Maha Thammaracha (king of Ayutthaya)

Maha Thammaracha
มหาธรรมราชา
King of Ayutthaya
King of Siam
Reign 29 September 1569 – c. 30 June 1590
Predecessor Maha Chakkraphat
Successor Naresuan
Born 1509
Died c. 30 June 1590
c. Saturday, 13th waning of Eighth Siamese month [Ashadha] of 952 CS
Ayutthaya
Spouse Wisutkasat
Issue Suphankanlaya
Naresuan
Ekathotsarot
Full name
Mahinthrathirat
Sanphet I
House Sukhothai Dynasty

Maha Thammaracha (Thai: มหาธรรมราชา), Maha Thammrachathirat (Thai: มหาธรรมราชาธิราช), or Sanphet I (Thai: สรรเพชญ์ที่ 1), formerly known as Khun Phirenthep (Old Thai: ขุนพิเรนเทพ;[1] Modern Thai: ขุนพิเรนทรเทพ), was a king of Ayutthaya Kingdom from the Sukhothai dynasty, ruling from 1569 to 1590. As a powerful Sukhothai noble, Phirenthep gradually rose to power. After playing many political turns, he was eventually crowned as the King of Siam.

A Sukhothai noble

Though the Kingdom of Sukhothai had come under personal union with Ayutthaya since 1448, the royal clan of Sukhothai still held power in their base Phitsanulok and constitutes as one of four political clans of 16th century Ayutthaya (Supannabhum, Uthong, Sukhothai, and Sri Thamnakorn). Chairacha, however, tried to reduce the power of Sukhothai nobles. He ceased to appoint the Uparaja the King of Sukhothai and called the Sukhothai nobles to Ayutthaya to dissolve their base of power at Phitsanulok.[2]

Khun Phirenthep was one of the Sukhothai nobles at the court of Ayutthaya. In 1548, the kingdom fell under the governance of Worawongsathirat and Si Suda Chan of the Uthong clan. The Uthong clan rose to power at the expense of other clans.[2] Khun Pirenthrathep then sought alliance with Sri Thamnakorn clan led by Khun Inthrawongse and staged a coup against Worawongsathirat and Si Suda Chan in 1548, restoring the throne to Supannabhum dynasty.

Maha Chakkraphat made Khun Phirenthep (who had staged a coup and put him on the throne)[3]:37–39 as Maha Thammarachathirat. The name Maha Thammaracha was the reigning name of Sukhothai kings in the 14th century. Maha Thammarachathirat enjoyed a great power. He married Maha Chakkraphat's daughter, Sawatdirat, as his queen with the name Queen Wisutkasat.[4]:73

King of Phitsanulok

In 1548, King Tabinshwehti of Pegu led Burmese forces and invaded Ayutthaya in the Burmese–Siamese War of 1547–49. The Siamese managed to force a retreat upon the Burmese. However, the Siamese armies under Prince Ramesuan the Uparaja and Maha Thammarachathirat were ambushed and the two captured. They were released when Maha Chakkrapat paid the ransom of two male war elephants.[4]:14–21

In 1563, Tabinshwehti's successor, Bayinnaung, led the massive Burmese armies to invade Siam. He laid siege on Phitsanulok. Maha Thammarachathirat offered "stout resistance", but surrendered and submitted after all food was gone and a smallpox epidemic spread.[4]:36 He submitted to Bayinnaung on 2 January 1564.[note 1]

Maha Thammarachathirat had to send his sons Naresuan and Ekathotsarot to Pegu as a captives. With his son in Burmese captivity, Maha Thammarachathirat was forced to allied himself with Bayinnaung.[4]:67

Mahinthrathirat - son of Maha Chakkraphat - then sought alliance with King Setthathirat of Lan Xang to fight Bayinnaung and Maha Thammarachathirat. In 1566, during Maha Thammarachathirat's absence from Phitsanulok to Pegu, Mahinthrathirat brought Queen Wisutkasat and her sons and daughters to Ayutthaya. Maha Thammarachathirat sought help from Bayinnaung.[4]:47–50

In 1568, Bayinnaung marched large Burmese armies to Ayutthaya with support from Maha Thammarachathirat. Ayutthaya finally fell in 1569 and Maha Thammarachathirat was installed as King of Ayutthaya.[3]:43 Bayinnaung bestowed him the reigning name Sanpet I. The date of appointment was 29 September 1569.[note 2]

King of Ayutthaya

Maha Thammarachathirat asked Bayinnaung to return his sons Naresuan and Ekathotsarot to Ayutthaya in exchange for his daughter Suphankanlaya as Bayinnaung's secondary wife in 1571. Maha Thammarachathirat made Naresuan the King of Phitsanulok and Uparaja in 1569. Ayutthaya kingdom under Maha Thammarachathirat was tributary to Burma.

Cambodian invasions

In 1570, the King of Lovek marched Cambodian armies to Ayutthaya and laid siege on the city but failed. In 1574, under the request from Pegu, Maha Thammaracha led the Siamese armies to subjugate Vientiane. The Cambodians took this opportunity to invade Siam but was also repelled.

In 1578, the Cambodians invaded Khorat and proceeded further to Saraburi. Naresuan sent Siamese armies to ambush the Cambodians at Chaibadan, halting the invaders from reaching Ayutthaya.

Break from Pegu

In 1581, Bayinnaung died, succeeded by his son Nanda Bayin. In 1583, the Lord of Ava and the Shans staged a rebellion against Pegu. Nanda Bayin then requested for troops from Ayutthaya. The Siamese armies went slowly to Ava under leadership of Naresuan. Naresuan then renounced loyalty to Pegu in 1584.

In 1584, Nanda Bayin himself led the Peguan armies into Siam but was defeated by Naresuan.[5] For many years the Burmese armies surged into Ayutthaya but was repelled. Maha Thammarachathirat died c. 30 June 1590.[note 3] He was succeeded by Naresuan.

Notes

  1. ↑ (Damrong 2001: 36): Sunday, 5th waning of the second Siamese month in the year of the pig: i.e. Sunday, 5th waning of Pausha 925 CS = Sunday, 2 January 1564
  2. ↑ Date per Burmese chronicles (Maha Yazawin Vol. 2 2006: 324) and (Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 419): 5th waning of Thadingyut 931 ME (29 September 1569). (Damrong 2001: 63) says he became king on Friday, 6th waxing of the 12th Siamese month of 931 CS, which translates to 14 October 1569. However, according to the Burmese chronicles, Friday, 6th waxing of Tazaungmon 931 ME (14 October 1569) was the date on which Bayinnaung left Ayutthaya for Phitsanulok to begin the Lan Xang campaign.
  3. ↑ (Damrong 2001: 116): Naresuan became king on Sunday, the 13th waning of the eighth Siamese month [Ashadha] of the year of the tiger, 952 CS, which translates to Saturday, 30 June 1590. Maha Thammarachathirat might have died on 30 June 1590 and Naresuan became king the next day, on Sunday, 1 July 1590.

References

  1. ↑ Somdet Phra Phonnarat (Kǣo) (2015). Phakdīkham, Sānti, ed. Phrarātchaphongsāwadān chabap somdet phra phonnarat wat phra chēttuphon trūatsǭp chamra čhāk ‘ēkkasān tūa khīan พระราชพงศาวดาร ฉบับสมเด็จพระพนรัตน์วัดพระเชตุพน ตรวจสอบชำระจากเอกสารตัวเขียน [Royal Chronicle: Version by Somdet Phra Phonnarat of Wat Phra Chettuphon, Checked Against Manuscripts] (in Thai). Bangkok: "King Rama I Scholarship" Foundation Under the Royal Patronage. pp. 37–39. ISBN 9786169235101.
  2. 1 2 ประวัติศาสตร์ สุริโยไท บทสนทนาอันไม่รู้จบระหว่างปัจจุบันกับอดีต
  3. 1 2 Chakrabongse, C., 1960, Lords of Life, London: Alvin Redman Limited
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Rajanubhab, D., 2001, Our Wars With the Burmese, Bangkok: White Lotus Co. Ltd., ISBN 9747534584
  5. ↑ Myanmar History - King Nanda

Bibliography

  • Prince Damrong Rajanubhab (1928). Aung Thein (Translator), Chris Baker (editor), ed. Our Wars with the Burmese: Thai–Burmese Conflict 1539–1767 (2001 ed.). Bangkok: White Lotus. ISBN 974-7534-58-4.
  • Kala, U (1724). Maha Yazawin (in Burmese). 1–3 (2006, 4th printing ed.). Yangon: Ya-Pyei Publishing.
  • Royal Historical Commission of Burma (1832). Hmannan Yazawin (in Burmese). 1–3 (2003 ed.). Yangon: Ministry of Information, Myanmar.
Maha Thammaracha (king of Ayutthaya)
Born: 1509 Died: c. 30 June 1590
Regnal titles
Preceded by
Mahinthrathirat		 King of Ayutthaya
29 September 1569 – c. 30 June 1590		 Succeeded by
Naresuan
Preceded by
Chairacha		 King of Sukhothai
1548 – 29 September 1569		 Succeeded by
Naresuan
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