List of large optical telescopes

This is a list of large optical reflecting telescopes. For telescopes larger than 3 meters in aperture see List of largest optical reflecting telescopes. This list combines large or expensive reflecting telescopes from any era, as what constitutes famous reflector has changed over time. In 1900 a 1-meter reflector would be among the largest in the world, but by 2000, would be relatively common for professional observatories.

Large reflectors and catadioptric

See List of largest optical reflecting telescopes for continuation of list to larger scopes

NameImageApertureMirror
type		Nationality / SponsorsSiteBuilt
Harlan J. Smith Telescope2.72 m (107 in)SingleUSAMcDonald Observatory, Texas, USA1969
UBC-Laval LMT2.65 m (104 in)LiquidCanadaVancouver, British Columbia, Canada1992–
Shajn 2.6m
"Crimean 102 in."[1]		2.64 m (104 in)SingleCrimean Astrophysical Obs., Russia/Ukraine1961
VLT Survey Telescope (VST)[2]2.61 m (102.8 in)SingleItaly + ESO countriesParanal Observatory, Antofagasta Region, Chile2007
BAO 2.62.6 m (102 in)SingleByurakan Astrophysical Obs., Mt. Aragatz, Armenia1976
Nordic Optical Telescope (NOT)2.56 m (101 in)SingleDenmark, Sweden, Iceland, Norway, FinlandORM, Canary Islands, Spain1988
Isaac Newton Telescope (INT)2.54 m (100 in)SingleUKORM, Canary Islands, Spain (RGO, England, UK until '79)1984
Irenee du Pont Telescope2.54 m (100 in)SingleUSALas Campanas Observatory, Coquimbo Region, Chile1976
Hooker 100-Inch Telescope2.54 m (100 in)SingleUSAMt. Wilson Observatory, California, USA1917
2,52.5 m (98.4 in)SingleRussiaCaucasian mountain observatory, Russia2014
SOFIA2.5 m (98.4 in)SingleUSA + GermanyBoeing 747SP (mobile, USA)2007
Sloan DSS2.5 m (98.4 in)SingleUSAApache Point Observatory, New Mexico, USA1997
Hiltner Telescope2.4 m (94.5 in)SingleUSAMDM Observatory (Kitt Peak), Arizona, USA1986
Thai National Telescope (TNT)2.4 m (94.5 in)SingleThailand + SEAANThai National Observatory, Doi Inthanon, Thailand2013
Lijiang[3]2.4 m (94.5 in)SingleChinaYunnan Astronomical Observatory, China2008
Hubble (HST)2.4 m (94.5 in)SingleNASA+ESALow Earth orbit1990
2.4-meter SINGLE Telescope2.4 m (94.5 in)SingleUSAMagdalena Ridge Observatory, New Mexico, USA2006/2008
Automated Planet Finder2.4 m (94.5 in)SingleUSALick Observatory, California, USA2010
Vainu Bappu[4][5]2.34 m (92.1 in)SingleIndiaVainu Bappu Observatory, Tamil Nadu, India1986
Aristarchos2.3 m (90.6 in)SingleESO Countries+ GreeceNational Observatory of Athens, Mt. Helmos, Greece2004
WIRO 2.3[6]2.3 m (90.6 in)Single IRUSAWyoming Infrared Observatory, Wyoming, USA1977
ANU 2.3m ATT[7]2.3 m (90.6 in)SingleSiding Spring Observatory, New South Wales, Australia1984
Bok Telescope (90-inch)2.3 m (90.6 in)SingleUSAKitt Peak National Observatory, Arizona, USA1969
University of Hawaii 2.2 m (UH88)2.24 m (88.2 in)SingleUSAMauna Kea Observatories, Hawaii, USA1970
MPIA-ESO (ESO-MPI)2.2 m (86.6 in)SingleWest GermanyLa Silla Observatory, Coquimbo Region, Chile1984[8]
MPIA-CAHA 2.2m[8][9]2.2 m (86.6 in)SingleWest GermanyCalar Alto Observatory, Almería, Spain1979
Xinglong 2.16m[10]2.16 m (85.0 in)SinglePRC (China)Xinglong, China1989
Jorge Sahade 2.15m[11]2.15 m (84.6 in)SingleLeoncito Astronomical Complex, San Juan Province, Argentina1987
INAOE 2.12 (OAGH)[12]2.12 m (83.5 in)SingleMexico + USAGuillermo Haro Observatory, Sonora, Mexico1987
UNAM 2.122.12 m (83.5 in)SingleNational Astronomical Observatory, Baja California, Mexico1979
Kitt Peak 2.1-meter2.1 m (82.7 in)SingleUSAKitt Peak National Observatory, Arizona, USA1964
Otto Struve Telescope2.08 m (81.9 in)SingleUSAMcDonald Observatory, Texas, USA1939
T13 Automated Spectroscopic Telescope[13]2.06 m (81.1 in)SingleUSA (NASA, NSF, & TSU)Fairborn Observatory, Arizona, USA2003
Himalayan Chandra Telescope (HCT)[14]2.01 m (79.1 in)SingleIndian Astronomical Observatory, India2000
Alfred Jensch Teleskop2 m (78.7 in)SingleGerKarl Schwarzschild Observatory, Germany1960
Carl Zeiss Jena2 m (78.7 in)SingleShamakhi Astrophysical Obs., Azerbaijan1966
Ondřejov 2-m[15]2 m (78.7 in)SingleCzechoslovakiaOndřejov Observatory, Czech1967
Ritchey-Chretien-Coude (RCC)[16]2 m (78.7 in)SingleBulgariaRozhen Observatory, Bulgaria1984
Carl Zeiss Jena2 m (78.7 in)SingleUkraine, RussiaPeak Terskol Observatory, Russia1995
Bernard Lyot Telescope2 m (78.7 in)SingleFrancePic du Midi Obs., France1980
Liverpool Telescope[17]2 m (78.7 in)SingleUKORM, Canary Islands, Spain2003
Faulkes Telescope North2 m (78.7 in)SingleUKHaleakala Observatory, Hawaii, USA2003[18]
Faulkes Telescope South2 m (78.7 in)SingleUKSiding Spring Observatory, New South Wales, Australia2001
MAGNUM[19]2 m (78.7 in)Single IRJapanHaleakala Observatory, Hawaii, USA2001–2008
Fraunhofer-Teleskop2 m (79 in)GerObservatorium Wendelstein, Deutschland2012

Selected telescopes below about 2 meters aperture

A non-comprehensive non-exclusionary list of telescopes one yard to less than 2 metres in aperture.

NameAperture
m		Aper.
in		Mirror typeNationality
of Sponsors		SiteBuilt
OHP 1.931.93 m76″SingleFranceHaute-Provence Observatory, France1958
74 inch (1.9 m) Radcliffe Telescope[20]1.88 m74″SingleSouth African Astronomical Observatory
Sutherland (1974 – present)
Radcliffe Observatory, Pretoria, South Africa (1948– 1974)[21]		 1950
1.88 m telescope[22]1.88 m74″SingleJapanOkayama Astrophysical Observatory, Japan1960
DDO 1.88 m1.88 m74″SingleCanadaDavid Dunlap Observatory, Ontario, Canada1935
74" reflector[23]1.88 m74″SingleAustraliaMount Stromlo Observatory, Australian Capital Territory, Australia1955–2003
Kottamia telescope 1.88 m[24][25]1.88 m74″SingleEgyptEgypt1960
SETI Optical Telescope1.83 m72″SingleUSAOak Ridge Observatory, Massachusetts, USA2006[26]
Vatican Advanced Technology Telescope (VATT)1.83 m72″SingleVatican CityMount Graham International Observatory, Arizona, USA1993[27]
72-Inch Perkins Telescope1.83 m72″SingleUSALowell Observatory, Arizona, USA1964
Plaskett telescope[28]1.83 m72″SingleCanadaDominion Astrophysical Observatory, British Columbia, Canada1918
Leviathan of Parsonstown1.83 m72″MetalGreat BritainBirr Castle; Ireland
Historical recreation		1845
Copernico 1.82 m[29]1.82 m72″SingleItalyAsiago Observatory, Italy1976
1.8 meter telescope[30]1.8 m71″SingleChinaGaomeigu site of Yunnan Astronomical Observatory, China2009
Pan-STARRS PS1[31][32]1.8 m71″SingleGermany, Taiwan, US, UKHaleakala Observatory, Hawaii, USA2007
VLT Auxiliary Telescopes (1.8 x 4)1.8 m71″SingleEuropeParanal Observatory, Antofagasta Region, Chile2006
Spacewatch 1.8-meter Telescope[33]1.8 m71″SingleUSAKitt Peak National Observatory, Arizona, USA2001
1.8m Ritchey Cretien reflector[34]1.8 m72″SingleKoreaBohyunsan Optical Astronomy Observatory, Korea1996
Sandy Cross Telescope[35]1.8 m71″SingleCanadaRothney Astrophysical Observatory, Alberta, Canada1996
Largest amateur telescope in 2013[36]1.778 m70″SingleUSAUtah, USA (mobile)2013
69-inch Perkins Telescope[37]1.75 m69″SingleUSAPerkins Observatory, Ohio, USA1931–1964
1.65 m telescope1.65 m65″SingleMoletai Astronomical Obs., Lithuania1991
McMath-Pierce Solar Telescope1.61 m63″SingleUSAKitt Peak National Observatory, Arizona, USA1962
BBO NST1.6 m63″SolarUSABig Bear Solar Observatory, California, USA2009
AZT-33[38]1.6 m63″SingleSayan Solar Observatory, Siberia, Russia1981
1.6 m Perkin Elmer[39]1.6 m63″SingleBrazilPico dos Dias Observatory, Minas Gerais, Brazil1981
Observatoire du Mont-Mégantic1.6 m63″Single IRCanadaMont Mégantic Observatory, Québec, Canada1978
1.56m optical telescope1.56 m62″SingleChinaShanghai Astronomical Observatory, China1988
Kaj Strand Telescope[40]1.55 m61″SingleUSAUSNO Flagstaff Station, Arizona, USA1964
61" Kuiper Telescope1.55 m61″SingleUSASteward Observatory, Arizona, USA1965[41]
Oak Ridge Observatory 61" reflector[42]1.55 m61″SingleUSAOak Ridge Observatory, Massachusetts, USA1933
Estación Astrofísica de Bosque Alegre[43]1.54 m60.6″SingleArgentinaEstación Astrofísica de Bosque Alegre, Argentina1942
Toppo Telescope No.1 (TT1)[44]1.537 m60.5″Single (R/C)ItalyAstronomical Observatory of Castelgrande, Italy2008
Harvard 60-inch Reflector[45]1.524 m60″SingleUSAHarvard College Observatory, Massachusetts, USA1905–1931
Hale 60-Inch Telescope1.524 m60″SingleUSAMt. Wilson Observatory, California, USA1908
Dunn Solar Telescope ex-VTT1.524 m60″SingleUSANational Solar Observatory, New Mexico, USA1969
FLWO 1.5m Tillinghast[46]1.52 m60″SingleUSAF. L. Whipple Observatory, Arizona1994
Telescopio Carlos Sánchez (TCS)1.52 m60″SingleUK + SpainTeide Observatory, Canary Islands, Spain1971
OHP 1.521.52 m60″SingleFranceHaute-Provence Obs., France1967
Mt. Lemmon 60" Dahl-Kirkham Telescope[47]1.52 m60″Single IRUSASteward Obs. (Mt. Lemmon), Arizona, USA1970
Steward Observatory 60" Cassegrain Telescope[48]1.52 m60″SingleUSASteward Obs. (Mt. Lemmon), Arizona, USA1960s
OAN 1.52 m[49]1.52 m60″SingleSpainCalar Alto Observatory, Almería, Spain1970s
1.52 m G.D. Cassini[50]1.52 m60″SingleItalyMount Orzale, Italy1976
TIRGO Gornergrat Infrared Telescope[51]1.50 m59″Single IRItaly + SwitzerlandHochalpine Forschungsstation Jungfraujoch und Gornergrat, Alps, Switzerland1979–2005
AZT-22[52]1.5 m59″SingleMount Maidanak, Uzbekistan1972
RTT150 (ex-AZT-22)[53][54]1.5 m59″SingleRussia + TurkeyTUBITAK National Obs., Turkey
AZT-20[55]1.5 m59″SingleAssy-Turgen Observatory, Kazakhstan[56]
AZT-12[57]1.5 m59″SingleUSSRTartu Observatory, Estonia1976
Hexapod-Telescope (HPT)[58]1.5 m59″SingleGermanyCerro Armazones Observatory, Antofagasta Region, Chile2005
OSN 1.5m (Nasmyth)1.5 m59″SingleSpainSierra Nevada Observatory, Granada, Spain
Persona-1 (C.2441)[59]1.5 m59″KorschRussiaEarth Orbit (SSO, terrestrial viewing)2008
GREGOR solar/night telescope[60]1.5 m59″SingleGermanyTeide Observatory, Tenerife, Spain2012
IRSF 1.4m[61]1.4 mSingleSutherland, South Africa Astronomical Observatory2000
TCC[62]1.4 mSingle38°10'12"N 20°36'36"E2010
ESO Coudé Auxiliary Telescope (CAT)[63][64]1.4 mSingleLa Silla, Chile1981
SkyMapper1.3553.15″SingleAustraliaSiding Spring Observatory, New South Wales, Australia2008
USNOFS 1.3m[65]1.3 m51″SingleUSA USNO Flagstaff Station, Arizona, USA1998
McGraw-Hill Telescope[66][67]1.27 m50″SingleUSAMDM Observatory, Arizona, USA (1975 – present)
Dexter, Michigan, USA (1969–1975)		1969
1.26m infrared telescope1.26 m49.5"SingleChinaXinglong Station, China1991
Herschel 40-foot(1.26 m d.)[68]1.26 m49.5″MetalGreat Britain + IrelandObservatory House; England1789–1815
AZT-11[69]1.25 m49″SingleAbastumani Observatory, Rep. of Georgia1976
AZT-11[70]1.25 m49″SingleCrimean Astrophysical Obs., Russia/Ukraine1981
MPIA 1.2[71]1.23 m48.4″SingleWest Germany+SpainCalar Alto Obs., Alemíra, Spain1975
T-1221.22 m48″SchmidtTurkeyÇOMÜ Ulupınar Observatory, Çanakkale, Turkey2002
Babelsberg Zeiss[72]1.22 m48″SingleGermanyBabelsberg Observatory, Berlin, Germany1924–1947
Galileo 1.22 m[73]1.22 m48″SingleItalyAsiago Observatory, Italy1942
Samuel Oschin telescope1.22 m48″SchmidtUSAPalomar Observatory, California, USA1948
Great Melbourne Telescope[74]1.22 m48″MetalGreat BritainMelbourne Observatory, Victoria, Australia1878–1889
William Lassell 48-inch[75]1.22 m48″MetalGreat BritainMalta1861–1865
Barabarella (OMI 48 inch)[76][77]1.22 m48″SingleUSALowrey Observatory, Texas, USA2008
Oskar-Lühning Telescope[78]1.2 m47″SingleGermanyHamburg Observatory, Germany1975
Leonhard Euler Telescope[79]1.2 m47″SingleSwitzerlandLa Silla Observatory, Coquimbo Region, Chile1998
Mercator Telescope1.2 m47″SingleBelgium+SwitzerlandORM, Canary Islands, Spain2001[80]
Hamburg Robotic Telescope (HRT)[81]1.2 m47″SingleGermanyHamburg-Bergdorf Obs., Germany2002
UK Schmidt Telescope1.2 m47″SchmidtUKSiding Spring Observatory, New South Wales, Australia1973
GeoEye-1[82]1.1 m43.3″SingleUSAEarth Orbit (terrestrial viewing)2008
Hänssgen's reflector[83]1.07 m42″SingleGermanyMobile (~Germany)2002
KLENOT[84]1.06 m42″SingleCzech RepublicKleť Observatory, Czech Republic2002
Nickel Telescope1.02 m40″SingleUSALick Observatory, California, USA1979
UTAS 40-inch1.02 m40"R/CAustraliaMount Canopus, Tasmania, Australia1973
George Ritchey 40-inch (1 m)[85]1.02 m40″R/CUSAUSNO Flagstaff Station, Arizona, USA (Washington, D.C. until 1955)1934
Yerkes "41-inch"[86]1.02 m40″SingleUSAYerkes Observatory, Wisconsin, USA1968[87]
ZIMLAT[88]1 m39.4″SingleSwitzerlandZimmerwald Obs., Switzerland1997
Lulin One-meter Telescope (LOT)[89]1.00 m39.4"SingleTaiwanLulin Observatory, Taiwan2002
Wise one-meter telescope1.00 m39.4"singleIsraelWise Observatory, Israel1973
SAAO 1-meter Elizabeth Telescope1.00m40"SingleSouth AfricaSouth African Astronomical Observatory
Cape Town, South Africa (1962-c.1975)
Sutherland, South Africa (c.1975–present)		1962
Near-Earth Object Survey Telescope (NEOST)[90]1.00 m39.4"SingleChinaPurple Mountain Observatory, China2006
RT 1.00 m1.00 mTubitak National Observatory
OGS Telescope[91]1 m39.4″SingleEuropean Space Agency countriesTeide Observatory, Canary Islands, Spain1995
Jacobus Kapteyn Telescope1 m39.4″SingleUK + NetherlandsIsaac Newton Group, Canary Islands, Spain1984
Lulin One-meter Telescope (LOT)[92]1 m39.4″SingleROC (Taiwan)Lulin Observatory, Taiwan2002
Zeiss di Merate (1m reflector)1 m39.4″SingleKingdom of ItalyMerate Obs., Merate, Italy1926
Zeiss 1m reflector1 m39.4″SingleBelgiumRoyal Obs., Uccle, Belgium
Hamburg Spiegelteleskop (1m reflector)[93][94]1 m39.4″SingleDeutsches Reich (Germany)Hamburg-Bergdorf Obs., Germany1911
Kepler Mission telescope0.95 m37.4″SingleUSAEarth-trailing Orbit (Heliocentric)2009
James Gregory Telescope0.94 m37"SingleGreat BritainUniversity of St Andrews, Scotland, UK1962
Kuiper Airborne Obs.(KAO)0.914 m36″SingleUSAC-141 (mobile)1974–1995
Crossley Reflector[95]0.914 m36″SingleUS+UKLick Observatory, California, USA1896
A.A. Common Reflector0.914 m36″SingleGreat BritainGreat Britain1880–1896
Rosse 36-inch Telescope0.914 m36″MetalGreat BritainBirr Castle; Ireland1826
SMARTS 0.9m Telescope0.914 m36″SingleUSA, SMARTSCerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory, Coquimbo Region, Chile1965
Spacewatch 0.9m Telescope0.914 m36″SingleUSASteward Observatory enclave at Kitt Peak National Observatory, Arizona, USAContracted 1915, Completed 1921

Selected telescopes below about 1 meter/yard aperture

NameAperture
m		Aper.
in		TypeNationality of SponsorsSiteBuilt/Used
Hopkins Ultraviolet Telescope0.90 m35.4″Single UVUSAEarth Orbit1990, 1995
Pine Mountain Observatory 32"[96]0.82 m32"SingleUSAPine Mountain Observatory, Pine Mountain, Oregon. 6300 feet elevation.1970
Astron[97]0.80 m31.5″Single UVCCCP + FranceEarth orbit1983–1989[97]
Ruisinger[98]0.762 m30″Single-NewtonianUSA – ASKCPowell Observatory; Louisburg, Kansas1985
Obsession Telescopes #102[99]0.762 m30″SingleUSAOmaha, Nebraska (mobile)1993
AKARI (ASTRO-F)[100]0.685 m27″Single IRJapan + Misc.Earth Orbit2006-2011
William Lassell 24-inch[101]0.61 m24″MetalGreat BritainLiverpool, England1845
Infrared Space Observatory0.60 m23.5″Single IR (2.4 to 240)European Space AgencyEarth orbit (GEO)1995–1998
TRAPPIST[102]0.60 m23.5″SingleBelgiumLa Silla Observatory, Coquimbo Region, Chile2010[103]
IRAS[104]0.57 m22.44″Single IRUSA + UK + The NetherlandsEarth orbit1983
Antarctica Schmidt telescopes (AST3-1) [105]0.50 m19.7″SingleChinaAntarctic Kunlun Station2012
Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter—HiRISE0.50 m19.7″R/CUSAMars orbit2005
TacSat-2[106]0.50 m19.7″R/CUSAEarth orbit (terrestrial viewing)2006-2011
Ege University- A48 Reflecting Cassegrain telescope0.48 m18.9″SingleTurkeyEge University Observatory, Izmir, Turkey1968
Herschel 20-foot (0.475 m d.)[107][108]0.475 m18.5″MetalGreat BritainObservatory House; England1782
Dutch Open Telescope (DOT)0.45 m17.7″SolarDenmarkORM, Canary Islands1997
Explorer 57 (IUE)0.45 m17.7″UVUS+UK+ESA CountriesEarth orbit (GEO)1978–1996
University of Rochester Telescope Project[109]0.40 m16″R/CUSARochester NY (mobile)2011
Armagh 15- inch Grubb Reflector[110]0.38 m15″MetalGreat BritainArmagh Observatory, Northern Ireland1835[111]
TacSat-30.35 m14″R/CUSAEarth orbit (terrestrial viewing)2009-2012
Mars Global Surveyor—MOC[112]0.35 m13.8″R/CUSAMars Orbit1996–2006
XMM-Newton—UV camera0.30 m11.9″Single UVESA CountriesEarth orbit1998
SWIFT UVOT0.30 m11.9″Single UVUS+ UK+ItalyEarth orbit2004
Hipparcos0.29 m11.4″SchmidtEuropean Space AgencyEarth orbit (GTO)1989–1993
COROT0.27 m10.6″afocalFrance + ESAEarth orbit2007
Centre for Basic Space Science Optical Telescopes [113]0.25 m9.84″SingleNigeriaNASRDA-CBSS Observatory, Nsukka2006
Astronomical Netherlands Satellite0.22 m8.7″Single UVThe Netherlands & USAEarth Orbit1974–1976
New Horizons—LORRI0.208 m8.2″R/CUSASpace (33+ AU from Earth)2006
Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter LROC-NAC[114]0.195 m7.68″ReflectorUSALunar orbit2009
Hadley's Reflector[115]0.15 m6″MetalGreat BritainEngland (mobile)1721
Chinese Small Telescope Array (CSTAR)0.145 m6″SingleChinaAntarctic Kunlun Station2008
University of Tokyo PRISM[116]0.10  m3.9″SingleJapanEarth Orbit (terrestrial viewing)2009
Newton's Reflector[117][118]0.033 m1.3″MetalGreat BritainEngland (mobile)1669
MESSENGER MDIS-WAC[119]0.03 m1.18″LensUSASpace (Mercury orbit)2004
MESSENGER MDIS-NAC[120]0.025 m0.98″R/CUSASpace (Mercury orbit)2004
Dawn Framing Camera (FC1/FC2)[121]0.02 m0.8″LensGermany + USASpace (Asteroid belt)2007

See also

References

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  2. ↑ "2000MmSAI..71..879S Page 879". Adsabs.harvard.edu. Retrieved 19 August 2009.
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  5. ↑ "The Indian Institute of Astro Physics". Vigyanprasar.gov.in. Retrieved 19 August 2009.
  6. ↑ "University of Wyoming Infrared Observatory". Physics.uwyo.edu. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
  7. ↑ "ANU 2.3m Telescope". ANU Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics. Australian National University. Retrieved 12 January 2016.
  8. 1 2
  9. ↑ "Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie". Mpia.de. 20 July 1994. Retrieved 19 August 2009.
  10. ↑ "Welcome to Xinglong Station's Home Page". Bao.ac.cn. 30 August 1994. Archived from the original on 12 December 2007. Retrieved 19 August 2009.
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  16. ↑ "Rozhen". Astro.bas.bg. Retrieved 19 August 2009.
  17. ↑ C J Leigh. "NSO – Liverpool Telescope". Schoolsobservatory.org.uk. Retrieved 19 August 2009.
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  19. ↑ "The MAGNUM (Multicolor Active Galactic NUclei Monitoring) Project". Adsabs.harvard.edu. Bibcode:2003AAS...202.3803Y.
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  21. ↑ "Radcliffe 74-inch (1.9 m)". South African Astronomical Observatory. Archived from the original on 27 June 2009. Retrieved 24 November 2010.
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  30. ↑ "First light on the 127-element adaptive optical system for 1.8-m telescope".
  31. ↑ "Watching and waiting". The Economist. 4 December 2008. Retrieved 6 December 2008. From the print edition
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  45. ↑ New York Times – "NEW HARVARD TELESCOPE.; Sixty-Inch Reflector, Biggest in the World, Being Set Up. ", 6 April 1905, Thursday Page 9
  46. ↑ http://www.sao.arizona.edu/FLWO/60/60.html
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  51. ↑ "The TIRGO observatory". Adsabs.harvard.edu. Bibcode:1982esoi.work...45S.
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