Marquis de St Ruth

Charles Chalmont, marquis de Saint-Ruth^[1] (French pronunciation: ​[ʃaʁl ʃal.mɔ̃ maʁ.ki də sɛ̃.ʁut]; c. 1650 – 12 July 1691) was a French general. Early in his military career, he fought against Protestants in France. Later, he fought in Ireland on the Jacobite side in the Williamite War. While in command of the Jacobite Irish Army, he was killed at the Battle of Aughrim.^[2]

Edict of Nantes

After the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, there was an exodus of thousands of Protestants from France in the direction of Geneva. France exerted much pressure upon the Duchy of Savoy for the Protestants fleeing to Geneva to be arrested and handed over. The duke was not in a position to accept another new war or another French occupation. The Marquis de Saint-Ruth, the general of the King of France, ordered the burning of the dwellings if "...the Ternier clann and the Gaillard clann did not pay the eight quarter and a half (tax) of the normal, plus 8 other quarters to the contribution of war that one had just imposed by the king". The population, confronted with a dilemma, had to pay the tax to the Marquis de Saint-Ruth.

In Savoy

In 1690, the Marquis de Saint Ruth besieged the town of Annecy and played a part in the victory at the Battle of Staffarda, among other battles.^[3] He directed the operations against the Château d'Aléry. (The château, belonging to the Aussedat family, has today been restored.)

Arrival in Ireland

On 20 March, General St. Ruth^[4] arrived at Limerick from Brest, France,^[5] with the lieutenants-general and the governor. At his landing on the quay, he was saluted by a discharge of artillery from the castle. Proceeding, he found the soldiery of the town ranged on each side of the street. The Viceroy came to meet him a hundred paces from his palace, welcomed him to Ireland, and took him to dinner. In the evening St. Ruth was lodged in a house prepared for his residence. Along with him came a fleet bringing arms, clothes for several regiments, powder, ball, and a considerable quantity of oats, meal, biscuit, wine, and brandy, which was much appreciated in the country. A few days later, the general began to apply himself to his charge and issued orders that the army should prepare to take the field, except for such battalions as were posted for the defence of a few important towns which remained in the possession of the loyal party, such as Limerick, Galway, Athlone, and Sligo, besides some petty strongholds.

In April the Dutch Baron de Ginkel, general of the Prince of Orange's army, issued commands that his troops should leave their quarters and march to the town of Mullingar in the county of Westmeath, some twenty miles from Athlone, and from there begin the campaign. In compliance with these commands, some regiments arrived there on 27 April; the rest of the Williamite soldiers were still on the march.

On the Jacobite side the Marquis de St. Ruth sent forth similar orders, that King James's army should march out of their quarters to Athlone and encamp nearby, on the Connaught side of the Shannon, having understood that General Ginkel intended to open the campaign with the siege of Athlone in order to enter the province of Connaught. From there the plan was to obtain entire possession of Ireland. In order to do so, several foot regiments came there at the beginning of May. At the same time their cavalry was marching from all parts.

By the beginning of June, William of Orange's English, Danish, German, Dutch, and Huguenot army was assembled at Mullingar, and on 6 June they began their march towards Athlone, with the intention of taking that great pass into Connaught. On 7 June, they came to the village of Ballymore, midway on the road between Mullingar and Athlone. There was a fort close by at the side of a lough, which had been fortified a little by the Irish the previous winter.

The Siege of Athlone

The town of Athlone was defended well for many days; however, a combination of Jacobite underestimation and bad judgement played a large role in its loss.

St. Ruth, hearing the town of Athlone had been taken, fell into a sensible grief. However, he ordered a few troops to march down and retrieve the place if it was practicable. But the officers observed that the entrenchment was extraordinarily guarded and might be supported by the hostile army, so they returned to their camp.

The loss of Athlone on 30 June supported the judgment against the Tyrconnell opponents of this decision, which, if it had not been taken, would have preserved Athlone town, and by the same occasion, the province of Connaught. When the news of this misfortune came to the Duke of Tyrconnell, then at Limerick, he redoubled his sorrow that he was so unfortunate as not to be believed when he proposed clear and sure ways of saving his country from total ruin. However, he needed to deliver his opinion concerning the operation of the remaining campaign. He would not now risk the kingdom in a single battle, having heard of such a design, but he would conduct a defensive and delaying war in the expectation of being superior the next year with reinforcements from France. In the interim and ad hoc (the foot being brought to Limerick), he would send the Irish cavalry over Banagher bridge into the province of Leinster, to bring away from thence great booty, and also recruits from the Catholic inhabitants.

Arrival at Aughrim

General St. Ruth, knowing that he could not justify to King James his loss of Athlone while at the head of a considerable army, thought fit not to share Tyrconnell's sentiment, and chose to risk the kingdom upon a fair combat, being unalterably resolved to bury his body in Ireland or regain the country speedily. Whereupon, observing the strength of his army, he commanded it to decamp from Athlone in the afternoon of that day, 30 June 1691. He marched towards Limerick, proceeding with short marches until he arrived a little beyond the village of Aughrim, twenty miles from Athlone, and some thirty miles from Limerick, in the county of Galway. Viewing the surrounding ground, he judged it convenient for his purposes, and so encamped there, to wait for the enemy, with his army facing east, towards Athlone. In front of his position were marsh-lands, over which foot-soldiers could come but not cavalry. At each end of these marsh-lands there was a passage through which the enemy's horse could come towards his right and left flank.

The passage on the right was a little ford at a stream issuing from the marsh-lands. That on the left was an old broken causeway, only large enough for two horses to pass it at a time, which was sixty yards long. Beyond this causeway, and on the left within forty yards, was the castle of Aughrim, into which St. Ruth put Colonel Walter Bourk and two hundred men. St. Ruth marshalled his army in two lines. The cavalry on his right were the regiments of the Duke of Tyrconnell, of the Earl of Abercorn, and of Colonel Edmund Prendergast, in front of the regiment of Sutherland and the dragoons. This wing was to see that the enemy's horse did not break in on the right of the army through the pass of the ford and then through the narrow ground lying between two morasses. The English had double the number in cavalry; however, the Irish had some advantage in infantry.

It was here that Lieutenant-General de Tessé and Major-General Patrick Sarsfield, by then Earl of Lucan, were posted. The other Lieutenant-General, the Marquis d'Usson, had gone to Galway after the siege of Athlone. On the left St. Ruth placed the Earl of Lucan's regiment of horse, and those of Colonel Henry Luttrell, of Colonel John Parker, and Colonel Nicholas Purcell, with a body of dragoons. Lord Galmoy, with his regiment, was put behind the second line of the foot, in the nature of a reserve for contingencies. The conduct of this left wing was given to Major-General Sheldon, with Brigadier Henry Luttrell commanding the first line. Their business was to defend the pass of the causeway, near to which there were set two regiments of foot.

Death at the Battle of Aughrim

On Sunday 12 June, during the celebration of the soldiers' 6:00 am mass, the Williamite army was seen arriving from the direction of Ballinasloe.

Observing that the Williamite force was losing the battle, General Ginkel, seeing that his centre was totally and wholly broken, and that his left wing had had massive losses without being able to gain their objective, that his right wing could not get over to the left of the Irish with any safety, and that the foe was on his field of battle, apparently became so disturbed in his thoughts that he could not well resolve what to do, unless it were to take flight, of which some indications appeared immediately. On the Jacobite side, General St. Ruth,^[6] noting the condition of the enemy and his own success, cried out with joy: "The day is ours, my children!"

General St. Ruth, having sent his command to the cavalry to march and oppose the enemy at the pass, himself felt the need go along to see them perform their duty, that there might be no failure in the last scene of this bloody tragedy with victory within their grasp. They moved and General St. Ruth followed with his guards. While he was riding down a little hill, a cannonball missed all other soldiers targeted and struck the Marquis in the head, killing him.

His body, carried off and brought to the town of Loughrea, was later interred privately at night at the Carmelite Abbey cemetery. A deserteris took the news of his death to the enemy, who thereupon advanced in haste to the pass.

Without direction and coordination, a winning battle was turned into yet another battle lost by the Jacobites in this succession of circumstances. More than 7,000 European soldiers of different nations were killed.

Personal life

St Ruth married Marie de Cossé, widow of Charles de La Porte, Duc de La Meilleraye.^[7] Marie, born in 1622, was many years older and the marriage was childless; she lived until 1710.

Saint-Simon, in his Memoirs, paints a most unflattering portrait of , which should be treated with some caution as he was only sixteen when St. Ruth died, though he did apparently meet him. He describes St. Ruth as a "gentleman in a small way", tall and well built but exceptionally ugly; a gallant soldier but notorious for domestic cruelty.^[8] According to Saint-Simon, St. Ruth's treatment of his wife became so brutal that she eventually asked the King to intervene. Louis treated her with great sympathy and ordered her husband to desist, but when the ill-treatment continued the King began sending St. Ruth on unnecessary missions to free his wife of his company.^[9]

References