Marytė Melnikaitė

Marytė Melnikaitė
Born March 18, 1923
Zarasai, Lithuania
Died July 13, 1943(1943-07-13) (aged 20)
Kaniūkai, Ignalina district, Nazi-occupied Lithuania
Allegiance  Soviet Union
Awards

Marytė or Marija Melnikaitė (March 18, 1923 – July 13, 1943) was a Soviet partisan and the only Lithuanian woman awarded Hero of the Soviet Union.[1]

Early life

Melnikaitė was born to a family of a Russian mother and a Lithuanian father.[2] She had four other siblings and the parents took assorted jobs to provide for the large family. Melnikaitė started working at Avanti confectionery at age 14 and studied sewing. In 1940, after Lithuania was occupied by the Soviet Union, Melnikaitė joined Komsomol and started evening classes. Reportedly her father did not approve her Komsomol activities, which included her singing in a choir.[2]

Partisan activities

After the German invasion of the Soviet Union, Melnikaitė along with other Komsomol members was evacuated to Russia where she took a job at a machine tool plant in Tyumen.[2] In July 1942, she joined the Soviet Army (16th Rifle Division) and was sent to a saboteur school in Balakhna.

In May 1943, she finished the studies and was sent to Belarus and then back to her native Zarasai where she joined the Soviet partisan group Kęstutis under the name of Ona Kuosaitė.[2]

Melnikaitė's partisan life lasted less than two months. In July 1943, she and several other partisans were sent on a mission to bring more weapons from Soviet partisans operating in Belarus. Local inhabitants spotted the group near Apvardai Lake in Ignalina district and called Lithuanian policemen. During a shootout, several partisans were killed, while Melnikaitė was captured. Her custody was transferred to the German police. After five days of torture, she was shot in the cemetery of Kaniūkai village.[2]

The death of the twenty-year-old was used by Soviet propaganda, which exaggerated her duties, accomplishments, and circumstances of her death. For example, in March 1944, Antanas Sniečkus wrote in Tiesa that the shootout lasted a day and that Melnikaitė personally killed seven policemen, was badly injured, attempted to commit suicide with a grenade, and even after brutal torture did not betray her fellow partisans.[3] She was posthumously awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union on March 22, 1944.

Honors and memorials

1950 Soviet postage stamp featuring Melnikaitė

See also

References

  1. ↑ Heroines of the Soviet Union 1941-45 by Henry Sakaida, page 52
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Balikienė, Brigita (2006-01-09). "Diversantė MM". Istorijos. ISSN 1822-3761.
  3. ↑ K. Ėringis. Lietuvos kariuomenės tragedija. Faktai, prisiminimai, dokumentai. Vilnius, 1993, pages 145-148
  4. ↑ Zarasų krašto muziejus
  5. ↑ Historical Dictionary of Russian and Soviet Cinema by P. Rollberg, page 671
  6. ↑ A Short History of Opera by Donald Jay Grout, Hermine Weigel Williams, page 672
  7. ↑ Tarybinė lietuvių poezija didžiojo tėvynės karo metais by Elena Baliutytė, page 42
  8. ↑ Поуличный телефонный справочник Алматы (Алма-Аты)
  9. ↑ Улица Невезения в Шымкенте, там застревают даже большегрузные КАМАЗы
  10. 1 2 Tarybų Lietuvos enciklopedija, volume 3, page 45
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