 bottles into the Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea in a promotional campaign.[22] It was reported that Inuit hunters on Coats Island, in Canada's Hudson Bay, found 80 of the bottles.[22]
  • A message that an American couple released from a cruise ship approaching Hawaii in 1979 was found off Songkhla Beach, Thailand by a former South Vietnamese soldier and his family as they fled that country's communist regime by boat.[60] A correspondence relationship began in 1983, and the couple worked with U.S. Immigration to help the Vietnamese family obtain refugee status in 1985 and move to the U.S.[60]
  • In 1991 a bottled message found on Vancouver Island, Canada, urged the release of Chinese dissident Wei Jingsheng.[22][23] Believed to have been released in 1980 near Quemoy Island, China, it is thought to be among Taiwan propaganda bottles launched toward mainland China.[22][23]
  • In what was described as "perhaps the most famous message in a bottle love story",[61] in March 1999 a green ginger beer bottle was dredged up by a fisherman off the Essex coast, the bottle containing an 84 year old letter tossed into the English channel on September 9, 1914 by British soldier Private Thomas Hughes days before he was killed in fighting in France.[30] Hughes' letter, written for delivery to his wife who had died in 1979, was delivered instead to his then 86-year-old daughter in New Zealand by the fisherman himself, who with his own wife was flown to New Zealand at the expense of New Zealand Post.[30]
This postcard, inserted into a bottle launched by the Marine Biological Association of the U.K. circa 1906, was found in 2015.[13]
  • A teardrop-shaped bottle was found in March 2002 on a beach in Kent, U.K., containing an unsigned letter from a French woman expressing her enduring grief over the death of her son at age 13.[62][63] British author Karen Liebreich spent years of research, unsuccessfully trying to find the mother and eventually publishing a book The Letter in the Bottle (2006).[63] The book was published in French in 2009, sparking huge media coverage[62] that alerted the mother for the first time that her letter had actually been discovered.[63] Saying she initially felt violated by publication of her personal suffering, the mother told Liebreich on condition of continued anonymity, the details of her son's 1981 death in a bicycle accident, her decades of suffering afterwards, and the story surrounding release of her letter from an English Channel ferry.[62][63]
  • In May 2005, three days after eighty-eight migrants were abandoned by human smugglers on a disabled boat, the migrants tied an SOS-bearing bottle to a long line of a passing fishing vessel, whose captain alerted authorities to rescue the migrants.[64]
  • On December 10, 2006, a bottom drift bottle, released on April 25, 1914 northeast of the Shetland Islands by the Marine Laboratory, Aberdeen, U.K., was recovered by a Shetland fisherman, after the bottle had spent over 92 years at sea.[65]
  • In October 2011 in waters off Somalia, the crew of the pirated cargo ship Montecristo used a bottle with a flashing beacon to alert NATO ships that they had retreated to an armored room, permitting a military rescue operation to proceed with knowledge that the crew was not being held hostage.[66]
  • In April 2012 a fisherman recovered a bottom drift bottle that had been released 98 years earlier, on June 10, 1914,[3][28] one of 1,890 released by the Glasgow School of Navigation to test undercurrents in the seas around Scotland.[67] The 2012 find occurred east of Shetland by the Copious, the same fishing vessel involved in the 2006 find.[68]
  • In a 2013 promotional campaign, Norwegian soft drink company Solo released a 26-foot, 2.7-ton replica soda bottle outfitted with a customized camera, navigation lights, an automatic identification system, a radar reflector, and GPS tracking technology, all powered by solar panels.[69] The craft drifted from Tenerife, Canary Islands, while broadcasting its location, but its electronics were stolen by pirates before its five-month trip terminated at Los Roques archipelago near Venezuela.[70]
  • In April 2013, a kite-surfer near the mouth of Croatia's Neretva River recovered a bottle containing a message purporting to have been sent in 1985 from Nova Scotia to fulfill a promise by a "Jonathan" to write to one "Mary".[71] The message received international media attention.[72]
  • In March 2014, a fisherman on the Baltic Sea near Kiel recovered a drift bottle containing a Danish postcard dated May 17, 1913 and signed by a then-20-year-old baker's son named Richard Platz, who asked for it to be delivered to his Berlin address.[34] Researchers located Platz's granddaughter, by then 62, and delivered the 101-year-old message to her, Platz himself having died in 1946.[34]
This bottled message, released June 12, 1886 from a German sailing vessel in the Indian Ocean as part of a drift bottle study, was found on a beach in Western Australia in 2018.[73]
  • An April 2015 find on the North Sea island of Amrum, Germany, of a 108-year-old bottle sent by the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom in Plymouth, was one of 1,020 released into the North Sea between 1904 and 1906 by former association president George Parker Bidder III.[13]
  • In 2016, Cuban migrants who had fled Cuba in a homemade boat, launched a bottled SOS message complaining of their treatment while being detained for 42 days aboard a United States Coast Guard Cutter.[74]
  • In late 2016, a barnacle-encrusted, kelp-tangled GoPro video camera was recovered, the camera's memory card preserving footage showing the prelude to the camera's being swept overboard four years earlier, and also recording its first two hours underwater off Fingal Bay, NSW, Australia.[75]
  • In 2017, a small unmanned boat made by high school students and having solar panels, sensors and camera, drifted on an unexpected path from near Maine, to approach Spain and Portugal, then drift westward back into the Atlantic and northward to be discovered in Benbecula in the western isles of Scotland.[76] The boat had a waterproof pod containing a chip that collected sensor data.[76]
  • In July 2017, a Scottish widower seeking female companionship set 2,000 bottled messages adrift at various locations around the U.K., and though claiming he received responses from 50 women, ceased the practice in response to public complaints and an investigation by the Scottish Environment Protection Agency.[77]
  • In January 2018, a couple walking on a beach in Western Australia discovered a bottled message that had been launched on June 12, 1886 from the German ship Paula conducting drift bottle experiments for the German Naval Observatory.[35][36] The message's authenticity was corroborated through the ship captain's original Meteorological Journal, and, at 131 years' duration, eclipsed the previous corroborated record duration of 108 years.[35][36] The bottle's thick glass and its opening's 7mm bore are thought to have protected the paper from the elements.[35]
  • In the summer of 2018, a bottled typewritten message dated March 26, 1930 was discovered in the roof of the twelfth-century Goslar Cathedral in Goslar, Germany, signed by four roofers who bemoaned the economic state of that country.[78] The bottle was discovered by a roofer who was the grandson of one of the signatories, who had been an 18-year-old roofing apprentice in 1930.[78] Goslar's mayor replaced the bottle with a copy of the 1930 message, adding his own confidential message.[78]

Long-duration events

Long-duration (>25-year) events involving messages in bottles.
(Still-living individuals are not identified by name unless they are independently notable.)
Sender Date launched Place launched Date found Place found Duration (years) Ref.
Chunosuke Matsuyama, seaman1784Island in Pacific1935Hiraturemura, Japan151[3][79]
German sailing barque Paula1886-06-12Indian Ocean, 950 km off Western Australia2018-01Near Wedge Island,
Western Australia		131.6[35][36][73][80]
George Parker Bidder, Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom1906-11-30North Sea2015-04-17Amrum, Germany108[13][81][82][83]
Karl Weyprecht, co-leader, Austro-Hungarian North Pole expedition1874Lamont, Franz Josef Land, Russia s1978-08Lamont, Franz Josef Land, Russia104[84]
Richard Platz1913-05-17Baltic Sea2014-03Baltic Sea near Kiel101[34]
Glasgow School of Navigation1914-06-10Near Scotland2012-04East of Shetland98[28][67][68]
Selina Pramstaller, Tillie Esper1915Harsens Island, Michigan, U.S.2012Harsens Island, Michigan, U.S.96[41]
Marine Laboratory, Aberdeen1914-04-25Near Scotland2006-12-10Near Shetland92[65]
Willi Brandt, roofer, age 181930-03-26Goslar, Germany s2018Goslar Cathedral roof88[78]
Carl Ott (business owner)1930-05-20Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. s2017-02Construction site86[85]
Thomas Hughes, WWI soldier1914-09-09English Channel1999-03Essex, River Thames84[30]
"Flying Squad" joinery team1934-07-16Viewforth, Edinburgh s2016-11Wall of building82[86]
Navy of Czarist Russia1913-07Sea of Okhotsk, Russia1995Near Cordova, Alaska81[87]
(undetermined)1935Southampton Guildhall, U.K. s2016Southampton Guildhall, U.K.81[88]
Herbert E. Hillbrick1936P&O cruise ship2012Ninety Mile Beach, NZ76[89]
Victor Elliott, age 131944-04-25Ralston, Oklahoma2017-11-11Fort Smith, Arkansas73[90]
Lt. Col. Eugene J. McNamara1948Grand Hotel, Yokohama s2016New Grand Hotel68[91]
Auschwitz prisoners, age 18–201944-09-09Near Auschwitz camp s2009-04Wall of bomb shelter64[92]
WHOI1956-04-26South of Nova Scotia2014-01-20Sable Island57[93]
NOAA's NEFSC1959-09-19Atlantic, off Massachusetts2013-12-22Martha's Vineyard, Mass.54[1]
Paul Walker, geologist1959-07-10Ward Hunt Island, N. Canada s2013Ward Hunt Island, N. Canada54[94]
German Antarctic Expedition1903Btw. Kerguelen Is., Tasmania1955New Zealand52[57]
Paul Tsiatsios, motel owner1960+New Hampshire, U.S.2011Turks and Caicos51[95][96]
Construction workers1967-05-19Toowoomba, QLD, Australia s2016-09-08Embedded in concrete49[97]
NOAA Fisheries1966Bristol Bay, Alaska, U.S.2013Cold Bay, Alaska, U.S.47[16]
"Donkeyman" James Robertson1970-09-16North Sea (assumed)2017-01Norderney, Germany46[98]
Girl, age 61971-09-06Indian River Bay, Delaware, U.S.2016-04-22Del. Seashore State Park44[31]
Boy, age 141971-01-15Cove Bay, Aberdeen, U.K.2015Rattray Head, Aberdeenshire44[99]
Two junior high school girls1975Washington state, U.S.2015-04-04Gulf of Alaska, U.S.40[100]
Boy, age 161980-05-13Albany, W. Australia2016-06Eucla, W. Australia36[101]
Vacationer1981-06-10Fernandina Beach, Florida2017-06-17Little St. Simons Island, Georgia36[102]
School; Forfar, Scotland1987 (est)North Sea2017-09-29Key Largo, Fla. U.S.30[103]
Girl, age 81988-09-26Edisto Beach, South Carolina2017-10Sapelo Island, Georgia29[104]
Boy, age 121989-07Detroit River2017-07-12Amherstburg, Ontario28[105]
"Jonathan"1985Nova Scotia (purported)2013-04-17Croatia28[71][72]
s denotes stationary messages (placed on land, not in a body of water).
Seems I’m not alone at being alone

A hundred billion castaways

Looking for a home.

"Message in a Bottle" lyrics[61]
(The Police, 1979)

Besides interest in citizen science drift-bottle experiments,[28] message-in-a-bottle lore has often been of a romantic or poetic nature.[61] Such messages have been romanticized in literature, from Edgar Allan Poe’s 1833 story "MS. Found in a Bottle" through Nicholas Sparks' 1998 Message in a Bottle.[106] Clint Buffington surmised in an interview with The Guardian that sending a bottled message expresses a hope to find connection in a fear-filled world.[107] In Newsweek Ryan Bort recounted various historical messages as being cries for help, or "final, poetic words of resignation left behind for (an) indifferent sea", or from "lonely, lovelorn souls, searching for serendipity", or a search for "affirmation ... that comes from somewhere other than yourself".[61] Bort described sending a message in a bottle as a romantic act that has "such a delicious potential for magic" or as "surrendering a part of yourself to something larger", concluding that "every message in a bottle is a prayer".[61]

Finding a bottled message has generally been viewed positively, the finder of a 98-year-old message referring to his find as winning the lottery.[68] However, intense media attention over a personal relationship that resulted from one woman's find, is said to have caused her to remark that had she known what would happen, she would have left the bottle on the beach.[55] Another woman said she initially felt shocked and violated by publication of the personal suffering she had expressed in a bottled letter that she never expected would be found or read.[62][63]

Similar methods using other media

The Pioneer plaque (1972, 1973)
The Voyager Golden Record (1977) contained images and encoded sounds

The term "message in a bottle" has been applied to techniques of communication that do not literally involve a bottle or a water-based method of conveyance, such as the Pioneer plaque (1972, 1973), the Voyager Golden Record (1977), and even radio-borne messages (see Cosmic Call, Teen Age Message, A Message from Earth), all directed into space.[108][109]

Balloon mail involves sending undirected messages through the air rather than into bodies of water.[109] For example, during the Prussian siege of Paris in 1870, about 2.5 million letters were sent by hot air balloon, the only way Parisians' letters could reach the rest of France.[110]

Stationary time capsules have been termed "messages in a bottle", such as a 1935 message in a lemonade bottle correctly portending difficult times, which was found in 2016 by masons restoring damaged Portland stone at Southampton Guildhall.[88] A geologist left a bottled message in 1959 in a cairn on isolated Ward Hunt Island (Canada, 83°N latitude), allowing its finders in 2013 to determine that a nearby glacier had retreated over 200 feet in the intervening 54 years.[94] More durable examples of time capsules are the Westinghouse Time Capsules of the 1939 and 1964 New York World's Fairs, intended to be opened 5,000 years after their creation.[111]

Prisoners from the Auschwitz concentration camp concealed bottles containing sketches[112] and writings[92] that were found after World War II.

Certain emergency medical services urge patients to record information describing their medical conditions, medications and drug allergies, emergency contacts,[113] as well as advance healthcare directives for when the patients are incapacitated,[114] and place the record as a special "message in a bottle" stored in (conventionally) a refrigerator, where paramedics can quickly locate it.[113][114]

Environmental issues

Plastic bottles are known to constitute plastic marine pollution, and eventually break down into smaller pieces because of ultraviolet light, salt degradation or wave action.[115] Glass bottles can break into sharp-edged pieces, and bottle caps are ingested by sea birds.[115]

Some agencies continue to use drift bottles into the 21st century, but with increased awareness that man-made floating items can harm marine life or constitute waste material,[22][27] biodegradable drift cards[9] and biodegradable wooden drifters[27] with non-toxic ink[115] are gaining favor.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 Dawicki, Shelley (March 14, 2014). "Drift Bottle Found on Martha's Vineyard Has Quite a Story to Tell". NOAA's Northeast Fisheries Science Center (NEFSC). Archived from the original on February 10, 2015.
  2. 1 2 Ebbesmeyer & Scigliano 2009, p. 229.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Berlin, Jeremy (20 September 2012). "Oldest Message in Bottle: Behind History's Famous Floating Notes". National Geographic. Archived from the original on May 6, 2016.
  4. ↑ Ebbesmeyer & Scigliano 2009, pp. 54-55.
  5. ↑ Kraske 1977, pp. 53–56.
  6. ↑ Ebbesmeyer & Scigliano 2009, pp. 55 - 56.
  7. ↑ Ebbesmeyer & Scigliano 2009, p. 50.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Dawicki, Shelley (March 14, 2014). "Message in a Bottle: The Story Behind the Story -- Drift Bottles Helped Determine Distribution of Fish Eggs and Larvae". NOAA's Northeast Fisheries Science Center (NEFSC). Archived from the original on July 25, 2016.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Penry, Jerry, LS (March 2007). "Message in a Bottle" (PDF). The American Surveyor. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 23, 2014.
  10. ↑ Ebbesmeyer & Scigliano 2009, pp. 55-56, attributing to Becher, Alexander (1843, 1852). Nautical Magazine and Naval Chronicle.
  11. 1 2 3 Moody 2010, II. Adrift at Sea.
  12. ↑ "Message in a bottle". News Releases: Scottish Government. August 30, 2012. Archived from the original on September 21, 2016.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 Huggler, Justin (August 20, 2015). "World's oldest message in a bottle washes up in Germany after 108 years at sea". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on January 30, 2016.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 Boxall, Simon (April 25, 2016). "Why ocean scientists hope someone gets your message in a bottle". The National Post (reprinting from The Conversation). Archived from the original on May 11, 2017.
  15. ↑ Ebbesmeyer & Scigliano 2009, pp. 56-57, describing drift casks designed by George W. Melville.
  16. 1 2 "NWFSC's Own Message in a Bottle: Ocean Drifters and Tiny Tags Have Been Telling Stories for Decades". NOAA's NWFSC. 2013. Archived from the original on July 24, 2016.
  17. 1 2 3 Lederer, Muriel (Fall 1971). "Letters from the Sea" (PDF). University of Florida Digital Collections: The Panama Canal Review. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 4, 2016.
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Publications

  • Ebbesmeyer, Curtis; Scigliano, Eric (2009). Flotsametrics and the Floating World: How One Man's Obsession with Runaway Sneakers and Rubber Ducks Revolutionized Ocean Science. Collins, an imprint of HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN 978-0-06-155841-2.
  • Kraske, Robert (1977). The Twelve Million Dollar Note: Strange but True Tales of Messages Found in Seagoing Bottles. Thomas Nelson (publ.); 1st ed. ISBN 0-8407-6575-4.
  • Moody, Skye (2010). Washed Up: The Curious Journeys of Flotsam and Jetsam. Sasquatch Books. ISBN 1570617384. Archived from the original on September 4, 2016.
  • Hume, Mark (15 September 2013). "B.C. man unearths a message in a bottle dated to 1906". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on May 5, 2018. (unverified report of unopened 107-year-old find).
  • McKeon, Gina (April 29, 2014). "Message in a bottle: 10 famous floating note discoveries". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on January 26, 2016.
  • Murano, Grace (April 26, 2013). "8 Coolest Message In a Bottle Stories". oddee.com (Murano provides links to respective sources). Archived from the original on January 26, 2016. Updated October 30, 2013.
  • Wollan, Malia (March 27, 2015). "How to Find a Message in a Bottle". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 21, 2015. ("some 90 percent of marine debris washes up on less than 10 percent of the world’s coastlines").
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