Lithocarpus

Lithocarpus
Lithocarpus edulis, Kantō region, Japan
Scientific classification
Kingdom:Plantae
Clade:Angiosperms
Clade:Eudicots
Clade:Rosids
Order:Fagales
Family:Fagaceae
Genus:Lithocarpus
Blume
Species

See text.

Diversity
c. 330 species
Synonyms

Pasania Oerst.

Lithocarpus sp. - MHNT
Lithocarpus sp. - MHNT

Lithocarpus is a genus in the beech family, Fagaceae, differing from Quercus in the erect spikes of insect-pollinated male flowers and the short styles with punctate stigmas on the female flowers. The World Checklist (see link below) accepts 334 species, though some other texts suggest as few as 100 species. About 100 Asian species of the genus were formerly treated in the genus Pasania. All are native to east and southeast Asia. These Asian species do not have a well-known English vernacular name, though the generic term stone oak has been proposed.

The North American tanoak or tanbark oak was previously included in the genus Lithocarpus (Lithocarpus densiflorus) but recent evidence, both genetic and morphological, suggests that the North American species is only distantly related to Asian stone oaks therefore tanbark-oak has been moved into a new genus, Notholithocarpus, based on multiple lines of evidence.[1]

Lithocarpus trees are evergreen trees with leathery, alternate leaves, which may be either entire or toothed. The seed is a nut very similar to an oak acorn, but with a very hard, woody nut shell (hence the genus name, from Greek lithos, stone, + carpos, seed). The nut kernel is edible in some species (e.g. Lithocarpus edulis), but inedible, and very bitter, in others. A few sections of the genus have evolved a novel type of fruit where the seed is embedded in the receptacle material of the fruit which becomes highly lignified and hard, lending greater mechanical protection to the seed.

Several of the species are very attractive ornamental trees, used in parks and large gardens in warm temperate and subtropical areas.

Selected species

Lithocarpus pseudoreinwardtii
  • Lithocarpus burkillii
  • Lithocarpus cleistocarpus
  • Lithocarpus crassinervius
  • Lithocarpus curtisii
  • Lithocarpus dodonaeifolius
  • Lithocarpus edulis - Japanese Stone Oak
  • Lithocarpus erythrocarpus
  • Lithocarpus formosanus
  • Lithocarpus glaber
  • Lithocarpus hancei - Hance's Tanbark
  • Lithocarpus hendersonianus
  • Lithocarpus henryi - Henry's Stone Oak
  • Lithocarpus indutus
  • Lithocarpus kingianus
  • Lithocarpus kingii
  • Lithocarpus kostermansii
  • Lithocarpus kunstleri
  • Lithocarpus maingayi
  • Lithocarpus neorobinsonii
  • Lithocarpus orbicarpus
  • Lithocarpus ovalis
  • Lithocarpus pachylepis
  • Lithocarpus pachyphyllus
  • Lithocarpus platycarpus
  • Lithocarpus qinzhouicus C.C.Huang & Y.T.Chang
  • Lithocarpus quangnamensis A.Camus
  • Lithocarpus quercifolius C.C.Huang & Y.T.Chang
  • Lithocarpus rassa (Miq.) Rehder
  • Lithocarpus recurvatus Barnett
  • Lithocarpus reinwardtii (Korth.) A.Camus
  • Lithocarpus revolutus Hatus. ex Soepadmo
  • Lithocarpus rhabdostachyus (Hickel & A.Camus) A.Camus
  • Lithocarpus rigidus Soepadmo
  • Lithocarpus robinsonii Rehder
  • Lithocarpus rosthornii (Schottky) Barnett
  • Lithocarpus rotundatus (Blume) A.Camus
  • Lithocarpus rouletii (Hickel & A.Camus) A.Camus
  • Lithocarpus rufescens Barnett
  • Lithocarpus rufovillosus (Markgr.) Rehder
  • Lithocarpus rufus (Koidz.) A.Camus
  • Lithocarpus ruminatus Soepadmo
  • Lithocarpus sandakanensis Julia & Soupadmo
  • Lithocarpus scortechinii (King ex Hook.f.) A.Camus
  • Lithocarpus scyphiger (Hance) A.Camus
  • Lithocarpus seishoi (Hayata) Barnett
  • Lithocarpus sericobalanos E.F.Warb.
  • Lithocarpus shinsuiensis Hayata & Kaneh.
  • Lithocarpus shunningensis Hu
  • Lithocarpus siamensis A.Camus
  • Lithocarpus silvicolarum (Hance) Chun
  • Lithocarpus skanianus (Dunn) Rehder
  • Lithocarpus sogerensis (S.Moore) Markgr. ex A.Camus
  • Lithocarpus solerianus (Vidal) Rehder
  • Lithocarpus songkoensis A.Camus
  • Lithocarpus sootepensis (Craib) A.Camus
  • Lithocarpus sphaerocarpus (Hickel & A.Camus) A.Camus
  • Lithocarpus stenopus (Hickel & A.Camus) A.Camus
  • Lithocarpus stonei Julia & Soupadmo
  • Lithocarpus submonticolus (Elmer) Rehder
  • Lithocarpus suffruticosus (Ridl.) Soepadmo
  • Lithocarpus sulitii Soepadmo
  • Lithocarpus sundaicus (Blume) Rehder
  • Lithocarpus syncarpus A.Camus
  • Lithocarpus tabularis Y.C.Hsu & H.Wei Jen
  • Lithocarpus taitoensis (Hayata) Hayata
  • Lithocarpus talangensis C.C.Huang & Y.T.Chang
  • Lithocarpus tawaiensis Julia & Soupadmo
  • Lithocarpus tenuilimbus H.T.Chang
  • Lithocarpus tenuinervis (Hickel & A.Camus) A.Camus
  • Lithocarpus tephrocarpus (Drake) A.Camus
  • Lithocarpus thomsonii (Miq.) Rehder
  • Lithocarpus toumorangensis A.Camus
  • Lithocarpus touranensis (Hickel & A.Camus) A.Camus
  • Lithocarpus trachycarpus (Hickel & A.Camus) A.Camus
  • Lithocarpus triqueter (Hickel & A.Camus) A.Camus
  • Lithocarpus truncatus (King ex Hook.f.) Rehder
  • Lithocarpus tubulosus (Hickel & A.Camus) A.Camus
  • Lithocarpus turbinatus (Stapf) Forman
  • Lithocarpus uraianus (Hayata) Hayata
  • Lithocarpus urceolaris (Jack) Merr.
  • Lithocarpus uvariifolius (Hance) Rehder
  • Lithocarpus variolosus (Franch.) Chun
  • Lithocarpus vestitus (Hickel & A.Camus) A.Camus
  • Lithocarpus vidalianus A.Camus
  • Lithocarpus vidalii (Fern.-Vill.) Rehder
  • Lithocarpus vinhensis A.Camus
  • Lithocarpus vinkii Soepadmo
  • Lithocarpus wallichianus (Lindl. ex Hance) Rehder
  • Lithocarpus wenxianensis Y.J. Zhang, Z.X. Peng & K.L. Zhang
  • Lithocarpus woodii (Hance) A.Camus
  • Lithocarpus wrayi (King) A.Camus
  • Lithocarpus xizangensis C.C.Huang & Y.T.Chang
  • Lithocarpus xylocarpus (Kurz) Markgr.
  • Lithocarpus yangchunensis H.G.Ye & F.G.Wang
  • Lithocarpus yersinii A.Camus
  • Lithocarpus yongfuensis Q.F.Zheng

References

  1. ↑ Manos, Paul S.; Cannon, Charles H.; Oh, Sang-Hun (2008). "Phylogenetic relationships and taxonomic status of the paleoendemic Fagaceae of Western North America: recognition of a new genus, Notholithocarpus" (PDF). Madrono. 55 (3): 181–190. doi:10.3120/0024-9637-55.3.181.
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