Little magazine movement

Little magazines of 1955 to 1975

The avant-garde modernist poetry burst upon the Marathi literary world with the poetry of B. S. Mardhekar in the mid-forties. The period 1955–1975 in Marathi literature is dominated by the little magazine movement. It ushered in modernism and the Dalit movement. In the mid-1950s, Dilip Chitre, Arun Kolatkar and their friends started a cyclostyled Shabda. The little magazine movement began to spread like wildfire in 2017 with hundreds of ephemeral to relatively longer lasting magazines including Aso, Vacha, Lru, Bharud and Rucha. The movement brought forth a new generation of writers who were dissatisfied with the Marathi literary establishment which they saw as bourgeois, upper caste and orthodox. Ashok Shahane was the pioneer of the little magazine movement in Marathi in the 1960s. The writers such as Dilip Chitre, Arun Kolatkar, Namdeo Dhasal, Tulsi Parab, Bhalchandra Nemade, Manohar Oak, Bhau Padhye, Vilas Sarang and Vasant Abaji Dahake came to prominence with the movement. Their writing is non-conformist and non-populist. The little magazine movement of the 1960s ran out of steam in the mid-1970s. A representative translation of many poets of this period has been done by Dilip Chitre.^[6]

Little magazines of the 1990s and 2000s

The economic reforms of the nineties in India ushered in an era of liberalization, privatization and globalization in Indian society. The boom in the telecommunications sector, cable and satellite television and digital revolution came in tandem with these economic reforms and deeply affected Indian society and culture. Mumbai, being the economic capital of India, felt the overwhelming force of these dramatic changes. Little magazines resurfaced in this period. Abhidhanantar, Shabdavedk, Saushthav and later on Aivaji, Khel, Anaghrat, and Navakshar Darshan burst upon the scene. The poets such as Manya Joshi, Mangesh Narayanrao Kale, Hemant Divate, Sanjeev Khandekar, Saleel Wagh and Sachin Ketkar who emerged from these little magazines of the 1990s bear witness to the social and cultural transformation, writing with a sensibility that is different from the generation that emerged from the movement of the 1960.^[7]

Early 20th century

In Bengali literature, it started with Kallol, a modernist movement magazine, established in 1923. The most popular among the group were Kazi Nazrul Islam (1899–1976), Mohitlal Majumder (1888–1952), Achintyakumar Sengupta (1903–1976), Satyendranath Dutta (1882–1922), and Premendra Mitra (1904–1988). Then Bengali poetry got into the brightest light of modernism in the 1930s, through the movement of a few other little magazines, such as Buddhadeb Bosu's Kabita and Sudhindranath Datta's Parichay.

Krittibas

Krittibas first appeared in Kolkata in 1953. It played a highly influential role in the Kolkata literary scene in the decades after Indian independence, and provided a platform for young, experimental poets, many of whom went on to become luminaries of modern Bengali poetry. The editors of the inaugural issue in July 1953 were Sunil Gangopadhyay, Ananda Bagchi and Dipak Mazumdar. Gangopadhyay later became sole editor, and indeed it is his name that is most closely associated with the magazine. Others who also edited the magazine at one point or another included Shakti Chattopadhyay, Sarat Kumar Mukhopadhyay and Samarendra Sengupta. The Phanishwarnath Renu issue of the magazine was edited by Samir Roychoudhury. During 1961-65 several poets left the magazine and joined the Hungryalist Movement.

Hungry Generation and anti-establishment movements

The little magazine explosion in West Bengal took place after 1961 when the Hungry Generation Movement took the cultural establishment by storm. In fact it changed not only the types of publication but also the naming of magazines. The Hungry Generation Movement aimed at waging a war against the literary establishment and the decadent society in general. Prominent figures included Saileswar Ghosh, Malay Roy Choudhury, Subimal Basak, Tridib Mitra, Samir Roychoudhury, Falguni Roy, Subo Acharjo, Pradip Choudhuri, Subhas Ghosh, Basudeb Dasgupta, Sandipan Chattopadhyay, Shakti Chattopadhyay. Utpalkumar Basu, Rabindra Guha, Arunesh Ghosh, Raja Sarkar, Aloke Goswami, Selim Mustafa, Arup Datta, Rasaraj Nath, Rabiul and many others..

There are other Bengali Writers who raised their voice against the establishment but did not join the Hungry generation Movement. Most notable among them is the Subimal Mishra. Other experimental writers who mostly wrote in little magazines include Kamal Kumar Majumdar, Amiyabhushan Majumdar and Udayan Ghosh.

'Kaurab' cult

Some major changes occurred in the 1970s in the Bengali little magazine movement, chiefly around Kaurab, a literary and cultural magazine nearly four decades old. Prime cult-figures of Kaurab are: Swadesh Sen, Kamal Chakraborty (original editor), Barin Ghosal, Debajyoti Dutta, Pranabkumar Chattopadhyay, Shankar Lahiri, Shankar Chakraborty and Aryanil Mukhopadhyay (present editor). In international scenario Bengali poetry has been represented by Kaurab poets like Subhro Bandopadhyay, (present assistant editor).^[8]

New Poetry (Natun Kabita)

Since the mid-1980s Bengali iterature experienced a new genre of Bengali poetry called New Poetry. From the early 1990s with impetus from a Kolkata-based poetry journal Kabita Campus, New Poetry has begun to gain immense acclaim from the young contemporary poets of Bengal. In 2003 some poets of this genre have started a journal named Natun Kabita containing their ideas and poems, through both online and print media. Poets who joined this movement in the mid-1990s are: Barin Ghosal, Ranjan Moitro,Swapan Roy, Dhiman Chakraborty, Alok Biswas, Pronob Pal, Saumitra Sengupta, Rajarshi Chattopadhyay, Atanu Bandopadhyay, Rajatendra Mukhopadhay, Pradip Chakraborty.

New Age (New Century)

In West Bengal the first decade of this century (2001–10) is considered to be the period of a New Age little magazine movement. There are various type of little magazine, ranging from political to economic issues. The magazines prominent in this period are: Boikhori Bhaashyo run by Indranil Ghosh and Debanjan das, Ashtray run by Nabendu Bikash Roy and Arka Chattopadhyay,'Vish( ISSN 2349-0489)run by Chandan Bangal and Tanmoy roy'Meghjanmo(মেঘজন্ম),Aahir (আহির),Sanjhbati (সাঁঝবাতি), Lalon(লালন),Joydhak(জয়ঢাক), "Chandrobhas" published from the Bangla Kobita Academy and edited by reputed poet and critic Ajit Trivedi, Nabamanab (নবমানব), "Moth" (মথ), Bodhshabdo (বোধশব্দ), VAPRA, Pratishedhak (প্রতিষেধক), GhoMosh, Lemosh, snO yI, Abosardanga, Ashtray, Somoyer Shobdo(সময়ের শব্দ),"ebRo khebRo rong", "resurrection", "deowal", "aachhi", "jatnaghar", "mahool", "daur", "batighar", "Kaw (Arani)/ Kobia", "uttar etihas", " craker", "tabu abhiman", "manthan", "adorer nouka", "elora", "duende", Sutorang, point blank range, Sarbonam, "Hiranyagarva", "Kakkhapath", "Roderang","Ekti Ujwal Mach", "Shunyo Degree".

2nd decade (2011–present)

Magazines prominent in this period are: " Eksho Ashi Degree " (একশো আশি ডিগ্রি ), Diganto (দিগন্ত পত্রিকা), " Bohemian " , "Jatnoghar " (যত্নঘর), "Charbak " , "Doshomik ", "Sreemayee ", "Saptannoyi" (সপ্তান্বয়ী), "Angick" (আঙ্গিক), "Eka ebong koyekjon", প্রহেলিকা (prohelika), TABIK (তাবিক,সম্পাদক : বুদ্ধদেব হালদার), "BongQ (বঙ্কু)" (LGBTQ+ related), "Nibirh (নিবিড়)", "Pather Sujan (পথের সুজন)", Barnik (previously known as Srijan), Ratri Sob Jane (রাত্রি সব জানে), "URNAPATRA" (উর্ণপত্র), Daakbaksho (ডাকবাক্স), Opodarther Adyokkhor (অপদার্থের আদ্যক্ষর).

Prominent figures rising from the period are: Swagata Dasgupta, Himalay Jana, Deb Maity, Madhusudan Roy, Atanu Singha, Arindam Roy, Saibal Sarkar, Prakash Maji, Arup Ghosh, Chandan Bangal, Prabir Chakraborty, Rajdip Roy, Abhisek Chakraborty , Somabrata Sarkar, Mujibar Ansary, Sanghamitra halder, Souptik Chakraborty, Anamoy Kalindi, Somen Mukhopadhay, Rajib Ghoshal, Achinta Maji, Niramoy Mudi, Somtirtha Sarkar, Susnato Chowdhury, Sayan Sarkar, Somen Mukhopadhay, Animikh Patra, Ratul Pal, Himadri Mukhopadhyay, Biswadip Dey, Debabrata Kar Biswas, Suman Sadhu, Sambit Basu, Rik Amrit, Akash Gangopadhyay, Prithwi Basu, Dipangshu Acharya, Somtirtha Nandi, Samitava Banerjee, Rahul Guha Dey, Manidipa Singha, Ritam Sen, Ripan Arya,Santanu Das,Somnath Ghosal, Swadesh Mishra, Arko Chattopadhyay, Alokparna ,Saurav Sarker, Ripon Fio, Sumit Sikdar, Adhya, Santanu Das, Kumaraditya Sarkar, Tanmoy Ray, Sourav Saha, Kishalay Thakur, Suprabhat Roy, Sukriti, Dhrubo Mukhopadhyay, Jubin Ghosh, Biswajit Roy, Subrata Saha, Subhankar Paul,Partha Pratim Roy, Arjun Bandopadhyay , Anjan Das (অঞ্জন দাস), Joyshila Guha Bagchi, Sovan Sengupta (শোভন সেনগুপ্ত), Sreyon (শ্রেয়ণ), Megh Santanu, Sankhayan Nanda, Suvadip Chakraborty, Maharshi Dutta.

Postmodern Bengali poetry

Samir Roychoudhury and Prabhat Choudhuri heralded a new phase in Bengali poetry in 1990s known as Postmodern or Adhunantika Poetry with the launching of Haowa#49 quarterly and Kabita Pakshik fortnightly, respectively. However the interpretation of Postmodernism are quite different for both the magazines.

Little Magazine Library and Research Centre

There is a Little Magazine Library and Research Centre at 9, Tamer Lane (run by Sandip Dutta since 1978), Kolkata-700009, India, which collects Bengali little magazines published anywhere in the world.

Midnapore Little Magazine Library

Midnapore Little Magazine Library – A digital library for little magazines of East and West Medinipur district. Information about more than 600 little magazines published from Medinipur District, from the year 1870 to now.^[9]

Sahitya Academy

The Sahitya Akademi (Indian Academy of Letters) also publishes two literary journals, namely Indian Literature in English and Samkalin Bhartiya Sahitya in Hindi. However they cannot be considered as "little magazines" as they have state support and appear regularly.^[10] A prime example of this continuing tradition is The Little Magazine, published from New Delhi since May 2000.,^[11] Civil Lines and Yatra^[12]

Grasshoppers

In January 2014, little magazine movement got a new way to spread their voice. Arunava Chatterjee, a Kolkata-based IT Entrepreneur and writer, formed Grasshoppers! - the first ever e-Commerce website for selling little magazines online along with one of the most eminent magazine Ekak Matra. It is already actively spreading in different areas across the world with a strong delivery backbone.