Mental disorders in film

Many films have portrayed mental disorders or used them as backdrops for other themes. This is a list of some of those films, sorted by disorder, regardless of whether or not the disorder is portrayed accurately. For instance, though 50 First Dates presents a case of anterograde amnesia, the type depicted does not actually exist.

Similarly, dissociative identity disorder, formerly called "multiple identity disorder", is one of the most controversial psychiatric disorders, with no clear consensus on diagnostic criteria or treatment.^[1] Most films purporting to represent dissociative identity disorder would not leave that impression.

Owing to the nature of drama, extreme and florid manifestations of any given disorder tend to prevail over the more subtle ones typical of the average case. For example, people with agoraphobia are generally portrayed in drama as recluses who never, or almost never, venture from their homes; in reality, this is rare and extreme, not typical of the agoraphobic population.

Amnesia

Anterograde amnesia

A person with anterograde amnesia is unable to form new memories.

Clean Slate – 1994
Winter Sleepers – 1997
Memento – 2000
Finding Nemo – 2003
50 First Dates – 2004
Ghajini – 2005
The Lookout – 2007
Spider-Man 3 – 2007
Ghajini – 2008
The Music Never Stopped – 2011
Naduvula Konjam Pakkatha Kaanom – 2012
Remember Sunday – 2013
Medulla Oblongata – 2014
Before I Go To Sleep – 2014
Finding Dory – 2016

Retrograde amnesia

A much-used plot device, retrograde amnesia occurs when a person forgets part or all of his or her past.

Random Harvest (1942), in which Ronald Colman's character suffers from the condition not once but twice.
Crime Doctor – 1943
Anastasia – 1956
Paris, Texas – 1984
The Muppets Take Manhattan – 1984
Morning Patrol – 1987
Overboard – 1987
RoboCop – 1987
Innale – 1990
Regarding Henry – 1991
The Addams Family – 1991
The English Patient – 1996
The Long Kiss Goodnight – 1996
Anastasia – 1997
Dark City – 1998
Mulholland Drive – 2001
The Majestic – 2001
The Bourne Identity – 2002
Finding Nemo – 2003
The Number 23 – 2007
Spider-Man 3 – 2007
Rumba – 2008
Unknown – 2011
Jab Tak Hai Jaan – 2012
The Vow – 2012
Fast and Furious 6 – 2013
Mumbai Police – 2013
Trance (2013 film) – 2013
Furious 7 – 2015
Finding Dory – 2016

Psychogenic amnesia

"Psychogenic amnesia, also known as dissociative amnesia, is memory loss caused by psychological stress."

Spellbound – 1945
The Snake Pit – 1948
Shadow on the Wall – 1950
Marnie – 1964
Mirage – 1965
Mister Buddwing – 1966
The Machinist (2004) – insomnia and PTSD inducing or co-morbid with hallucinations, delusions, paranoia, and dissociative disorder
Shutter Island (2010) – considered dissociative disorders

Lacunar amnesia

Lacunar amnesia is the loss of memory about one specific event.

What Lies Beneath – 2000
Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind – 2004
Mysterious Skin – 2004
Trance – 2013

Dissociative identity disorder

Previously called "multiple personality disorder".

Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde – 1931
The Mummy – 1932
Jamaica Inn – 1939
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde – 1941
House of Dracula – 1945
A Double Life – 1947
The Son of Dr. Jekyll – 1951
The Three Faces of Eve – 1957
Psycho – 1960
The Two Faces of Dr. Jekyll – 1960
The Nutty Professor – 1963
I, Monster – 1971
Trilogy of Terror - 1975
Sybil – 1976
The Tenant – 1976
Dressed to Kill – 1980
Happy Birthday to Me – 1981
My Bloody Valentine – 1981
Psycho II – 1983
Birdy – 1984
Psycho III – 1986
Angel Heart – 1987
Psycho IV – 1990
The Fisher King – 1991
Raising Cain – 1992
Manichitrathazhu – 1993
Color of Night – 1994
Never Talk to Strangers – 1995
Primal Fear – 1996
The Nutty Professor – 1996
Perfect Blue – 1997
Psycho – 1998
Fight Club – 1999
The Hurricane – 1999
Me, Myself and Irene – 2000
Nutty Professor II: The Klumps – 2000
Nurse Betty – 2000
Passion of Mind – 2000
Spider-Man – 2002
The Hours – 2002
A Tale of Two Sisters – 2003
Hulk – 2003
Identity – 2003
Secret Window – 2004
The Machinist – 2004
Chandramukhi – 2005
Hide and Seek – 2005
X-Men: The Last Stand – 2006
Bhool Bhulaiyaa – 2007
Mad Detective – 2007
Numb – 2007
Sybil – 2007
Thr3e – 2007
Dark Floors – 2008
The Incredible Hulk – 2008
My Bloody Valentine 3D – 2009
The Uninvited – 2009
United States of Tara – 2009 (TV series)
Black Swan – 2010
Frankie and Alice – 2010
Peacock – 2010
Shutter Island – 2010
American Horror Story – 2011 Det. John Lowe, Wes Bentley
Dream House – 2011
Sucker Punch – 2011
The Ward – 2011
Wilfred – 2011 (TV series)
Birdman – 2014
Rhodora X – 2014
Bates Motel – 2013 (TV series)
Split – 2016
Housefull 3 – 2016
The Mummy – 2017
Mr. Robot – 2015 (TV series)

Eating disorders

La Grande Bouffe – 1973
The Best Little Girl in the World – 1981
Kate's Secret – 1986
Superstar: The Karen Carpenter Story – 1987
The Karen Carpenter Story – 1989
Life Is Sweet – 1990
Uncle Bun – 1991 (Malayalam)
Trauma (1993 film) – 1993 anorexia
For the Love of Nancy – 1994
301, 302 – 1995
Dying to be Perfect: The Ellen Hart Pena Story – 1996
When Friendship Kills – 1996
Perfect Body – 1997
Cruel Intentions – 1999
Girl, Interrupted – 1999
Sharing the Secret – 2000
Center Stage – 2000
Love on a Diet – 2001
Elephant – 2003
The Devil Wears Prada – 2006
Thin – 2006
Skins – 2007 (TV series) anorexia
To Be Fat Like Me – 2007
Drag Me to Hell - 2009
Glee – 2009 (TV series)
Black Swan – 2010
Pretty Little Liars – 2010
Sharing the Secret – 2010
American Horror Story - 2011
Rigodon – 2012
Compulsion – 2013
God Help The Girl – 2015 anorexia
The Road Within – 2015
To The Bone – 2017 anorexia

Factitious disorder

The Night Listener (film) – 2006

Folie à deux

"Recent psychiatric classifications refer to the syndrome as shared psychotic disorder (DSM-IV) (297.3) and induced delusional disorder (F24) in the ICD-10."

Bug – 2006^[2]^[3]

Sleeping with the Enemy- Character of Martin Burney played by Patrick Bergin

Obsessive–compulsive disorder

What About Bob?- Character of Bob Wiley played by Bill Murray
As Good As It Gets- Character of Melvin Udall played by Jack Nicholson
The Aviator - 2004 Howard Hughes played by Leonardo DiCaprio

Paranoid personality disorder

Vadakkunokkiyantram – 1989
Escobar: Paradise Lost – 2014
Pawn Sacrifice – 2014

Pyromania

Firestarter- 1984 Character of Charlene "Charlie" McGee played by Drew Barrymore

Pedophilia

M – 1931
Germany, Year Zero – 1948
The Mark – 1961
The Damned – 1969
Sweet Movie – 1974
Salò, or the 120 Days of Sodom – 1975
Pretty Baby – 1978
A Nightmare on Elm Street – 1984
Tras el cristal – 1986
Singapore Sling – 1990
Lolita – 1997
Happiness – 1998
Arayannangalude Veedu – 2000
Donnie Darko – 2001
Fat Girl – 2001
Kill Bill Volume 1 – 2003
Mystic River – 2003
Birth – 2004
The Butterfly Effect – 2004
Mysterious Skin – 2004
The Woodsman – 2004
Hard Candy – 2005
Sin City – 2005
Little Children – 2006
Achchamundu! Achchamundu! – 2009
The Lovely Bones – 2009
5 Sundarikal – 2013 (segment: Sethulakshmi)

Sadistic personality disorder

Martha – 1974 Helmut Salomn, Karlheinz Böhm
The Green Mile – 1999 Percy Wetmore, Doug Hutchinson
Speed – 1994 Howard Payne, Dennis Hopper
American Horror Story – 2011 Dr. Arthur Arden/Hans Gruper, James Cromwell

Schizoaffective disorder

Through a Glass Darkly – 1961
Shine – 1996
Side Effects – 2013
Love & Mercy – 2014^[4]

Schizoid personality disorder

Hour Of The Wolf – 1968
The Remains of the Day – 1993; James Stephens, Anthony Hopkins
The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers – 2002 character of Gollum
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King – 2003 character of Gollum
The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey – 2012 character of Gollum
Fifty Shades of Grey – 2015 character of Christian Grey

Schizophrenia

Strange Voices - 1987 Character of Nicole 'Nikki' Glover played by Nancy McKeon

Self-injury

Lust for Life – 1956
The Piano Teacher – 2001
Secretary – 2002
Thirteen – 2003
The Loved Ones – 2009
Chatroom – 2010
Black Swan – 2010
To Write Love on Her Arms – 2012

Substance use disorder

"Drugs listed from most addictive, harmful or destructive to least (from most to least dangerous, based on a 2007 scientific research study."^[5]

The Struggle – 1931 alcohol
Heroes for Sale – 1933 morphine
Mystery of the Wax Museum – 1933 morphine
The Lost Weekend – 1945 alcohol
Smash-Up, the Story of a Woman – 1947 alcohol
Night Into Morning – 1951 alcohol
Come Back, Little Sheba – 1952 alcohol
Rear Window – 1954 barbiturates, alcohol
The Man with the Golden Arm – 1955 heroin
Bigger Than Life – 1956 cortisol
Monkey on My Back – 1957 morphine
The Apartment – 1960 barbiturates (Seconal)
Days of Wine and Roses – 1962 alcohol
Long Day's Journey Into Night – 1962 morphine, alcohol
Valley of the Dolls – 1967 amphetamines (Dexedrine), pethidine/meperidine (Demerol), barbiturates (pentobarbital, secobarbital, amobarbital)
More – 1969 heroin, amphetamines, barbiturates, alcohol, LSD, cannabis
A Day at the Beach – 1970 alcohol
Trash – 1970 heroin
Jennifer on My Mind – 1971 heroin
The Panic in Needle Park – 1971 heroin
Pure Shit – 1975 heroin
Taxi Driver – 1976 opioids, amphetamines, alcohol
Airplane! – 1980 cocaine, amphetamines, inhalants, alcohol
The Shining – 1980 alcohol
Christiane F. – 1981 heroin, PCP, methaqualone (Mandrax/Quaaludes), alcohol, temazepam, diazepam, MDMA, cannabis
I'm Dancing as Fast as I Can – 1982 Diazepam (Valium)
Pink Floyd – The Wall – 1982 marijuana, alcohol, tobacco, steroids
Veronika Voss – 1982 opiates
The Big Chill - 1983 cocaine, methaqualone (Quaaludes), alcohol, cannabis
Scarface – 1983 heroin, cocaine, methaqualone (Quaaludes), alcohol
8 Million Ways to Die – 1986 alcohol
Sid and Nancy – 1986 heroin, cocaine, methadone
Morning Patrol – 1987 alcohol
Dead Ringers - 1988 hydromorphone, amphetamines, barbiturates (secobarbital, amobarbital), alcohol
Drugstore Cowboy – 1989 morphine, oxymorphone, hydromorphone, amphetamines, cocaine, alcohol, temazepam, triazolam, flurazepam, diazepam lorazepam, LSD
Goodfellas – 1990 heroin, cocaine, amphetamines
"Postcards from the Edge" – 1990 heroin, cocaine
Jungle Fever – 1991 cocaine
New Jack City – 1991 cocaine
Rush – 1991 heroin, amphetamines, cocaine, cannabis
Ed Wood – 1994 morphine
Fresh – 1994 heroin, cocaine, alcohol
The Crow – 1994 morphine, cocaine, alcohol, cannabis
Pulp Fiction – 1994 heroin, cocaine
When a Man Loves a Woman – 1994 alcohol
Leaving Las Vegas – 1995 alcohol
The Basketball Diaries – 1995 heroin, amphetamines, cocaine, barbiturates, alcohol, inhalants, cannabis
Casino – 1995 morphine, cocaine, alcohol
Trainspotting – 1996 heroin/morphine, dextromoramide, amphetamines, cocaine, pethidine/meperidine (Demerol), opium, methadone, pentobarbital, amobarbital (sodium amytal), alcohol, buprenorphine, temazepam, diazepam, nitrazepam, phenobarbital, cannabis, cyclizine, codeine, dextropropoxyphene, nalbuphine, pentazocine, buprenorphine, chlormethiazole
Playing God – 1997 morphine, fentanyl, amphetamines
Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas – 1998 amphetamines, cocaine, barbiturates, alcohol, inhalants, mescaline, LSD, cannabis
Gia – 1998 heroin, cocaine, alcohol
Permanent Midnight – 1998 heroin, cocaine, methadone
Bringing Out the Dead – 1999 heroin, alcohol
Broken Vessels – 1999 methamphetamine, heroin
Cruel Intentions – 1999 cocaine, alcohol
Jesus' Son – 1999 heroin, amphetamines, cocaine, opium, alcohol, diazepam, LSD, psilocybin mushrooms
Magnolia – 1999 morphine, cocaine, MDMA
28 Days – 2000 Oxycodone, hydrocodone, codeine, benzodiazepines
Almost Famous – 2000 hydrocodone (Vicodin), methaqualone (Quaaludes), alcohol, LSD, cannabis
American Psycho – 2000 cocaine, alcohol, temazepam, triazolam, alprazolam, MDMA, cannabis
In Vanda's Room – 2000 heroin
Requiem for a Dream – 2000 heroin, amphetamines, cocaine, barbiturates, alcohol, benzodiazepines, MDMA, LSD, cannabis
Traffic – 2000 heroin, cocaine, cannabis
Blow – 2001 cocaine, alcohol, LSD, cannabis
Bully – 2001 methamphetamine, LSD, cannabis
Hannibal – 2001 morphine, temazepam, midazolam, chloroform
24 Hour Party People – 2002 heroin, cocaine, methadone, MDMA
Love Liza – 2002 huffing gasoline
Pure – 2002 heroin, cocaine, alcohol, cannabis
Spun – 2002 methamphetamine, amphetamine
The Loser Takes It All – 2002 alcohol
The Salton Sea – 2002 methamphetamine, alcohol
Thirteen – cocaine, inhalants, alcohol, cannabis
Party Monster – 2003 heroin, cocaine, ketamine, MDMA, LSD
Wonderland – 2003 methamphetamine, heroin, cocaine, methaqualone (Quaaludes), cannabis
One Perfect Day – 2004 morphine, amphetamines, codeine, temazepam, MDMA, cannabis
Get Rich or Die Tryin' – 2005 morphine, cocaine, alcohol, cannabis
A Scanner Darkly – 2006 amphetamines, methamphetamine, cannabis, cocaine
Candy – 2006 heroin/morphine, methadone, MDMA, cannabis
Factory Girl – 2006 heroin, amphetamines, oxycodone, hydrocodone, temazepam, lorazepam, cannabis
Lights in the Dusk – 2006 alcohol
Love is the Drug – 2006 cocaine, hydrocodone, alcohol, codeine, Viagra, cannabis
Someone To Run With – 2006 heroin, cocaine
The Boys & Girls Guide to Getting Down – 2006 heroin, amphetamines, cocaine, MDMA, Viagra, cannabis
The Departed – 2006 cocaine, benzodiazepines
Across the Universe – 2007 morphine, LSD, cannabis
Enter the Void – 2008 DMT, methamphetamine, cocaine, alcohol, MDMA, LSD, cannabis
American Horror Story – 2011 methamphetamine, heroin/morphine, cocaine, amphetamines, opium, alcohol, benzodiazepines, cannabis
Shameless (U.S. TV series) – 2011 methamphetamine, heroin, cocaine, alcohol, cannabis
Anna Karenina – 2012 morphine
Flight – 2012 heroin, cocaine, alcohol
On the Road – 2012 morphine, amphetamines, alcohol, cannabis
The Wolf of Wall Street – 2013 cocaine, methaqualone, alcohol
I Smile Back – 2015 cocaine, alcohol
Nee-Na – 2015 alcohol
To Write Love on Her Arms – 2015 alcohol, cocaine (other drugs not specified)

Suicide

It's a Wonderful Life - 1946
Germany, Year Zero – 1948
Winter Light – 1963
Dr. Strangelove – 1964
The Damned – 1969
Harold and Maude – 1971
Vase de Noces – 1974
Salò, or the 120 Days of Sodom – 1975
Ordinary People – 1980
An Officer and a Gentleman – 1982
The Big Chill – 1983
Videodrome – 1983
Better Off Dead – 1985
Mishima: A Life in Four Chapters – 1985
'night, Mother – 1986
Full Metal Jacket – 1987
Lethal Weapon – 1987
Heathers – 1988
Dead Poets Society – 1989
Thelma and Louise – 1991
The Client – 1994
The Shawshank Redemption – 1994
Leaving Las Vegas – 1995
Breaking the Waves – 1996
Hard Core Logo – 1996
Romeo + Juliet – 1996
Boogie Nights – 1997
The Last Time I Committed Suicide – 1997
Gods and Monsters – 1998
What Dreams May Come – 1998
Girl, Interrupted – 1999
The Virgin Suicides – 1999
Almost Famous – 2000
Monster's Ball – 2001
The Royal Tenenbaums – 2001
Vanilla Sky – 2001
The Good Girl – 2002
The Hours – 2002
The Rules of Attraction – 2002
Cache' – 2005
The Chumscrubber – 2005
Wristcutters: A Love Story – 2006
Seven Pounds – 2008
A Single Man – 2009
Mary and Max – 2009
To Save a Life – 2009
World's Greatest Dad – 2009
Inception – 2010
Black Swan – 2010
Detachment – 2011
Shame – 2011
Oslo, August 31st – 2011
Suicide Room – 2011
Les Misérables – 2012
Prisoners – 2013
A Long Way Down – 2014
Ida – 2014
The Skeleton Twins – 2014
Two Days, One Night – 2014
Rocks in My Pockets – 2014
A Girl Like Her – 2015
13 Reasons Why – 2017
Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri – 2017
Difficulty Breathing - 2017

Notes

↑ "Dissociative identity disorder (DID) is probably the most disputed of psychiatric diagnoses and of psychological forensic evaluations in the legal arena. The iatrogenic proponents assert that DID phenomena originate from psychotherapeutic treatment, while traumagenic proponents state that DID develops after severe and chronic childhood trauma. In addition, DID that is simulated [feigned] with malingering intentions, but not stimulated by psychotherapeutic treatment, may be called pseudogenic. With DID gaining more interest among the general public, it can be expected that the number of pseudogenic cases will grow and the need to distinguish between traumagenic, iatrogenic, or pseudogenic DID will increase accordingly." Reinders AA (2008). "Cross-examining dissociative identity disorder: Neuroimaging and etiology on trial". Neurocase. 14 (1): 44–53. doi:10.1080/13554790801992768. PMID 18569730.
↑ Evelyn B. Kelly (2015). The 101 Most Unusual Diseases and Disorders. ABC-CLIO. pp. 83–84. ISBN 978-1-61069-676-0.
↑ "Skeptical Cinema: 'Bug' and folie à deux". CFI Center for Inquiry. 2013. Retrieved June 9, 2017.
↑ Light, Alan (May 29, 2015). "In _éïLove & Mercy,_éì Brian Wilson Is Portrayed by John Cusack and Paul Dano". The New York Times.
↑ Nutt, D; King LA; Saulsbury W; Blakemore C (24 March 2007). "Development of a rational scale to assess the harm of drugs of potential misuse". The Lancet. 369 (9566): 1047_éç1053. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60464-4. PMID 17382831.

References

Danny Wedding, Mary Ann Boyd and Ryan M. Niemiec, Movies and Mental Illness: Using Films to Understand Psychopathology, 2nd ed., Cambridge, MA, Hogrefe & Hufer Publishing, 2005, ISBN 0-88937-292-6. http://www.hogrefe.com/program/movies-and-mental-illness.html
David J. Robinson, Reel Psychiatry: Movie Portrayals of Psychiatric Conditions, Rapid Psychler Press, 2003, ISBN 1-894328-07-8.
Glen O. Gabbard and Krin Gabbard, Psychiatry and the Cinema, American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc., 2nd ed., 1999, ISBN 0-88048-964-2.
Otto F. Wahl, Media Madness: Public Images of Mental Illness, Piscataway, NJ, Rutgers University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-8135-2213-7.

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[1] "Dissociative identity disorder (DID) is probably the most disputed of psychiatric diagnoses and of psychological forensic evaluations in the legal arena. The iatrogenic proponents assert that DID phenomena originate from psychotherapeutic treatment, while traumagenic proponents state that DID develops after severe and chronic childhood trauma. In addition, DID that is simulated [feigned] with malingering intentions, but not stimulated by psychotherapeutic treatment, may be called pseudogenic. With DID gaining more interest among the general public, it can be expected that the number of pseudogenic cases will grow and the need to distinguish between traumagenic, iatrogenic, or pseudogenic DID will increase accordingly." Reinders AA (2008). "Cross-examining dissociative identity disorder: Neuroimaging and etiology on trial". Neurocase. 14 (1): 44–53. doi:10.1080/13554790801992768. PMID 18569730.

[2] Evelyn B. Kelly (2015). The 101 Most Unusual Diseases and Disorders. ABC-CLIO. pp. 83–84. ISBN 978-1-61069-676-0.

[3] "Skeptical Cinema: 'Bug' and folie à deux". CFI Center for Inquiry. 2013. Retrieved June 9, 2017.

[4] Light, Alan (May 29, 2015). "In _éïLove & Mercy,_éì Brian Wilson Is Portrayed by John Cusack and Paul Dano". The New York Times.

[Nutt-5] Nutt, D; King LA; Saulsbury W; Blakemore C (24 March 2007). "Development of a rational scale to assess the harm of drugs of potential misuse". The Lancet. 369 (9566): 1047_éç1053. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60464-4. PMID 17382831.