List of Arabs
This is a list of notable Arab figures.
Public figures and politicians
Sheikh Khalifa
- Ahmed Lutfi el-Sayed
- Hussein bin Talal (1952–1999), King of Jordan
- Abdullah II Al-Hussein, King of Jordan
- Anwar Sadat
- Kamal Jumblatt (1917–1977), Lebanese politician, author, and philosopher
- Bashar Al-Assad, Syrian President
- Boutros Boutros-Ghali, former Secretary-General of the United Nations
- Carlos Menem (born 1930), President of Argentina from 1989 to 1999
- Dodi Fayed, businessman and Princess Diana's partner
- Faisal of Saudi Arabia (1904–1975), King of Saudi Arabia from 1964 to 1975
- Gamal Abdel Nasser (1918–1970), second president of Egypt[1]
- George J. Mitchell, (Lebanese) United States of America special envoy to the Middle East under the Obama administration, U.S. senator from Maine, Senate Majority Leader.
- Hanan Ashrawi (born 1946), Palestinian legislator
- Harun al-Rashid (763–809), fifth Abbasid caliph
- Hassan Nasrallah, leader of Hezbollah
- Hassan II (1929–1999), king of Morocco
- Hassan al-Turabi (born c. 1932), Sudanese religious and political leader
- Hafez Al-Assad, former Syrian President
- Hosni Mubarak, former President of Egypt
- Ibn Saud (1876–1953), first king of Saudi Arabia
- John E. Sununu (Palestinian), Senator from New Hampshire
- John H. Sununu (Palestinian), Governor of New Hampshire and White House Chief of Staff under George H. W. Bush.
- Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan, son of Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan and second president of the United Arab Emirates
- Mitch Daniels (Assyrian), Governor of Indiana.
- Mohammed V (1909–1961), Sultan, then King of Morocco
- Mohammed VI (born 1963), King of Morocco
- Mohamed ElBaradei (born 1942), Egyptian, Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency from 1997 to 2009[2]
- Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan, Crown Prince of Abu Dhabi and brother of Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan
- Muammar al-Gaddafi (born 1942–2011), former Libyan leader
- Muhammad Abduh
- Muhammad Husayn Haykal
- Muhammad Naguib, President of Egypt
- Mustafa Kamil Pasha
- Mustafa Wahbi (1919–1971) Jordanian poet, lawyer, teacher, judge, political agitator and philosipher
- Nadya Suleman (Iraqi father), "Octomom"
- Nick Rahall (Lebanese), Congressman from West Virginia.
- Omar al-Bashir (born 1944), President of Sudan
- Osama bin Laden (1957–2011), founder of al-Qaeda
- Qasim Amin
- Rifa'a el-Tahtawi
- Rosemary Barkett (Syrian), first woman Supreme Court Justice and Chief Justice for the state of Florida.
- Saad Zaghlul
- Saddam Hussein, (former Iraqi president)
- Saud ibn Abd al-Aziz ibn Abd al-Rahman Al Saud (1902–1969), second king of Saudi Arabia
- Selwa Roosevelt (Lebanese), former Chief of Protocol of the United States and wife of the late Archibald Bulloch Roosevelt, Jr., grandson of President Theodore Roosevelt.
- Shamsaldin Qais Sulayman al-Said Sheikh of Oman and President of Al-Sahawat Times
- Spencer Abraham (Lebanese), Senator from Michigan and Secretary of Energy under Bush.
- Steve Bracks (born 1954), Lebanese Australian politician
- Talaat Pasha Harb
- Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz (682–720), notable Umayyad Caliph
- Yasser Arafat, (1929–2004), Palestinian leader and a Laureate of the Nobel Prize.
- Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan (1918–2004), president of UAE from 1971 to 2004
- Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum (born 1949), prime minister of UAE and ruler of Dubai
Military
- Abdel Ghani el-Gamasy
- Abdullah ibn Aamir (622–678), Rashidun Arab general
- 'Abd Allah ibn Rawahah (?–629), Arab general
- Abu Ubaydah ibn al-Jarrah (583–638), Rashidun Arab military commander
- Ahnaf ibn Qais (?–660), Rashidun Arab military commander
- Al-Muthanna ibn Haritha, Rashidun Arab general
- Al-Qa'qa'a ibn Amr at-Tamimi, Rashidun Arab general
- Amr bin Al'aas (592–664), Rashidun Arab Armilitary commander
- Ikrimah ibn Abu Jahl (?–636), Rashidun Arab general
- Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib (567–625), Muslim general, also known as "Lion of God"
- Hashim ibn Utbah, Rashidun Arab general
- Hudhayfah ibn al-Yaman(?–656), Rashidun Arab general
- Khalid ibn al-Walid (592–642), Rashidun Arab military commander, also known as "sayf Allah" (Sword of God)
- George Joulwan (Lebanese), retired general, former NATO commander-in-chief
- John Abizaid (Lebanese), retired general
- Mavia, warrior queen
- Mohammed ash-Sheikh (1490/1491–1557), first sultan of the Moroccan Saadi dynasty
- An-Numan ibn Muqarrin (?–641), Rashidun Arab general
- Omar Nasiri, Moroccan spy
- Saad el-Shazly (1922–2011), Egypt's chief of staff during the October War
- Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas (595–674), Rashidun Arab military commander
- Shurhabil ibn Hasana (583–639), Rashidun Arab general
- Ubayda ibn as-Samit, Rashidun Arab general
- Yazid ibn Abu Sufyan (?–640), Rashidun Arab general
- Zayd ibn Harithah, Arab general
- Zenobia, Arab general
- Zubayr ibn al-Awwam (594–656), Rashidun Arab general
Activists
- Al-Ard
- Dahlia Wasfi
- Harith al-Dhari
- Jamal al-Dhari
- Ralph Nader, (Lebanese) consumer advocate, politician, first Arab American to run for President of the United States.
- Salem Hanna Khamis
- Toujan al-Faisal
- Ibtihal Al-Khatib
- Islah Jad
- James Zogby, (Lebanese) founder and president of the Arab American Institute.
- Umar al-Tilmisani, third General Guide (Murshid al-'Am) of the Egyptian Muslim Brothers
- Zainab Salbi, (Iraqi), co-founder and president of Women for Women International.
Religious figures
- Muhammad (570 or 571–632), messenger and prophet of Islam
- Abu Bakr, companion of Muhammad and First Caliph
- Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah
- Aisha (d. 678), third wife of Muhammad, the daughter of the first caliph Abu Bakr, and narrator of many hadith
- Ali ibn Abi Talib (c. 599–661), cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad and Fourth Caliph, according to Shi'a Muslims, his successor
- Hafsa bint Umar, wife of Muhammad and the daughter of the second caliph Omer ibn Alkatab
- Khadijah bint Khuwaylid (555–619), first wife of Muhammad
- Muadh ibn Jabal
- Mus'ab ibn Umair (594/598–625), first ambassador of Islam
- Saeed ibn Zaid
- Sidi Mahrez Tunisian Wali, scholar of the Maliki school
- Umar ibn al-Khattab, companion of Muhammad and Second Caliph
- Uthman ibn Affan, companion of Muhammad and Third Caliph
- Zayd ibn Thabit, personal scribe of Muhammad and was assigned the role of authenticating and collecting the oral Quranic traditions into a single bounded volume
Scientific and academic figures
Mathematics, physics and chemistry
- Ahmed ibn Yusuf (835–912), mathematician
- Ibn Tahir al-Baghdadi (980–1037), arithmetician
- Ibrahim ibn Sinan (908–946), mathematician and astronomer in Baghdad
- Al-Uqlidisi (920–980), author of two works on arithmetic. He may have anticipated the invention of decimals.
- Al-Umawi (1400–1489), mathematician who wrote works on mensuration and arithmetic.
- Al-Zarqali (1028–1087), influential early mathematician and astronomer
- Ahmed Zewail (born 1946) Egyptian-American scientist, winner of the 1999 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[3]
- Farouk El-Baz (born 1938) Egyptian scientist[4]
- Charles Elachi, Lebanese director of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory
- Fawwaz T. Ulaby, Syrian winner of the 2006 IEEE Edison Medal and former Vice President of Research for the University of Michigan.
- George A. Doumani, geologist whose explorations helped prove the theory of continental drift.
- Ali ibn Ridwan (c. 988–c. 1061), astronomer and geometer with Khalid Ben Abdulmelik.
- Muhammad al-Fazari credited with building the first astrolabe in the Islamic world.
Biology and medicine
- Abd el-Latif el-Baghdadi (1162–1231). physician, historian and Egyptologist.
- Elias Zerhouni (Algerian) current director of the National Institutes of Health.
- Ibn Zuhr (1091–1161), prominent physician and parasitologist
- Michael DeBakey
- Ibn Abi Usaibia (1203–1270, Damascus, Syria), an Arab physician and Historian. He wrote Uyun al-Anba fi Tabaqat al-Atibba or Lives of the Physicians.
- Al-Zahrawi (936–1013), influential medieval surgeon and author.
- Al-Asma'i (739–831), pioneer of Zoology, Botany and Animal Husbandry.
- Afif Abdul Wahab, doctor surgeon
- Nayef Al-Rodhan, neuroscientist, philosopher and geostrategist
- Sami Ibrahim Haddad, doctor, surgeon and writer
- Wafaa El-Sadr, director of the International Center for AIDS Care and Treatment Programs
Engineering
- Abdel-Wahed El-Wakil, architect
- Hassan Fathy (1900–1989), noted Egyptian architect
- Hassan Kamel Al-Sabbah (1895–1935), early electrical and electronics research engineer, mathematician and inventor.
- Rifat Chadirji, architect
- Suad Amiry, architect
- Zaha Hadid (1950–2016), Iraqi-British architect
Humanities and social sciences
- Edward Said (1935–2003) Palestinian-American literary theorist.
- Ella Shohat, Professor of Cultural Studies at New York University, author and lecturer.
- Ibn Wahshiyya (fl. 9th century/10th century), one of the first historians to partly decipher Egyptian hieroglyphs.
- Jack Shaheen, emeritus professor of mass communications at Southern Illinois University and author.
- Nada Shabout (born 1962), Iraqi American art historian, lecturer, author.
- Sasson Somekh (born 1933), Professor emeritus of Modern Arab Literature at Tel Aviv University.
- Usamah ibn Munqidh (1095–1188, Damascus, Syria), Arab historian, politician, and diplomat.
Philosophy
- Ibn Hazm (994–1064), Andalusian philosopher
- Nassim Nicholas Taleb, philosopher, researcher, and veteran practitioner of financial mathematics
- Nayef Al-Rodhan, philosopher, neuroscientist and geostrategist
Traveling
- Ahmad ibn Fadlan, (10th century, Baghdad, Iraq) traveler; member of an embassy of the Caliph of Baghdad.
- Ibn Majid (1421–c.1500), Arabian navigator
Writing
- Ahmad al-Qalqashandi (1355–1418), writer
- Abbas Ibn al-Ahnaf (750–809), (عباس بن الأحنف)
- Iliyya Abu Madi (d. 1957)
- Layla al-Akhyaliyyah (d. 704)
- Abu-l-'Atahiya (d. 828)
- Muhyi al-din ibn al-'Arabi (d. 1240)
- Abdullah ibn al-Mu'tazz (861–908)
- Abd Al-Rahman Abnudi (b. 1938)
- Abdel latif Moubarak (b. 1964)
- Abdul Rahman Yusuf (b. 1970)
- Abo Al Qassim Al Shabbi
- Abu-l-'Atahiya (748–828)
- Al-Mutanabbi (915–965)
- Abu 'Afak (7th Century)
- Abu Tammam (c. 805–845)
- Abbas Al Akkad (1889–1964)
- Adunis (b. 1928)
- Ali Al Jallawi (b. 1975)
- al-Akhtal (c. 640–710)
- Maymun Ibn Qays Al-a'sha (570–625)
- Muhammed Almagut (1934–2006)
- Al-Rabi ibn Abu al-Huqayq (7th Century)
- 'Alqama ibn 'Abada (6th century)
- Ibn Ammar (c. 1031–1086)
- Amr ibn Kulthum (6th century)
- 'Antara Ibn Shaddad (d. c. 580)
- Asma bint Marwan
- Abu Layla al-Muhalhel
- Antarah ibn Shaddad
- Ibn Hawqal (943–969, Iraq), writer
- Imru' al-Qais
- Al-Khansa
- Al-A'sha
- Zuhayr bin Abi Sulma
- Amr ibn Kulthum
- Harith ibn Hilliza Al-Yashkuri
- Labīd
- Tarafa
- Al-Nabigha
Mathematics
- Avempace (1085–1138), Polymath
- Ahmed ibn Yusuf (835, Baghdad–912, Egypt), mathematician
- Al-Battani (850, Harran, Turkey–929, Qasr al-Jiss, Iraq), mathematician
- Thabit ibn Qurra (826–902, Harran, Turkey), mathematician
Other
- Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (936–1013), Andalusian scientist; also known as Abulcasis
- Alhazen (965–c.1039), scientist from Basra (modern Iraq)
- Al-Jazari (1136–1206) polymath from Al-Jazira (modern Iraq/Syria)
- Christa McAuliffe, Arab American: schoolteacher/astronaut who lost her life aboard the space shuttle Challenger
- Fatima al-Fihri (d. 880), founder of the University of Qarawiyyin, Morocco
- Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf (1526–1585), polymath from Damascus
- Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen) (965, Basra, Buyid Emirate–1040, Cairo, Egypt), polymath and philosopher
- Wasil ibn Ata (700–748), theologian and jurist
- Al-Kindi (801, Basra, Iraq–873, Baghdad, Iraq), philosopher, polymath, mathematician, physician and musician
Cultural figures
Film, TV, radio, and stage
- Adel Emam, well known egyptian comedian
- Alia Shawkat, (Iraqi father) actress
- Anissa Jones, (Lebanese maternal grandparents) actress Family Affair
- Casey Kasem, (Lebanese) radio personality and voice actor
- Danny Nucci, (Moroccan mother) actor
- Danny Thomas, (Lebanese) actor and his daughter Marlo Thomas, actress
- Duraid Lahham (born 1934), prominent Syrian Comedian and director
- Abbas al-Noury (born 1952), famous Syrian actor and director
- Fawaz Gerges, (Lebanese) ABC analyst and regular guest on Oprah's Anti-war series
- George Noory, (Lebanese) radio host, host of Coast To Coast AM with George Noory
- Haifa Wehbe, Lebanese former beauty pageant contestant, singer and actress
- Jamie Farr, (Lebanese) Hollywood actor especially famous for his role as Klinger (also Lebanese) in the TV series "M*A*S*H"
- Kathy Najimy, (Lebanese) actress in many American films that include Sister Act
- Michael Ansara, (Syriac), actor
- Moustapha Akkad, (Syrian) film producer and director
- Mahmoud Darwish (1941–2008), Palestinian poet and author
- Omar Sharif (born 1932), Egyptian actor
- Ronnie Khalil, (Egyptian) stand-up comedian
- Sanaa Hamri, (Moroccan) music video and movie director; her films include the Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants 2
- Shannon Elizabeth, (Syrian father) actress
- Tony Shalhoub, (Lebanese) executive producer and actor of Monk
- Vic Tayback, (Syrian) actor
- Vince Vaughn, (partially Lebanese) actor
- Wendie Malick, (Egyptian) actress and fashion model
- Wentworth Miller, (Part Syrian/Lebanese) actor
- Hoda Kotb, (Egyptian) television news personality for Dateline NBC and the Today Show
- Yousef Abu-Taleb, (Jordanian) actor lonelygirl15, film producer
- Susie Gharib, co-anchor of the Nightly Business Report, 100 most influential business journalists
- Hala Gorani, (Syrian) journalist and anchor of CNN's International Desk
- Remy Munasifi, (Iraqi father/Lebanese mother) comedian also known as GoRemy
- Salma Hayek, (Lebanese), actress, director and producer
- Keanu Reeves, American actor of Lebanese descent
- Sean Yazbeck, (Lebanese) winner of Donald Trumps 'The Apprentice', NBC (2006)
- Samer al-Masry,(Syrian), famous actor
Musicians
- Amr Diab, Egyptian singer and composer of geel music
- Ahmed Mekky, (Egyptian) rapper and singer
- Asmahan, (Syrian) singer and actress[5]
- Fairuz, (born 1935) Lebanese singer
- Frank Zappa, (half Arab father) musician
- Fredwreck, (Palestinian) hip-hop producer
- French Montana (Moroccan) rapper
- Haifa Wehbe, (Lebanese) singer
- Hamada Ben Amor, (Tunisian) rapper
- Karl Wolf, (Lebanese) singer
- Cheb Khaled (Algerian) raï musician
- DJ Khaled, (Palestinian) rapper, music producer
- La Fouine, (Moroccan) rapper, singer-songwriter
- Lydia Canaan, (Lebanese) singer-songwriter, recording artist
- Maryem Tollar, (Egyptian) singer who primarily sings Arabic songs.
- Massari, (Lebanese) singer
- Naser Mestarihi, (Jordanian father) Hard rock musician
- Nancy Ajram (Lebanese) singer
- Omar Khorshid (Egyptian), instrumental guitarist
- Paul Anka, (Lebanese) singer-songwriter.
- RedOne, (Moroccan) singer-songwriter, music producer
- Saad Lamjarred, (Moroccan) singer
- Sammy Hagar, (partially Lebanese) rock musician and former lead singer of Van Halen
- Shadia Mansour,(Palestinian) singer and rapper
- Shakira, (half Lebanese), singer
- Umm Kulthum (c.1900–1975) Egyptian singer[6]
- Wafah Dufour, (Saudi Arabian Father) supermodel and singer
Writers
- Abbas Mahmud al-Aqqad (1889–1964), Egyptian thinker and writer
- Charles Corm (Lebanese) (1894–1963) writer, businessman and philanthropist
- Abdel Rahman Shokry (born 1886), Egyptian poet
- Al-Khansa (7th century) Arabian poet
- Al-Mutanabbi (915–965) poet from Samawah (modern Iraq)
- Amin Maalouf (born 1949) Lebanese author
- Antarah ibn Shaddad (fl.580) Pre-Islamic Arabian hero and poet
- Fadwa Touqan (1917–2003) Palestinian Poet, known for her representations of resistance to Israeli occupation in contemporary Arab poetry
- Ibrahim Touqan (1905–1941) Palestinian poet and college professor
- Imru' al-Qais (c.501–c.544) Arabian poet
- Khalil Gibran or Gibran Khalil Gibran, (1883–1931) Lebanese-American writer, philosopher, and painter
- Naguib Mahfouz (1911–2006) Egyptian novelist[7]
- Naomi Shihab Nye (born 1952) Palestinian-American writer
- Sinan Antoon (born 1967) Iraqi poet and novelist
- Taha Hussein (1889–1973) Egyptian writer[8]
- Edward Said, (Palestinian) literary theorist and outspoken Palestinian activist
- Helen Thomas, (Lebanese) reporter, columnist and White House correspondent
- Nader El-Bizri, (Lebanese) philosopher, historian of science, and architect
- Ismail al-Faruqi, (Palestinian) philosopher and authority on Islam and comparative religion
- Ahmad ibn Khalid al-Nasiri, Moroccan writer
- Mona Simpson, (Syrian father Abdulfattah Jandali) novelist
- Lorraine Ali, (Iraqi) reporter, editor, culture writer, and music critic for Newsweek
- Mohamed Ali al-Nasiri, Iraqi journalist
- Mohammed al-Makki al-Nasiri, Moroccan writer
- Albert Memmi, Tunisian writer
- Wafaa Abed Al Razzaq (born 1952), Iraqi poet and writer
- Mo Gawdat (born 20 June 1967), Egypt
Artists
See list of Arab artists
Fashion
- Elie Saab (born 1964), Lebanese fashion designer
- Zuhair Murad, fashion designer
- Frederic Fekkai, hair stylist
- Joseph Abboud, menswear designer
- Reem Acra, Lebanese fashion designer
- Georges Chakra, Lebanese fashion designer
Other
- Rima Fakih (Lebanese), Miss USA 2010
- Valerie Domínguez Tarud (Lebanese), previous Miss Colombia
- Dina Azar, Miss Lebanon 1995
- Gabrielle Bou Rached, Miss Lebanon 2005
- Sonia Fares, Miss Lebanon 1969
- Nadine Njeim, Miss Lebanon 2007
- Georgina Rizk (born 1953) Miss Lebanon 1970/Miss Universe 1971
- Christina Sawaya, Miss Lebanon 2001/Miss International 2002
- Rosarita Tawil, Miss Lebanon 2008
Entrepreneurs
- Ahmed bin Zayed Al Nahyan (1968–2010), UAE businessman
- Al-Waleed bin Talal (born 1955), member of the Saudi royal family, and world's 19th richest person in 2010
- B R Shetty, UAE businessman
- Carlos Slim (born 1940), Mexican businessman and world's wealthiest person (April 2010)
- Steve Jobs, co-founder of Apple Inc. (Syrian father Abdulfattah Jandali)
- Qais Al Khonji, (Omani) founder of Genesis Projects and Investments
- John Zogby, (Lebanese) founder and current President/CEO of Zogby International
- Naguib Sawiris, 62nd richest person on earth in a 2007 list of billionaires, reaching US$10.0 billion with his company Orascom Telecom Holding
- Najeeb Halaby, (Syrian) father of Queen Noor of Jordan Lisa Elhalabi, Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration. CEO, and chairman of Pan Am
- Manuel Moroun, owner of CenTra, Inc., the holding company which controls the Ambassador Bridge and Michigan Central Depot
- Jacques Nasser, (Lebanese) former president and CEO of Ford Motor Company
- John J. Mack, (Lebanese) Chairman of the Board and CEO of Morgan Stanley
- Charles Corm, (Lebanese) exclusive agent of over 50 major U.S. brands including Ford Motor Company
- Ray R. Irani, (Palestinian) Chairman and CEO of Occidental Petroleum
- Carlos Ghosn, (Lebanese) Chairman and CEO of Renault and Nissan
Sports
- Ahmed Kaddour, (Lebanese) professional boxer, from NBC show The Contender
- Alaa Abdelnaby, NBA player for the Portland Trail Blazers, Milwaukee Bucks, Boston Celtics, Philadelphia 76ers, and the Sacramento Kings
- Badr Hari, (Moroccan) professionnel kick-boxer
- Bill George, NFL player and Hall of Famer
- Drew Haddad, of the Indianapolis Colts
- Doug Flutie, (Lebanese father) NFL Player of the Buffalo Bills and San Diego Chargers.
- Gavin Maloof, owns the Sacramento Kings
- George Maloof, Sr., owned the NBA’s Houston Rockets
- Hicham El Guerrouj, Moroccan former middle distance runner, holder of multiple world records, and a double Olympic gold medalist.
- Jeff George, quarterback for several NFL teams
- Jim Harrick, UCLA’s coach
- Joe Robbie, former owner and founder of the NFL's Miami Dolphins.
- John Jaha, sports athlete, of the MLB Milwaukee Brewers.
- Justin Abdelkader, American ice hockey forward playing for the Detroit Red Wings of the National Hockey League (NHL).
- Khalid Khannouchi, (Moroccan) marathon world record holder.
- Omar Sheika, (Palestinian) professional boxer, four-time world title challenger.
- Rich Kotite, NFL coach
- Rocco Baldelli, (Syrian) professional baseball Red Sox.
- Rony Seikaly, (Lebanese) former NBA Player, now DJ
- Nasser Al-Attiyah, (Qatari) 2012 Olympic skeet bronze medallist, and racing driver.
- Mostapha al-Turk, (Lebanese) retired MMA fighter that competed in the UFC
See also
References
- ↑ Aburish, Said (2004). Nasser: The Last Arab. Macmillan. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-312-28683-5.
- ↑ Timmerman, Kenneth (2005). Countdown to crisis: the coming nuclear showdown with Iran. Random House, Inc. ISBN 978-1-4000-5368-1.
- ↑ Forest, James; Altbach, philip, eds. (2006). International handbook of higher education, Volume 1. Springer. p. 413. ISBN 978-1-4020-4011-5.
- ↑ Sajd, Magdi (December 2003). "الدكتور فاروق الباز : العلماء العرب الذين اختاروا موقع الهبوط على سطح القمر (Dr. Farouk El-Baz: The Arab Scientist Who Selected the Landing Site on the Moon)". علم و عالم (Science and World) (in Arabic): 18–25.
- ↑ Swayd, Samy (2006). Historical dictionary of the Druzes. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-5332-4.
- ↑ Lloyd Marcus, Scott (2007). Music in Egypt: experiencing music, expressing culture. Oxford University Press. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-19-514644-8.
- ↑ Beard, Michael; Haydar, Adnan, eds. (1993). Naguib Mahfouz: from regional fame to global recognition. Syracuse University Press. ISBN 978-0-8156-2567-4.
- ↑ Mansfield, Peter (1976). The Arab world: a comprehensive history. Crowell. p. 266. ISBN 978-0-690-01170-8.
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