List of refractive indices

Refraction at interface

Many materials have a well-characterized refractive index, but these indexes depend strongly upon the frequency of light. Standard refractive index measurements are taken at the "yellow doublet" sodium D line, with a wavelength of 589 nanometers.

There are also weaker dependencies on temperature, pressure/stress, etc., as well on precise material compositions (presence of dopants, etc.); for many materials and typical conditions, however, these variations are at the percent level or less. Thus, it is especially important to cite the source for an index measurement if precision is required.

In general, an index of refraction is a complex number with both a real and imaginary part, where the latter indicates the strength of absorption loss at a particular wavelength—thus, the imaginary part is sometimes called the extinction coefficient . Such losses become particularly significant, for example, in metals at short (e.g. visible) wavelengths, and must be included in any description of the refractive index.

Refraction, critical angle and total internal reflection of light at the interface between two media.

List

Some representative refractive indices
Materialλ (nm)nRef.
Vacuum1 (by definition)
Air at STP1.000277
Gases at 0 °C and 1 atm
Air589.291.000293[1]
Carbon dioxide589.291.001[2][3][4]
Helium589.291.000036[1]
Hydrogen589.291.000132[1]
Liquids at 20 °C
Arsenic trisulfide and sulfur in methylene iodide1.9[5]
Benzene589.291.501[1]
Carbon disulfide589.291.628[1]
Carbon tetrachloride589.291.461[1]
Ethanol (ethyl alcohol)589.291.361[1]
Water589.291.330[1]
10% Glucose solution in water589.291.3477[6]
20% Glucose solution in water589.291.3635[6]
60% Glucose solution in water589.291.4394[6]
Solids at room temperature
Silicon carbide (Moissanite; 6H form)589.292.65[7]
Titanium dioxide (rutile phase)589.292.614[8][9]
Diamond589.292.417[1]
Strontium titanate589.292.41[10]
Amber589.291.55[1]
Sodium chloride589.291.544[11]
Fused silica (a pure form of glass, also called fused quartz)589.291.458[1][12]
Other materials
Liquid helium1.025
Perfluorohexane (Fluorinert FC-72)1.251[13]
Water ice1.31
TFE/PDD (Teflon AF)1.315[14][15]
Cryolite1.338
Cytop1.34[16]
Acetone1.36
Ethanol1.36
Polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon)1.35–1.38[17]
Sugar solution, 25%1.3723[18]
Cornea (human)1.373/1.380/1.401[19]
Lens (human)1.386–1.406
Liver (human)9641.369[20]
Intestinal mucosa (human)9641.329-1.338[21]
Kerosene1.39
Silicone oil (nD25)589.291.393–1.403[22]
Ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE)1.403[23]
Sylgard 184 (polydimethylsiloxane)1.4118[24]
Sugar solution, 50%1.4200[18]
Polylactic acid1.46[25]
Pyrex (a borosilicate glass)1.470[26]
Vegetable oil1.47[27]
Glycerol1.4729
Sugar solution, 75%1.4774[18]
Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)1.4893–1.4899
Acrylic glass1.490–1.492
Halite (rock salt)1.516
Plate Glass (window glass)1.52

[28]

Crown glass (pure)1.50–1.54
PETg1.57
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)1.5750
Polycarbonate1501.60[29]
Crown glass (impure)1.485–1.755
Flint glass (pure)1.60–1.62
Bromine1.661
Flint glass (impure)1.523–1.925
Sapphire1.762–1.778
Boron nitride2-2.14[30]
Cubic zirconia2.15–2.18[31]
Potassium niobate (KNbO3)2.28
Zinc oxide3902.4
Cinnabar (mercury sulfide)3.02
Silicon1200 - 85003.42–3.48[32]
Gallium(III) phosphide3.5
Gallium(III) arsenide3.927
Germanium3000 - 160004.05–4.01[33]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Zajac, Alfred; Hecht, Eugene (18 March 2003). Optics, Fourth Edit. Pearson Higher Education. ISBN 978-0-321-18878-6.
  2. ↑ Morgan, Joseph (1953). Introduction to Geometrical and Physical Optics. McGraw-Hill Book Company, INC.
  3. ↑ Hodgman, Charles D. (1957). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Chemical Rubber Publishing Co.
  4. ↑ Pedrotti, Frank L.; Pedrotti, Leno M.; Pedrotti, Leno S. (2007). Introduction to Optics, Third Edition. Pearson Prentice Hall. p. 221. ISBN 0-13-149933-5.
  5. ↑ Meyrowitz, R, A compilation and classification of immersion media of high index of refraction, American Mineralogist 40: 398 (1955)
  6. 1 2 3 Lide, David R. Lide, ed. (2001). CRC Handbook of Physics and Chemistry (82nd ed.). Cleveland, OH: The Chemical Rubber Company. ISBN 0-8493-0482-2.
  7. ↑ "Silicon Carbide (SiC) - Optical properties". Ioffe Institute. Retrieved 2009-06-06.
  8. ↑ Polyanskiy, Mikhail N. "Optical constants of TiO2 (Titanium dioxide)". Refractive Index Database.
  9. ↑ Shannon, Robert D.; Shannon, Ruth C.; Medenbach, Olaf; Fischer, Reinhard X. (25 Oct 2002). "Refractive Index and Dispersion of Fluorides and Oxides" (PDF). J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data. American Institute of Physics. 31 (4): 931–970. Bibcode:2002JPCRD..31..931S. doi:10.1063/1.1497384.
  10. ↑ Frye, Asa; French, R. H.; Bonnell, D. A. (2003). "Optical properties and electronic structure of oxidized and reduced single-crystal strontium titanate" (PDF). Zeitschrift für Metallkunde. 94 (3): 226. doi:10.3139/146.030226. Retrieved 11 July 2014.
  11. ↑ Serway, Raymond A.; Faughn, Jerry S. (2003). College Physics, 6th Edition. Brooks/Cole. p. 692. ISBN 978-0-03-035114-3.
  12. ↑ Tan, G; Lemon, M.; Jones, D.; French, R. (2005). "Optical properties and London dispersion interaction of amorphous and crystalline {SiO2} determined by vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy and spectroscopic ellipsometry" (PDF). Physical Review B. 72 (20). Bibcode:2005PhRvB..72t5117T. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.72.205117. Retrieved 11 July 2014.
  13. ↑ "Fluorinert Electronic Liquid FC-72 Product Information" (PDF). Retrieved 2017-05-01.
  14. ↑ "Teflon AF". Retrieved 2010-10-14.
  15. ↑ Yang, Min K. (July 2008). "Optical properties of Teflon® {AF} amorphous fluoropolymers" (PDF). Journal of Micro/Nano Lithography. 7 (3): 033010. doi:10.1117/1.2965541. Retrieved 11 July 2014.
  16. ↑ "CYTOP Amorphous Fluoropolymer". AGCCE Chemicals Europe, Ltd. Archived from the original on 24 August 2010. Retrieved 14 October 2010.
  17. ↑ French, Roger H.; Rodriguez-Parada, J. M.; Yang, M. K.; et al. (2009). "Optical properties of materials for concentrator photovoltaic systems" (PDF). IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference: 000394. doi:10.1109/PVSC.2009.5411657. ISBN 978-1-4244-2949-3. Retrieved 11 July 2014.
  18. 1 2 3 "Manual for Sugar Solution Prism" (PDF). A/S S. Frederiksen. 2005-08-03. Retrieved 2012-03-21.
  19. ↑ Patel, S; Marshall, J; Fitzke, FW 3rd. (Mar–Apr 1995). "Refractive index of the human corneal epithelium and stroma". J Refract Surg. 11 (2): 100–105. PMID 7634138.
  20. ↑ Giannios, P; et, al (2016). "Visible to near-infrared refractive properties of freshly-excised human-liver tissues: marking hepatic malignancies". Sci. Rep. 6: 27910. Bibcode:2016NatSR...627910G. doi:10.1038/srep27910.
  21. ↑ Giannios, P; al, et (2016). "Complex refractive index of normal and malignant human colorectal tissue". J. Biophotonics. 10: 303–310. doi:10.1002/jbio.201600001.
  22. ↑ "Silicone Fluids: Stable and Inert Media" (PDF). Gelest, Inc. 1998.
  23. ↑ Wright, S.F., Zadrazil, I. & Markides, C.N. (2017). "A review of solid–fluid selection options for optical-based measurements in single-phase liquid, two-phase liquid–liquid and multiphase solid–liquid flows". Experiments in Fluids. 58: 108. Bibcode:2017ExFl...58..108W. doi:10.1007/s00348-017-2386-y.
  24. ↑ "184 Silicone Elastomer" (PDF) (Product Information). Dow Corning. Retrieved 2012-12-11.
  25. ↑ Gonçalves, Carla M. B.; Coutinho, Joa˜o A. P.; Marrucho, Isabel M. (2010). "Poly(Lactic Acid): Synthesis, Structures, Properties, Processing, and Applications; Chapter 8: Optical Properties": 97. doi:10.1002/9780470649848.ch8. ISBN 9780470649848. Retrieved 2012-10-25. |chapter= ignored (help)
  26. ↑ University of Liverpool. "Absolute Refractive Index". Materials Teaching Educational Resources. MATTER Project. Archived from the original on 12 October 2007. Retrieved 18 October 2007.
  27. ↑ Index Of Refraction Of Vegetable Oil, The Physics Factbook.
  28. ↑ "High temperature glass melt property database for process modeling"; Eds.: Thomas P. Seward III and Terese Vascott; The American Ceramic Society, Westerville, Ohio, 2005, ISBN 1-57498-225-7
  29. ↑ C. R. Garcia, J. Correa, D. Espalin, J. H. Barton, R. C. Rumpf, R. Wicker, V. Gonzalez, "3D Printing of Anisotropic Metamaterials," PIER Lett, Vol. 34, pp. 75-82, 2012.
  30. ↑ "Combat Boron Nitride" (PDF). Saint Gobain. Retrieved 2016-06-12.
  31. ↑ French, Roger H.; Glass, S.; Ohuchi, F.; et al. (1994). "Experimental and theoretical determination of the electronic structure and optical properties of three phases of {ZrO2}" (PDF). Physical Review B. 49 (8): 5133. Bibcode:1994PhRvB..49.5133F. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.49.5133. Retrieved 11 July 2014.
  32. ↑ "Silicon". Pmoptics.com. Retrieved 2014-08-21.
  33. ↑ "Germanium". Pmoptics.com. Retrieved 2014-08-21.
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