M1 helmet

Shell

The shell of the M1 was changed mainly in silhouette, as seen from the side, from its World War II beginnings. The second, and last, U.S. production run of about one million M1s during the mid 1960s, lowered (streamlined) the top forehead portion. The bulk of the helmet is constructed from a single piece of pressed hadfield manganese steel. The rim edge of the shell has a crimped metal band running around it, which provides a clean edge. This is usually known as the "rim". The metal band of the rim material has a seam where the ends of the strip meet. On the earliest shells the seam met at the front. This was moved to the back of the rim in 1944, when the rim went from being made of stainless steel to manganese steel.

On each side of the helmet there are stainless steel loops for the chinstrap. The shape of these fixtures is one of the most recognizable distinguishing factors between shells produced at different times. Early World War II production helmets had fixed, rectangular loops, and late-war and 1960s helmets feature movable rectangular loops which swiveled inward and outward. This swivel feature was adopted in 1943 to address the problem that when earlier helmets were dropped, the loops were more susceptible to breaking off. Early paratrooper shells feature fixed, D-shaped loops. World War II production helmets feature Olive Drab shade 3 chinstraps, replaced starting in 1944-45 with Olive Drab shade 7, cotton web chinstraps that are sewn on. 1960s and 1970s chinstraps are made of olive drab webbing attached to the shell with blackened metal clips. Nylon, clip-on, chinstraps were introduced in the U.S. military in the 1980s and issued to be fitted by the individual serviceman to his own helmet. These straps featured a two-piece web chin cup and were fastened by a metal snap rather than buckle.

Many soldiers wore the webbing chinstraps unfastened or looped around the back of the helmet and clipped together. This practice arose for two reasons: First, because hand-to-hand combat was anticipated, and an enemy could be expected to attack from behind, reach over the helmet, grab its visor, and pull. If the chinstrap were worn, the head would be snapped back, causing the victim to lose balance, and leave the throat and stomach exposed to a knife thrust. Secondly, many men incorrectly believed that a nearby exploding bomb or artillery shell could cause the chinstrap to break their neck when the helmet was caught in its concussive force, although a replacement buckle, the T-1 pressure-release buckle, was manufactured that allowed the chinstrap to release automatically should this occur. In place of the chinstrap, the nape strap inside the liner was counted on to provide sufficient contact to keep the helmet from easily falling off the wearer's head.^[6]

The design of exterior metal led to some novel uses: When separated from the liner, the shell could be used as an entrenching tool, a hammer, washbasin, bucket, and as a seat. The shell was also used as a cooking pot but the practice was discouraged, as it would make the metal alloy brittle.^[7]

Liner

The interior of a M1 Helmet Liner.

The liner is made from many parts. The outer part is shaped to fit snugly into the steel shell. The various elements of the suspension system are riveted, later clipped, inside it. The suspension is made from strips of webbing material stretching around and across the inside of the liner. A sweatband is mounted onto these, which is adjusted to fit around the head of the wearer. World War II and Korean War era liners also have their own chinstrap made from brown leather. The liner chinstrap is snapped or riveted directly to the inside of the liner and does not have bails like the shell chinstrap, but it still swivels inside the helmet. The liner chinstrap is usually seen looped over the brim of the shell and helps to keep the shell in place when its own chinstraps aren't in use.

The first liners were produced in June 1941 and designed by Hawley Products Company.^[8] They were made from compressed paper fibers impregnated with phenolic resin, but were discontinued in November 1942. The original liners degraded quickly in high humidity environments and were eventually replaced by constantly evolving plastic liners.^[8] These liners were produced by Hawley Products Company, and General Fibre Company, a subsidiary of International Hat Company.^[8] The General Fibre liners are particularly rare, having been subcontracted by Hawley Products to the St. Louis-based firm at the end of 1941.^[8] The McCord M1 shells of these 1941 helmets are stamped with an upper case 'G' to signify the liner was produced by General Fibre.^[8]

In 1942, the original silver Rayon suspension material was phased out in favor of khaki cotton. There were many companies making liners during the war—Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company made most of them, while other companies included, The Firestone Tire and Rubber Company, CAPAC Manufacturing, Inland Division of General Motors, Mine Safety Appliances, Seaman Paper Company, and International Molded Plastics.

Liners nearly identical in construction to World War II examples were produced between 1951 and 1953 during the Korean War by the Micarta Division of Westinghouse and CAPAC Manufacturing. These liners differ in that color of the HBT webbing was changed from khaki or Olive Drab #3 to a darker green color known as Olive Drab #7. Much later, liners switched to using stronger synthetic webbing and had improved neck support.

In the 1960s, the M1 helmet liner was redesigned, eliminating the leather chin strap, nape strap and a change in the suspension webbing to a pattern resembling an asterisk in a coarse cotton web material in lieu of the earlier herringbone twill. In the early 1970s, materials changed to a thicker, more flexible nylon with a rougher unbeveled rim. Later changes included a move to a yellow and green material for liner construction.

Cover

Camouflage-patterned helmet covers of USMC during the Battle of Incheon, Korea, 1950.

Around late 1942 or early 1943, the United States Marine Corps used a cloth camouflage-patterned helmet cover for its helmets. The cover was made from herringbone twill fabric. It had a "forest green" pattern on one side and a "brown coral island" pattern on the other.

The United States Army often utilized nets to reduce the helmets' shine when wet and to allow burlap scrim or vegetation to be added for camouflage purposes. Most nets were acquired from British or Canadian Army stocks or cut from larger camouflage nets. The Army did not adopt an official issue net until the M-1944 mesh net that included a neoprene foliage band, which would have been retained on later Mitchell and woodland camouflage covers.

After World War II, various styles of camouflage cover were used at different times. In the 1960s through 1970s, the type commonly seen in the United States Army and Marine Corps was a reversible fabric cover called the Mitchell Pattern, with a leafy green pattern on one side and orange cloud pattern on the other. This type was nearly omnipresent in Vietnam, and where, for the first time, the army wore the cloth camouflage as general issue; whereas in World War II and the Korean War, the army traditionally wore their helmets only with nets, plain without anything on it, or with field-made, non-issue covers without camouflage. By contrast, United States Marines have consistently worn a cloth camouflage cover over their M-1 helmets in all three major wars—World War II, Korea, and Vietnam. The Korean War (1950–1953) was largely fought using World War II weapons and equipment, and the Marine Corps helmets and camouflage covers were basically the same as those used during World War II. In Vietnam, the green portion of the reversible fabric camouflage was normally worn outermost. Helmet covers in the (European) woodland camouflage, were designed for fighting in the European Theater of Operations (NATO), and became the post-Vietnam (jungle pattern) camouflage cover used by the U.S. military from the late 1970s onward. The (European) Woodland pattern was not reversible; they were only printed on one side, though some rare desert camouflage examples do exist. These covers were all constructed from two semi-circular pieces of cloth stitched together to form a dome-like shape conforming to the helmet's shape. They were secured to the helmet by folding their open ends into the steel pot, and then placing the liner inside, trapping the cloth between the pot and the liner. An olive green elastic band, intended to hold additional camouflage materials, was often worn around the helmet to further hold the cover in place.

Other armies used these or similar covers printed with different camouflage patterns, or employed entirely different methods. In the Dutch Army, for example, it was common practice to use a square piece of burlap as a helmet cover on M1 helmets, usually secured by a net (see above) and a wide rubber band.

During the Battle of the Bulge and Korean War, soldiers made white helmet covers as camouflage in snowy areas. They were not issued to soldiers, so many soldiers simply made them from a white cloth from a shirt or tablecloth.

Current

•  Colombia: Some M1s still in use by Military Police and ceremonial units.^[9]
•  Dominican Republic: Only used by Dominican military honor guard forces.^[10]
•  India: Made locally and are still in service.^[11]
•  Iran: Uses the West German-made M1s. ^[12]
•  Guatemala: Used only in the Guatemalan Army and Navy.^[13]
•  Japan: Uses the Type 66 helmet, modeled after the M1 helmet that was supplied to the JSDF. Currently used in non-combat operations.^[14][15] Formerly used M1s supplied by the US to the JSDF before the adoption of the Type 66.^[16]
•  Panama: Formerly used by former Panamanian military, now in use by Panamanian Public Forces.^[17]
•  South Korea: Uses M1 helmets made by Silver Star.^[18]
•  Uruguay: Used South Korean-made M1s with some still in use.^[19]

Former

Chinese army soldiers with M1 helmets during the Second Sino-Japanese War.

•  Argentina: Used by the Argentine military before they were replaced.^[20]
•  Austria: Used by the Austrian Army after it was reformed in 1955 with 30,000 M1s supplied by the US.^[21] Copies made in 1958 known as Stahlhelm 2 (M.58) with another made in the 1970s with a German-made helmet suspension, all made by Ulbrichts Witwe.^[21]
•  Belgium: Used Ulbrirchts-made M1 helmets.^[21]
•  Brazil: Previously used American and Brazilian M1s for the military.^[22]
•  Bolivia: Used American, Brazilian and Korean-made M1s before being removed from service.^[23]
•  Canada: Replaced by the CG 634 helmet.^[24]
•  Chile: Formerly used by the Chilean military with liners made by Baselli Hnos.^[25]
•  China: Used in the Second Sino-Japanese War and in the Chinese Civil War.
•  Costa Rica: Formerly used American-made M1 helmets.^[26]
•  Cuba: Used in Cuban military until Bastista was deposed, replaced by Warsaw Pact-made helmets.^[27]
•  Denmark: Used Ulbrirchts-made M1 helmets under the designation of Staalhjelm model 48 (m/48).^[21]
•  Ecuador: Formerly in use by the Ecuadorian military.^[28]
•  El Salvador: Provided by the US in the 1970s as part of military aid, now replaced by PASGT.^[29]
•  Greece: Adopted by the Greek Army in 1952.^[30]
•  Haiti: Used by former Haitian military.^[31]
•  Honduras: Formerly used by Honduran military after signing the Rio Treaty.^[32]
•  Iran: Formerly used by the Imperial Iranian Army.^[33]
  •  Iran: Formerly used by the Islamic Iranian Army, but it turns up from time to time.^[33]
•  Israel: Formerly used by the Israeli military, supplied by Britain, France and the United States.^[34] Some M1s used have a combination of American and Israeli parts.^[35]
•  Lebanon: Used American-made M1s.
•  Mexico: Formerly used by the Mexican military.^[36]
•  New Zealand: Used by the New Zealand Army from the 1960s all the way to 2000s, mostly using American and South Korean-made M1s.^[37]
•  Netherlands: Used Ulbrirchts-made M1 helmets.^[21]
•  Nicaragua: The Guardia Nacional de Nicaragua used M1 helmets supplied by the United States 1954-1979.^[38]
•  Norway: Used Ulbrirchts-made M1 helmets.^[21]
•  Paraguay: Adopted the M1 after signing the Rio Treaty.^[39]
•  Peru: Formerly used M1 helmets supplied by the US.^[40] Some obtained from Israel and West Germany.^[41]
•  Philippines: Formerly used M1 helmet in the Armed Forces of the Philippines.^[42] Some reserve stocks for training of the recruits.
•  Saudi Arabia: Formerly used M1 helmets supplied via South Korea and Taiwan.^[43]
•  Singapore: Formerly used by the Singaporean military with liners made locally.^[44]
•  Spain: Used M1s made from America and Europe, modified for marine and paratrooper forces.^[21]
•  Taiwan: Used until the 1990s.^[45]
•  Turkey: Used by the Turkish military, most made locally.^[46]
•  United States: Formerly used by the United States Air Force as the M3 and later, the M5, helmet for flak protection.^[47] Formerly used by the US military from the 1940s to the 80s, replaced by the PASGT.^[48]
•  Venezuela: Used by the Venezuelan military, now replaced.^[49] Majority made in the US and South Korea.^[50]
•  West Germany: Formerly used by the West German army, helmets made by F. W. Quist Company.^[51]