List of foreign-born samurai in Japan

English William Adams was one of the first western samurai along with Dutch Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn

This is a list of foreign-born people who became samurai in Japan.

Definition

Gyokusen-en, Japanese garden made by Korean samurai Wakita Naokata and his descendants.

In this list, Japan means the Japanese archipelago. There are various theories as to the definition of samurai. This list includes the following people.

  • Foreign-born people who were "shibun" (ja:士分): soldiers who had the official status of samurai after the establishment of the Tokugawa Shogunate.[1][2][3]
  • Before the Edo period when classification of shibun had not been established, foreign-born soldiers who were given a territory or rice as salary by their lord as a shibun.
  • Foreign-born people who were granted the official post of samurai, for example Hatamoto and Koshō (ja:小姓,[4] page).

The following people are treated as "Other foreign-born people who were allowed to wear two swords"

The following people are treated as "people who could be foreign-born samurai".

  • "Foreign-born samurai" whose existence is uncertain.
  • Foreign-born people who served samurai, whose occupations were unclear.
  • Foreign-born people who were given a territory or rice as salary by lords, whose occupations were unclear.

This list excludes the following people.

  • Samurai of foreign ancestry born in Japan.
  • Foreign-born people who served samurai in other occupations, for example Confucianist or medical doctor.
  • Foreign-born people who served samurai as oyatoi gaikokujin, not Japanese-style soldiers.


Foreign-born samurai

Birthplace Original name Occupation before arrival in Japan Year of arrival in Japan Name in Japan Lord Occupation and achievements in Japan
Portuguese Mozambique?
(now  Mozambique)[6]		 unknown Valet of Alessandro Valignano, Italian Jesuit missionary[7][7] 1579 Yasuke
弥助[8]		 Oda Nobunaga[8]→
Oda Nobutada[8]		 Retainer who was given salary by Nobunaga.[9] Weapon bearer of Nobunaga.[10] He served in the Honnō-ji incident.[8]
Hanseong, Joseon[11]
(now  South Korea)		 Kim Yeo-cheol
(Kanji: 金如鉄)[12]		 Son of 金時省, civil officer of Joseon[12] 1592[11] Wakita Naokata
脇田直賢[11]		 Maeda Toshinaga→
Maeda Toshitsune[11]→
Maeda Mitsutaka→
Maeda Tsunanori		 1000 koku. On-Koshōgashira (Head of pages). Kanazawa machi-bugyō (Commissioner of Kanazawa city). He served in the Summer Campaign of Siege of Osaka.[11]
Gyeongju, Joseon[13]
(now  South Korea)		 Park Won-hyuk
(Kanji:朴元赫)[13]		 Son of lord of small castle in Gyeonju[13] 1594[14] Akizuki Tanenobu
秋月種信[15][13]		 Chōsokabe Motochika→
Chōsokabe Morichika[13]		 Page of Chōsokabe. After Chōsokabe clan had been removed from Tosa province, he became a renowned Korean style tofu merchant.[13]
Busan, Joseon[16]
(now  South Korea)		 Kim Hae
(Kanji:金海)[16][17][18]		 Potter[16] 1595[16] Hoshiyama Chūji
星山仲次[16][18]		 Shimazu Yoshihiro[16] 30 koku. Founder of Satsuma ware. He was given two swords.[16][17][18]
Joseon[19] unknown[19] Son of 曽清官, commanding officer of Joseon[19] 1598[19] Soga Seikan
曾我清官[19]		 Nakagawa Hidenari[19] 150 koku.Page of Hidenari. [19]
Joseon[20] (Kanji:李聖賢)[20] Son of Yi Bok-nam, commander of Joseon[20] 1598[20] Rinoie Motohiro
李家元宥[20]		 Mōri Terumoto→
Mōri Hidenari[20]		 100 koku. Adviser of Mori clan. He was the swordsman who received menkyo of Yagyū Shinkage-ryū.[20]
Delft, Habsburg Netherlands
(now  Netherlands)		 Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn Mate of De Liefde, Dutch ship[21] 1600[22] Yayōsu
耶楊子		 Tokugawa Ieyasu→
Tokugawa Hidetada		 Hatamoto.[21][23] Under the Tokugawa Shogunate, he chartered several Red Seal Ships.
Gillingham, Kent, Kingdom of England William Adams Mate of De Liefde, Dutch ship[21] 1600[22] Miura Anjin (the pilot of Miura)
三浦按針		 Tokugawa Ieyasu→
Tokugawa Hidetada		 Hatamoto.[21][24]250 koku. Interpreter and shipwright of Tokugawa Shogunate. (Adams was the model for the character John Blackthorne in James Clavell's novel Shōgun (1975).)
Joseon[25][26] unknown unknown unknown Yagyū Shume
柳生主馬[25]		 Yagyū Munenori[25]→
Yagyū "Jūbei" Mitsuyoshi→
Yagyū Munefuyu		 Retainer of Yagyū clan.200 koku?[26] He married the sister of Yagyū "Hyōgonosuke" Toshitoshi.[20]
Henan,Ming
(now  China)[27][28]		 (Kanji:藍会栄)[28] The member of the inner circle of Ming dynasty [28] After 1624[28] Kawanami Genbei (First)
河南源兵衛[28]		 Shimazu Iehisa[28] 300 koku. He was political refugee from Ming. Tōtsūji (Chinese translator) of Satsuma domain. He was given right to wear swords.[28]

Other foreign-born people who were allowed to wear two swords

Strictly, they were not official samurai even though they looks compatible with the modern concept of "samurai". All men from samurai class were permitted to wear daishō. However, people from other social classes were sometimes allowed to wear swords. For example, Hijikata Toshizō, the famous swordsman and vice-commander of Shinsengumi was born as a son of farmer. Even though he wore daishō and engaged in police activity, he couldn't gain the title of the official retainer of bakufu until 1867.

France-born Eugène Collache in Japanese attire, wearing two Japanese swords.
Birthplace Original name Occupation before arrival in Japan Year of arrival in Japan Name in Japan Lord Occupation and achievements in Japan
Ming[29] unknown Chinese martial artist[29] Before 1635[29] Denrinbō Raikei
伝林坊頼慶[29]		 Marume Nagayoshi[lower-alpha 1]→
Sagara Yorifusa[lower-alpha 2]→
Sagara Yorihiro[lower-alpha 3][29]		 He was the disciple of renown swordmaster Marume Nagayoshi. Later he became yamabushi and established ninja corps called Ura-Taisha[29][30]
Kingdom of Prussia[31] John Henry Schnell[32] Secretary of the Prussian consul Max von Brandt[32] 1859[33] Hiramatsu Buhei
平松武兵衛[34]		 Matsudaira Katamori Military instructor of Aizu Domain and Shōnai Domain. He procured weapons to for Ōuetsu Reppan Dōmei.He served in Battle of Hokuetsu.[35]
Perpignan, French Kingdom Eugène Collache French Navy officer 1868? Korashi
古良史[36]		 Enomoto Takeaki He fought for Ezo Republic and served in Battle of Miyako Bay.[37]

People who could be foreign-born samurai

Foreign-born people who were given a territory.
  • Kawaminami Rishin (汾陽理心): Retainer of the Shimazu clan, who was given 597 koku. He was born as 郭国安 (Japanese pronunciation: Kaku Kokuan) in the Ming dynasty. He made a journey to Japan in 1559. Later he was scouted by Shimazu Yoshihisa, daimyo of Satsuma as retainer. During Imjin war, he went Joseon as the officer in charge of letters. He was said to hold secret communications with Ming at that time. Later, he served the Satsuma domain using his medical knowledge.[38] In 1598, Rishin appeared in Chinese document as Japanese general.[39]
  • Kyo Gigo (許儀後): Physician to Shimazu Yoshihisa, who was given 410 koku.[40] He was the bureaucrat of Jiangxi of the Ming dynasty. In 1571, he was captured by wokou, and brought to Satsuma Province. He was scouted by Yoshihisa there. He went to Joseon with him during the Imijin war.[41]
Foreign-born people who were given a salary.
  • Boku Hōnin (朴好仁): Father of Akizuki Tanenobu. His original name was Park Ho-in. After he left Kōchi, he served Katō Yoshiaki, and then Fukushima Masanori. He was given salary by them. Later, he returned to Joseon.[13]
  • Okamoto San'emon (岡本三右衛門): He was born as Giuseppe Chiara in Kingdom of Sicily in 1602. He was originally a Jesuit who entered Japan at a time when Christianity was strictly forbidden. He was also tortured and eventually became an apostate. He later married a Japanese woman, taking the name and the status of her late husband. He was given salary by the Shogunate.[42][43]
Other possible foreign-born samurai
  • Yamashina Katsunari (山科勝成): He was born in Italy and served Gamō Ujisato as retainer. It is said that the Gamō clan sent an embassy to Rome with the help of Katsunari. But his existence is highly questioned.[44]
  • Kawasaki Seizō (川崎清蔵): He was born as 達越 (Japanese pronunciation: Tatsu Etsu) in Joseon. His courtesy name was 宗歓 (Japanese pronunciation: Sōkan). He was castaway from the Korean peninsula and served Nabeshima Naoshige. During the Imjin war, he was active from behind as a Japanese spy. Later he became a merchant, and built a town in Saga now called Toujinchō.[45][46]
  • Ryō Murin (梁夢麟): He was born in Joseon. He seemed to be a Chabōzu (choreman) of Wakisaka Yasuharu.[47] In 1617, he returned to Joseon.[48]
  • Inpuku (允福): Son of 慎忠義(Japanese pronunciation:Shin Chūgi), military officer of Joseon. He was a eunuch. Captured during the Imjin war, he won the favor of Tokugawa Ieyasu. He seemed to be the page of Ieyasu.[49]
  • Okada Hanzaemon (岡田半左エ門): During the Imjin war, he was brought up by Mōri Motomasa, and became a close adviser of his. But later he was expelled because of a fight and injury.[50]
  • unknown: Mori Shimanokami, navy officer of Hachisuka clan had a retainer born in Joseon.[51]
  • Watanabe Kotonori (渡辺士式): Born as 孟二寛 (Japanese pronunciation: Mō Jikan) in the Ming Dynasty, he served the Asano clan using his medical knowledge.[52] His grandson, Takebayasi Takashige was a member of the Forty-seven Ronin.

See also

Notes and references

Notes

  1. ↑ as desciple
  2. ↑ as ninja
  3. ↑ as ninja

References

  1. ↑ "コトバンク 「士分（しぶん）」". Retrieved 2016-01-05.
  2. ↑ "コトバンク 「徒士（かち）」". Retrieved 2016-01-05.
  3. ↑ "『武家の生活』、三田村鳶魚、中央公論社、1997年より「足軽」". Retrieved 2016-01-05.
  4. ↑ "コトバンク「小姓（こしょう）」". Retrieved 2016-01-05.
  5. ↑ "コトバンク「苗字帯刀（みょうじたいとう）」". Retrieved 2016-01-05.
  6. ↑ Histoire Ecclesiastique Des Isles Et Royaumes Du Japon, 第 1 巻、p.444. Retrieved 2013-06-22.
  7. 1 2 "ジアン・クラッセ、「日本西教史」上巻、太陽堂書店、1925年、384頁". Retrieved 2015-08-04.
  8. 1 2 3 4 村上直次郎; 柳谷武夫（訳） (2002), イエズス会日本年報 上, 新異国叢書, 雄松堂出版, ISBN 484191000X
  9. ↑ "松平家忠、「家忠日記」、文科大学史誌叢書第2巻、吉川半七、1897年、54頁". Retrieved 2015-08-04.
  10. ↑ 『織田信長という歴史　『信長記』の彼方へ』、勉誠出版、2009年、311-312頁。
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 "笠井純一、「家伝 金（脇田）如鉄自伝[翻刻解説]」、金沢大学教養部論集. 人文科学篇、1990年、一頁" (PDF). Retrieved 2015-08-04.
  12. 1 2 "笠井純一、「家伝 金（脇田）如鉄自伝[翻刻解説]」、金沢大学教養部論集. 人文科学篇、1990年、7頁" (PDF). Retrieved 2015-08-04.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 内藤 雋輔 (1976), 文禄・慶長役における被虜人の研究, 東京大学出版会 ,746-748頁
  14. ↑ 高知県編、「高知県史要 : 附・高知沿革略志、元禄大定目」、高知県、1924年、154頁
  15. ↑ He was also known as Akizuki Nagazaemon(秋月長左衛門). Do not confuse with 3rd daimyo of Takanabe Domain of same name
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "コトバンク「星山仲次（ほしやま ちゅうじ）」". Retrieved 2018-09-21.
  17. 1 2 "コトバンク「薩摩焼（さつまやき）」". Retrieved 2018-09-21.
  18. 1 2 3 "西藩烈士干城録（三）、2012年、鹿児島県立図書館、84頁" (PDF). Retrieved 2018-09-22.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 内藤 雋輔 (1976), 文禄・慶長役における被虜人の研究, 東京大学出版会 , 723-724頁
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 毛利 吉元; 山口県文書館 (1987). 萩藩閥閲録第四巻. 山口県文書館. pp. 143–142.
  21. 1 2 3 4 "森良和、「メルヒオール・ファン・サントフォールト」、2014年、82頁" (PDF). Retrieved 2015-08-04.
  22. 1 2 "森良和、「メルヒオール・ファン・サントフォールト」、2014年、81頁" (PDF). Retrieved 2015-08-04.
  23. ↑ Corr, Adams the Pilot: The Life and Times of Captain William Adams. Pp.158
  24. ↑ 『家康の家臣団: 天下を取った戦国最強軍団』、山下昌也、学研プラス、2011年
  25. 1 2 3 今村 嘉雄 (1967), 史料柳生新陰流 上巻, 人物往来社 ,65頁
  26. 1 2 根岸 鎮衛, 耳嚢 巻一
  27. ↑ "阿久根市観光サイト アクネ うまいね 自然だネ 阿久根市の魅力". Retrieved 2018-08-16.
  28. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 高向 嘉昭. "近世薩摩における豪商の活躍とその没落について" (PDF). Retrieved 2018-08-16.
  29. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "嬉野忍者調査結果　弁慶夢想 （べんけいむそう）".
  30. ↑ "肥前兵法タイ捨流分布 片岡タイ捨流".
  31. ↑ "asahi.com（朝日新聞社）：維新期の会津・庄内藩、外交に活路 ドイツの文書館で確認 - 文化トピックス - 文化". asahi.com. 2011-02-07. Retrieved 2017-12-18.
  32. 1 2 "Hirohisa Kawaguchi,HENRY SCHNELL AND JAPANESE IMMIGRATION TO THE UNITED STATES,347頁" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-08-04.
  33. ↑ 高橋義夫 『怪商スネル』 大正出版、1983年、7-9頁
  34. ↑ "Hirohisa Kawaguchi, HENRY SCHNELL AND JAPANESE IMMIGRATION TO THE UNITED STATES,348頁" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-08-04.
  35. ↑ 今高橋義夫 (1983), 怪商スネル, 大正出版 126‐127頁。
  36. ↑ 鈴木 明 (1984), 追跡 一枚の幕末写真, 集英社 Text "和書" ignored (help) ,34頁
  37. ↑ 『フランス人の幕末維新』M. ド・モージュ、アルフレッド ウェット、ウジェーヌ コラッシュ著、市川慎一、榊原直文訳、有隣堂、1996年、83-84,88-91頁
  38. ↑ 本藩人物誌：鹿児島県史料集（13）, 鹿児島県史料刊行委員会 ,87-88頁
  39. ↑ 鄭 潔西. "万暦時期に日本の朝鮮侵略軍に編入された明朝人". Retrieved 2018-08-18.
  40. ↑ 稲葉行雄 (1991), 「さつま」歴史人名集, 高城書房出版, ISBN 4-924752-28-2 ,107頁
  41. ↑ 佐々木綱洋 (2009), 都城唐人町　海に開く南九州, 鉱脈社, ISBN 978-4-86061-305-1
  42. ↑ "コトバンク 「岡本三右衛門」". Retrieved 2018-08-15.
  43. ↑ http://sspx.org/en/news-events/news/real-life-silences-character
  44. ↑ "辻善之助、「海外交通史話」、1930年、内外書籍、450-464頁". Retrieved 2015-08-04.
  45. ↑ 内藤 雋輔 (1976), 文禄・慶長役における被虜人の研究, 東京大学出版会 ,734-735頁
  46. ↑ "40宋歓と唐人町" (PDF). Retrieved 2015-12-03.
  47. ↑ 内藤 雋輔 (1976), 文禄・慶長役における被虜人の研究, 東京大学出版会 ,101頁
  48. ↑ 内藤 雋輔 (1976), 文禄・慶長役における被虜人の研究, 東京大学出版会 ,121頁
  49. ↑ 内藤 雋輔 (1976), 文禄・慶長役における被虜人の研究, 東京大学出版会 ,67頁
  50. ↑ 内藤 雋輔 (1976), 文禄・慶長役における被虜人の研究, 東京大学出版会 ,759頁
  51. ↑ 内藤 雋輔 (1976), 文禄・慶長役における被虜人の研究, 東京大学出版会 , 754頁
  52. ↑ "可児弘明、「孟二寛とその後裔」、『史学』 2006、2006年、三田史学会、101頁". Retrieved 2015-08-04.
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