List of birds of Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka is a tropical island situated close to the southern tip of India. The bird life of Sri Lanka is very rich for its size and about 433 species have been recorded. In addition to the many resident birds, a considerable number of migratory species winter in the country to escape their northern breeding grounds.
There are 452 species which are resident, of which 33 are endemic. The other resident species are also found in the nearby Indian mainland, but over 80 have developed distinct Sri Lankan races. Some of these races are very different in their plumage characteristics from the related forms in India.
Bird distribution in Sri Lanka is largely determined by its climatic zones. The dry zone is largest of the three, covering more than half of the island, with a prolonged dry and hot period and only one monsoon (the north east monsoon from October to January).
The wet zone, with two monsoons, is in the south western quarter of the island, where the few remaining rain forests are found and humidity is high.
The central hill zone rises to over 2450 m (8-10,000 ft) and has a cool temperate climate. Most of the 26 endemic species are confined to the wet and the hill zones, with only a few extending into the dry zone as well.
Recent updates and sighting information can be obtained through the Field Ornithology Group of Sri Lanka website. The following list is prepared according to An Illustrated Guide to the Birds of Sri Lanka on 2010 by Sarath Kotagama and Gamini Ratnavira.
Grebes
Order: Podicipediformes Family: Podicipedidae
Grebes are small to medium-sized diving birds. They breed on fresh water, but often visit the sea whilst migrating and in winter. They have lobed toes and are excellent swimmers and divers; however, their feet are placed far back on their bodies, making them quite ungainly on land. There are 19 species worldwide. Of these, one species has been recorded in Sri Lanka.
Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status | IUCN |
---|---|---|---|---|
Little grebe
|
Tachybaptus ruficollis | Tachybaptus ruficollis capensis | Resident | Least concern |
Shearwaters and petrels
Order: Procellariiformes Family: Procellariidae
The procellariids are the main group of medium-sized "true petrels", characterised by united nostrils with medium septum and a long outer functional primary. There are 75 species worldwide of which twelve have occurred in Sri Lanka.[1]
Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status | IUCN |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cape petrel
|
Daption capense | Daption capense capense | Migrant | Least concern |
Barau's petrel
|
Pterodroma baraui | Endangered | ||
Bulwer's petrel
|
Bulweria bulwerii | Least concern | ||
Jouanin's petrel
|
Bulweria fallax | Near threatened | ||
Streaked shearwater
|
Calonectris leucomelas | Near threatened | ||
Flesh-footed shearwater
|
Ardenna cameipes | Near threatened | ||
Wedge-tailed shearwater
|
Ardenna pacificus | Least concern | ||
Sooty shearwater
|
Ardenna griseus | Near threatened | ||
Short-tailed shearwater
|
Ardenna tenuirostris | Least concern | ||
Persian shearwater
|
Puffinus persicus |
Austral storm petrels
Order: Procellariiformes Family: Oceanitidae
Austral storm-petrels are small birds which spend most of their lives at sea, coming ashore only to breed. They feed on planktonic crustaceans and small fish picked from the surface, typically while hovering or pattering across the water. Their flight is fluttering and sometimes bat-like.[1]
Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status | IUCN |
---|---|---|---|---|
Wilson's storm petrel
|
Oceanites oceanicus | Least concern |
Northern storm petrels
Order: Procellariiformes Family: Hydrobatidae
Northern storm-petrels are small birds which spend most of their lives at sea, coming ashore only to breed. They feed on planktonic crustaceans and small fish picked from the surface, typically while hovering or pattering across the water. Their flight is fluttering and sometimes bat-like.[1]
Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status | IUCN |
---|---|---|---|---|
Swinhoe's storm petrel
|
Oceanodroma monorhis | Near threatened |
Tropicbirds
Order: Phaethontiformes Family: Phaethontidae
Tropicbirds are slender white birds of tropical oceans, with exceptionally long central tail feathers. Their heads and long wings have black markings. There are three species worldwide of which two have occurred in Sri Lanka.[2]
Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status | IUCN |
---|---|---|---|---|
Red-tailed tropicbird
|
Phaethon rubricauda | Least concern | ||
White-tailed tropicbird
|
Phaethon lepturus | Phaethon lepturus lepturus | Least concern |
Pelicans
Order: Pelecaniformes Family: Pelecanidae
Pelicans are large water birds with a distinctive pouch under their beak. As with other members of the order Pelecaniformes, they have webbed feet with four toes. There are eight species worldwide of which three occur in Sri Lanka.[2]
Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status | IUCN |
---|---|---|---|---|
Spot-billed pelican
|
Pelecanus philippensis | Resident.[3] | Near threatened | |
Dalmatian pelican
|
Pelecanus crispus | Migrant | Near threatened | |
Great white pelican
|
Pelecanus onocrotalus | Migrant | Least concern |
Boobies
Order: Suliformes Family: Sulidae
The gannets and boobies in the family Sulidae are medium to large coastal seabirds that plunge-dive for fish. There are nine species worldwide of which three have occurred in Sri Lanka.[2]
Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status | IUCN |
---|---|---|---|---|
Masked booby
|
Sula dactylatra | Sula dactylatra melanops | Least concern | |
Red-footed booby
|
Sula sula | Sula sula rubripes | Least concern | |
Brown booby
|
Sula leucogaster | Sula leucogaster plotus | Least concern |
Cormorants
Order: Suliformes Family: Phalacrocoracidae Phalacrocoracidae is a family of medium to large coastal, fish-eating seabirds that includes cormorants and shags. Plumage colouration varies; the majority of species have mainly dark plumage, but some are pied black and white, and a few are more colourful. There are 38 members of this family worldwide, of which three are resident in Sri Lanka.[2]
Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status | IUCN |
---|---|---|---|---|
Indian cormorant
|
Phalacrocorax fuscicollis | Resident | Least concern | |
Great cormorant
|
Phalacrocorax carbo | Phalacrocorax carbo carbo | Resident | Least concern |
Little cormorant
|
Microcarbo niger | Resident | Least concern |
Darters
Order: Suliformes Family: Anhingidae Darters are often called "snake-birds" because they have long thin necks, which gives a snake-like appearance when they swim with their bodies submerged. The males have black and dark-brown plumage, an erectile crest on the nape, and a larger bill than the female. The females have much paler plumage, especially on the neck and underparts. The darters have completely webbed feet and their legs are short and set far back on the body. Their plumage is somewhat permeable, like that of cormorants, and they spread their wings to dry after diving. There are four species worldwide, of which one is resident in Sri Lanka.[2]
Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status | IUCN |
---|---|---|---|---|
Oriental darter
|
Anhinga melanogaster | Resident[4] | Near threatened | |
Frigatebirds
Order: Suliformes Family: Fregatidae
Frigatebirds are large seabirds usually found over tropical oceans. They are large, black and white or completely black, with long wings and deeply forked tails. The males have coloured inflatable throat pouches. They do not swim or walk and cannot take off from a flat surface. Having the largest wingspan-to-body-weight ratio of any bird, they are essentially aerial, able to stay aloft for more than a week. There are five species worldwide of which three occur in Sri Lanka.[2] None are resident.
Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status | IUCN |
---|---|---|---|---|
Christmas frigatebird
|
Fregata andrewsi | Migrant | Critically endangered | |
Great frigatebird
|
Fregata minor | Fregata minor minor | Migrant | Least concern |
Lesser frigatebird
|
Fregata ariel | Fregata ariel ariel | Migrant | Least concern |
Bitterns, herons and egrets
Order: Pelecaniformes Family: Ardeidae
The family Ardeidae contains the bitterns, herons and egrets. Herons and egrets are medium to large wading birds with long necks and legs. Bitterns tend to be shorter necked and more wary. Unlike other long-necked birds such as storks, ibises and spoonbills, members of this family fly with their necks retracted. There are 61 species worldwide of which 17 occur in Sri Lanka.[5]
Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status | IUCN |
---|---|---|---|---|
Grey heron
|
Ardea cinerea | Ardea cinerea cinerea | Resident | Least concern |
Goliath heron
|
Ardea goliath | Least concern | ||
Purple heron
|
Ardea purpurea | Ardea purpurea manilensis | Resident | Least concern |
Great egret
|
Ardea alba | Eastern great egret Ardea alba modesta |
Resident | Least concern |
Intermediate egret
|
Ardea intermedia | Resident | Least concern | |
Little egret
|
Egretta garzetta | Egretta garzetta garzetta | Resident | Least concern |
Western reef egret
|
Egretta gularis | Resident.[6] | Least concern | |
Cattle egret
|
Bubulcus ibis | Bubulcus ibis coromandus | Resident | Least concern |
Indian pond heron
|
Ardeola grayii | Resident | Least concern | |
Chinese pond heron
|
Ardeola bacchus | Least concern | ||
Striated heron
|
Butorides striata | Resident | Least concern | |
Black-crowned night heron
|
Nycticorax nycticorax | Nycticorax nycticorax nycticorax | Resident | Least concern |
Malayan night heron
|
Gorsachius melanolophus | Least concern | ||
Yellow bittern
|
Ixobrychus sinensis | Resident | Least concern | |
Cinnamon bittern
|
Ixobrychus cinnamomeus | Resident | Least concern | |
Black bittern
|
Ixobrychus flavicollis | Resident | Least concern | |
Eurasian bittern
|
Botaurus stellaris | Botaurus stellaris stellaris | Least concern |
Storks
Order: Ciconiiformes Family: Ciconiidae
Storks are large, long-legged, long-necked, wading birds with long, stout bills. Storks are virtually mute, but bill-clattering is an important mode of communication at the nest. Their nests can be large and may be reused for many years. Many species are migratory. There are 19 species worldwide of which seven occur in Sri Lanka.[5]
Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status | IUCN |
---|---|---|---|---|
Painted stork
|
Mycteria leucocephala | Resident | Near threatened | |
Asian openbill
|
Anastomus oscitans | Resident | Least concern | |
Black stork
|
Ciconia nigra | Least concern | ||
Woolly-necked stork
|
Ciconia episcopus | Ciconia episcopus episcopus | Resident | Vulnerable |
White stork
|
Ciconia ciconia | Ciconia ciconia asiatica | Least concern | |
Black-necked stork
|
Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus | Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus asiaticus | Resident[7] | Near threatened |
Lesser adjutant
|
Leptoptilos javanicus | Resident | Vulnerable |
Ibises and spoonbills
Order: Pelecaniformes Family: Threskiornithidae
Threskiornithidae is a family of large terrestrial and wading birds which comprises the ibises and spoonbills. Its members have long, broad wings with 11 primary and about 20 secondary flight feathers. They are strong fliers and, despite their size and weight, very capable soarers. There are 36 species worldwide of which three occur in Sir Lanka.[5]
Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status | IUCN |
---|---|---|---|---|
Black-headed ibis
|
Threskiornis melanocephalus | Resident.[8] | Near threatened | |
Glossy ibis
|
Plegadis falcinellus | Least concern | ||
Eurasian spoonbill
|
Platalea leucorodia | Platalea leucorodia leucorodia | Resident.[9] | Least concern |
Flamingos
Order: Ciconiiformes Family: Phoenicopteridae
Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status | IUCN |
---|---|---|---|---|
Lesser flamingo
|
Phoenicopterus minor | Near threatened | ||
Greater flamingo
|
Phoenicopterus ruber | Least concern |
Ducks, geese and swans
Order: Anseriformes Family: Anatidae
The family Anatidae includes the ducks and most duck-like waterfowl, such as geese and swans. These birds are adapted to an aquatic existence with webbed feet, flattened bills, and feathers that are excellent at shedding water due to an oily coating. There are 131 species worldwide of which 18 occur in Sri Lanka.[10]
Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status | IUCN |
---|---|---|---|---|
Fulvous whistling duck
|
Dendrocygna bicolor | Least concern | ||
Lesser whistling duck
|
Dendrocygna javanica | Resident | Least concern | |
Greylag goose
|
Anser anser | Anser anser rubrirostris | Least concern | |
Ruddy shelduck
|
Tadorna ferruginea | Least concern | ||
Knob-billed duck
|
Sarkidiornis melanotos | Least concern | ||
Cotton pygmy goose
|
Nettapus coromandelianus | Resident | Least concern | |
Eurasian wigeon
|
Mareca penelope | Least concern | ||
Gadwall
|
Mareca strepera | Mareca strepera strepera | Least concern | |
Eurasian teal
|
Anas crecca | Least concern | ||
Mallard
|
Anas platyrhynchos | • Anas platyrhynchos platyrhynchos
• Domestic duck |
Least concern | |
Indian spot-billed duck
|
Anas poecilorhyncha | Anas poecilorhyncha poecilorhyncha | Least concern | |
Northern pintail
|
Anas acuta | Least concern | ||
Garganey
|
Spatula querquedula | Least concern | ||
Northern shoveler
|
Spatula clypeata | Least concern | ||
Marbled teal
|
Marmaronetta angustirostris | Vulnerable | ||
Red-crested pochard
|
Netta rufina | Least concern | ||
Common pochard
|
Aythya ferina | Vulnerbale | ||
Tufted duck
|
Aythya fuligula | Least concern | ||
Domestic goose
|
Anser anser & Anser cygnoides | Anser anser domesticus & Anser cygnoides domesticus | Domesticated |
Osprey
Order: Accipitriformes Family: Pandionidae
The family Pandionidae contains only one species, the osprey. The osprey is a medium-large raptor which is a specialist fish-eater with a worldwide distribution.
Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status | IUCN |
---|---|---|---|---|
Osprey
|
Pandion haliaetus | Resident | Least concern |
Eagles, hawks, kites, and allies
Order: Accipitriformes Family: Accipitridae
Accipitridae is a family of birds of prey, which includes hawks, eagles, kites, harriers and Old World vultures. These birds have powerful hooked beaks for tearing flesh from their prey, strong legs, powerful talons and keen eyesight.
Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status | IUCN |
---|---|---|---|---|
Jerdon's baza
|
Aviceda jerdoni | Aviceda jerdoni ceylonensis | Least concern | |
Black baza
|
Aviceda leuphotes | Least concern | ||
Crested honey buzzard
|
Pernis ptilorhynchus | Least concern | ||
Black-winged kite
|
Elanus caeruleus | Elanus caeruleus vociferus | Least concern | |
Black kite
|
Milvus migrans | Milvus migrans govinda | Least concern | |
Brahminy kite
|
Haliastur indus | Haliastur indus indus | Least concern | |
White-bellied sea eagle
|
Haliaeetus leucogaster | Least concern | ||
Grey-headed fish eagle
|
Ichthyophaga ichthyaetus | Least concern | ||
Egyptian vulture
|
Neophron percnopterus | Neophron percnopterus ginginiatus | Rare vagrant | Endangered |
Crested serpent eagle
|
Spilornis cheela | Spilornis cheela spilogaster | Least concern | |
Pallid harrier
|
Circus macrourus | Near threatened | ||
Pied harrier
|
Circus melanoleucos | Least concern | ||
Montagu's harrier
|
Circus pygargus | Least concern | ||
Western marsh harrier
|
Circus aeruginosus | Least concern | ||
Crested goshawk
|
Accipiter trivirgatus | Least concern | ||
Shikra
|
Accipiter badius | Least concern | ||
Besra
|
Accipiter virgatus | Least concern | ||
Common buzzard
|
Buteo buteo | Buteo buteo buteo | Least concern | |
Long-legged buzzard
|
Buteo rufinus | Buteo rufinus rufinus | Least concern | |
Black eagle
|
Ictinaetus malaiensis | Least concern | ||
Bonelli's eagle
|
Aquila fasciata | Least concern | ||
Booted eagle
|
Hieraaetus pennatus | Least concern | ||
Rufous-bellied eagle
|
Lophotriorchis kieneri | Least concern | ||
Changeable hawk-eagle
|
Nisaetus cirrhatus | Nisaetus cirrhatus ceylanensis | Least concern | |
Legge's hawk-eagle
|
Nisaetus kelaarti | Not Evaluated |
Falcons
Order: Falconiformes Family: Falconidae
Falconidae is a family of diurnal birds of prey. They differ from hawks, eagles and kites in that they kill with their beaks instead of their talons.
Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status | IUCN |
---|---|---|---|---|
Lesser kestrel
|
Falco naumanni | Resident | Least concern | |
Common kestrel
|
Falco tinnunculus | Falco tinnunculus tinnunculus | Resident | Least concern |
Amur falcon
|
Falco amurensis | Resident | Least concern | |
Amur falcon
|
Falco chicquera | Near threatened | ||
Oriental hobby
|
Falco severus | Least concern | ||
Peregrine falcon
|
Falco peregrinus | • Shaheen falcon Falco peregrinus peregrinator[11] • Eastern peregrine falcon |
Vulnerable |
Pheasants and partridges
Order: Galliformes Family: Phasianidae
The Phasianidae are a family of terrestrial birds consisting of quails, partridges, snowcocks, francolins, spurfowls, tragopans, monals, pheasants, peafowls and jungle fowls. In general, they are plump and have broad, relatively short wings.
Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status | IUCN |
---|---|---|---|---|
Painted francolin
|
Francolinus pictus | Least concern | ||
Grey francolin
|
Francolinus pondicerianus | Francolinus pondicerianus pondicerianus | Least concern | |
Rain quail
|
Coturnix coromandelica | Francolinus pondicerianus pondicerianus | Least concern | |
Blue-breasted quail
|
Coturnix chinensis | Coturnix chinensis chinensis | Least concern | |
Jungle bush quail
|
Perdicula asiatica | Least concern | ||
Sri Lanka spurfowl
|
Galloperdix bicalcarata | Endemic | Least concern | |
Sri Lanka junglefowl
|
Gallus lafayettii | Endemic | Least concern | |
Chicken
|
Gallus gallus | Gallus gallus domesticus | Domesticated | |
Indian peafowl
|
Pavo cristatus | Pavo cristatus singhalensis | Resident | Least concern |
Rails, crakes, gallinules and coots
Order: Gruiformes Family: Rallidae
Rallidae is a large family of small to medium-sized birds which includes the rails, crakes, coots and gallinules. Typically they inhabit dense vegetation in damp environments near lakes, swamps or rivers. In general they are shy and secretive birds, making them difficult to observe. Most species have strong legs and long toes which are well adapted to soft uneven surfaces. They tend to have short, rounded wings and to be weak fliers.
Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status | IUCN |
---|---|---|---|---|
Slaty-breasted rail
|
Lewinia striata | Least concern | ||
Water rail
|
Rallus aquaticus | Rallus aquaticus korejewi | Least concern | |
Slaty-legged crake
|
Rallina eurizonoides | Least concern | ||
Corncrake
|
Crex crex | Least concern | ||
Baillon's crake
|
Porzana pusilla | Least concern | ||
Ruddy-breasted crake
|
Porzana fusca | Least concern | ||
White-breasted waterhen
|
Amaurornis phoenicurus | Amaurornis phoenicurus phoenicurus | Least concern | |
Watercock
|
Gallicrex cinerea | Least concern | ||
Common moorhen
|
Gallinula chloropus | Eurasian common moorhen Gallinula chloropus chloropus | Least concern | |
Grey-headed swamphen
|
Porphyrio poliocephalus | Least concern | ||
Common Coot
|
Fulica atra | Least concern |
Buttonquails
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Turnicidae
The buttonquails are small, drab, running birds which resemble the true quails. The female is the brighter of the sexes and initiates courtship.
Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status | IUCN |
---|---|---|---|---|
Small buttonquail
|
Turnix sylvatica | Least concern | ||
Barred buttonquail
|
Turnix sylvatica | Least concern |
Jacanas
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Jacanidae
The jacanas are a group of tropical waders in the family Jacanidae. They are found throughout the tropics. They are identifiable by their huge feet and claws which enable them to walk on floating vegetation in the shallow lakes that are their preferred habitat.
Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status | IUCN |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pheasant-tailed jacana
|
Hydrophasianus chirurgus | Least concern |
Painted-snipe
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Rostratulidae
Painted-snipe are short-legged, long-billed birds similar in shape to the true snipes, but more brightly coloured.
Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status | IUCN |
---|---|---|---|---|
Greater painted-snipe
|
Rostratula benghalensis | Least concern |
Crab-plover
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Dromadidae
The crab-plover is related to the waders. It resembles a plover but with very long grey legs and a strong heavy black bill similar to a tern. It has black-and-white plumage, a long neck, partially webbed feet and a bill designed for eating crabs.
Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status | IUCN |
---|---|---|---|---|
Crab-plover
|
Dromas ardeola | Least concern |
Oystercatchers
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Haematopodidae
The oystercatchers are large and noisy plover-like birds, with strong bills used for smashing or prising open molluscs.
Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status | IUCN |
---|---|---|---|---|
Common pied oystercatcher
|
Haematopus ostralegus | Near threatened |
Avocets and stilts
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Recurvirostridae
Recurvirostridae is a family of large wading birds, which includes the avocets and stilts. The avocets have long legs and long up-curved bills. The stilts have extremely long legs and long, thin, straight bills.
Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status | IUCN |
---|---|---|---|---|
Black-winged stilt
|
Himantopus himantopus | Himantopus himantopus meridionalis | Resident | Least concern |
Pied avocet
|
Recurvirostra avosetta | Resident | Least concern |
Stone-curlews
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Burhinidae
Stone-curlews are a group of largely tropical waders in the family Burhinidae. They are found worldwide within the tropical zone, with some species also breeding in temperate Europe and Australia. They are medium to large waders with strong black or yellow-black bills, large yellow eyes and cryptic plumage. Despite being classed as waders, most species have a preference for arid or semi-arid habitats.
Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status | IUCN |
---|---|---|---|---|
Indian stone-curlew
|
Burhinus indicus | Resident | Least concern | |
Great stone-curlew
|
Esacus recurvirostris | Resident | Least concern |
Pratincoles and coursers
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Glareolidae
Glareolidae is a family of wading birds comprising the pratincoles, which have short legs, long pointed wings and long forked tails, and the coursers, which have long legs, short wings and long, pointed bills which curve downwards.
Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status | IUCN |
---|---|---|---|---|
Indian courser
|
Cursorius coromandelicus | Least concern | ||
Collared pratincole
|
Glareola pratincola | Least concern | ||
Oriental pratincole
|
Glareola maldivarum | Least concern | ||
Small pratincole
|
Glareola lactea | Least concern |
Plovers and lapwings
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Charadriidae
The family Charadriidae includes the plovers, dotterels and lapwings. They are small to medium-sized birds with compact bodies, short, thick necks and long, usually pointed, wings. They are found in open country worldwide, mostly in habitats near water.
Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status | IUCN |
---|---|---|---|---|
Yellow-wattled lapwing
|
Vanellus malabaricus | Least concern | ||
Sociable lapwing
|
Chettusia gregaria | Critically endangered | ||
Red-wattled lapwing
|
Vanellus indicus | Vanellus indicus lankae | Least concern | |
Pacific golden plover
|
Pluvialis fulva | Least concern | ||
Grey plover
|
Pluvialis squatarola | Least concern | ||
Common ringed plover
|
Charadrius hiaticula | Charadrius hiaticula tundrae | Least concern | |
Long-billed plover
|
Charadrius placidus | Least concern | ||
Little ringed plover
|
Charadrius dubius | Least concern | ||
Kentish plover
|
Charadrius alexandrinus | Least concern | ||
Lesser sand plover
|
Charadrius mongolus | Least concern | ||
Greater sand plover
|
Charadrius leschenaultii | Least concern | ||
Caspian plover
|
Charadrius asiaticus | Least concern | ||
Oriental plover
|
Charadrius veredus | Least concern |
Sandpipers and allies
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Scolopacidae
Scolopacidae is a large diverse family of small to medium-sized shorebirds including the sandpipers, curlews, godwits, shanks, tattlers, woodcocks, snipes, dowitchers and phalaropes. The majority of these species eat small invertebrates picked out of the mud or soil. Variation in length of legs and bills enables multiple species to feed in the same habitat, particularly on the coast, without direct competition for food.
Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status | IUCN |
---|---|---|---|---|
Black-tailed godwit
|
Limosa limosa | Near Threatened | ||
Bar-tailed godwit
|
Limosa lapponica | Near Threatened | ||
Whimbrel
|
Numenius phaeopus | Least Concern | ||
Slender-billed curlew
|
Numenius tenuirostris | Critically Endangered | ||
Eurasian curlew
|
Numenius arquata | Near Threatened | ||
Spotted redshank
|
Tringa erythropus | Least Concern | ||
Common redshank
|
Tringa totanus | Least Concern | ||
Marsh sandpiper
|
Tringa stagnatilis | Least Concern | ||
Common greenshank
|
Tringa nebularia | Least Concern | ||
Nordmann's greenshank
|
Tringa guttifer | Endangered | ||
Green sandpiper
|
Tringa ochropus | Least Concern | ||
Wood sandpiper
|
Tringa glareola | Least Concern | ||
Terek sandpiper
|
Xenus cinereus | Least Concern | ||
Common sandpiper
|
Actitis hypoleucos | Least Concern | ||
Ruddy turnstone
|
Arenaria interpres | Least Concern | ||
Red-necked phalarope
|
Phalaropus lobatus | Least Concern | ||
Eurasian woodcock
|
Scolopax rusticola | Least Concern | ||
Wood snipe
|
Gallinago nemoricola | Vulnerable | ||
Pintail snipe
|
Gallinago stenura | Least Concern | ||
Swinhoe's snipe
|
Gallinago megala | Least Concern | ||
Great snipe
|
Gallinago media | Near Threatened | ||
Common snipe
|
Gallinago gallinago | Least Concern | ||
Jack snipe
|
Lymnocryptes minimus | Least Concern | ||
Asian dowitcher
|
Limnodramus semipalmatus | Near Threatened | ||
Red knot
|
Calidris canutus | Near Threatened | ||
Great knot
|
Calidris tenuirostris | Endangered | ||
Sanderling
|
Calidris alba | Endangered | ||
Red-necked stint
|
Calidris ruficollis | Near Threatened | ||
Little stint
|
Calidris minuta | Least Concern | ||
Temminck's stint
|
Calidris temminckii | Least Concern | ||
Long-toed stint
|
Calidris subminuta | Least Concern | ||
White-rumped sandpiper
|
Calidris fuscicollis | Least Concern | ||
Sharp-tailed sandpiper
|
Calidris acuminata | Least Concern | ||
Dunlin
|
Calidris alpina | Least Concern | ||
Curlew sandpiper
|
Calidris ferruginea | Near Threatened | ||
Spoon-billed sandpiper
|
Calidris pygmeus | Critically Endangered | ||
Broad-billed sandpiper
|
Calidris falcinellus | Least Concern | ||
Buff-breasted sandpiper
|
Calidris subruficollis | Near Threatened | ||
Ruff
|
Calidris pugnax | Least Concern |
Skuas
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Stercorariidae
The family Stercorariidae are, in general, medium to large birds, typically with grey or brown plumage, often with white markings on the wings. They nest on the ground in temperate and arctic regions and are long-distance migrants.
Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status | IUCN |
---|---|---|---|---|
South polar skua
|
Catharacta maccormicki | Least concern | ||
Antarctic skua
|
Catharacta antarctica | Least concern | ||
Pomarine jaeger
|
Stercorarius pomarinus | Least concern | ||
Parasitic jaeger
|
Stercorarius parasiticus | Least concern |
Gulls, terns, and skimmers
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Laridae
Laridae is a family of medium to large seabirds, the gulls and terns. Gulls are typically grey or white, often with black markings on the head or wings. They have stout, longish bills and webbed feet. Terns are a group of generally medium to large seabirds typically with grey or white plumage, often with black markings on the head. Most terns hunt fish by diving but some pick insects off the surface of fresh water. Terns are generally long-lived birds, with several species known to live in excess of 30 years.
- Heuglin's gull, Larus heuglini
- Caspian gull, Larus cachinnans
- Sooty gull, Ichthyaetus hemprichii
- Pallas's gull, Ichthyaetus ichthyaetus
- Brown-headed gull, Chroicocephalus brunnicephalus
- Black-headed gull, Chroicocephalus ridibundus
- Slender-billed gull, Chroicocephalus genei
- Whiskered tern, Chlidonias hybrida
- White-winged tern, Chlidonias leucopterus
- Black tern, Chlidonias niger
- Gull-billed tern, Gelochelidon nilotica
- Caspian tern, Hydroprogne caspia
- Bridled tern, Onychoprion anaethetus
- Sooty tern, Onychoprion fuscatus
- Common tern, Sterna hirundo
- Roseate tern, Sterna dougalli
- White-cheeked tern, Sterna repressa
- Black-naped tern, Sterna sumatrana
- Great crested tern, Thalasseus bergii
- Lesser crested tern, Thalasseus bengalensis
- Sandwich tern, Thalasseus sandvicensis
- Little tern, Sternula albifrons
- Saunders's tern, Sternula saundersi
- Brown noddy, Anous stolidus
- Lesser noddy, Anous tenuirostris
- Black noddy, Anous minutus
Pigeons and doves
Order: Columbiformes Family: Columbidae
Pigeons and doves are stout-bodied birds with short necks and short slender bills with a fleshy cere.
Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status | IUCN |
---|---|---|---|---|
Rock pigeon
|
Columba livia | Columba livia intermedia | Resident | Least concern |
Sri Lanka wood pigeon
|
Columba torringtoniae | Endemic | Vulnerable | |
Pale-capped pigeon
|
Columba punicea | Vulnerable | ||
Oriental turtle dove
|
Streptopelia orientalis | Least concern | ||
Eurasian collared dove
|
Streptopelia decaocto | Streptopelia decaocto intercedens | Least concern | |
Red collared dove
|
Streptopelia tranquebarica | Least concern | ||
Spotted dove
|
Spilopelia chinensis | Spilopelia chinensis ceylonensis | Least concern | |
Common emerald dove
|
Chalcophaps indica | Chalcophaps indica robinsoni | Least concern | |
Orange-breasted green pigeon
|
Treron bicincta | Treron bicincta leggei | Least concern | |
Sri Lanka green pigeon
|
Treron pompadora | Endemic | Least concern | |
Yellow-footed green pigeon
|
Treron phoenicoptera | Least concern | ||
Green imperial pigeon
|
Ducula aenea | Least concern |
Parrots and allies
Order: Psittaciformes Family: Psittaculidae
Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status | IUCN |
---|---|---|---|---|
Rose-ringed parakeet
|
Psittacula krameri | Psittacula krameri manillensis | Resident | Least concern |
Alexandrine parakeet
|
Psittacula eupatria | Psittacula eupatria eupatria | Resident | Near threatened |
Plum-headed parakeet
|
Psittacula cyanocephala | Psittacula cyanocephala cyanocephala | Resident | Least concern |
Layard's parakeet
|
Psittacula calthrapae | Endemic | Least concern | |
Sri Lanka hanging parrot
|
Loriculus beryllinus | Endemic | Least concern |
Cuckoos
Order: Cuculiformes Family: Cuculidae
The family Cuculidae includes cuckoos, roadrunners and anis. These birds are of variable size with slender bodies, long tails and strong legs. Many are brood parasites.
Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status | IUCN |
---|---|---|---|---|
Chestnut-winged cuckoo
|
Clamator coromandus | Least concern | ||
Pied cuckoo
|
Clamator jacobinus | Clamator jacobinus jacobinus | Least concern | |
Common hawk-cuckoo
|
Hierococcyx varius | Least concern | ||
Indian cuckoo
|
Cuculus micropterus | Least concern | ||
Common cuckoo
|
Cuculus canorus | Cuculus canorus bakeri | Least concern | |
Lesser cuckoo | Cuculus poliocephalus | Least concern | ||
Banded bay cuckoo
|
Cacomantis sonneratii | Cacomantis sonneratii waiti | Least concern | |
Grey-bellied cuckoo
|
Cacomantis passerinus | Least concern | ||
Asian emerald cuckoo
|
Chrysococcyx maculatus | Least concern | ||
Fork-tailed drongo-cuckoo
|
Surniculus dicruroides | Least concern | ||
Asian koel
|
Eudynamys scolopacea | Eudynamys scolopacea scolopacea | Least concern | |
Blue-faced malkoha
|
Phaenicophaeus viridirostris | Least concern | ||
Sirkeer malkoha
|
Phaenicophaeus leschenaultii | Least concern | ||
Red-faced malkoha
|
Phaenicophaeus pyffhocephalus | Endemic | Vulnerable | |
Green-billed coucal
|
Centropus chlororhynchus | Endemic | Vulnerable | |
Greater coucal
|
Centropus sinensis | Least concern | ||
Lesser coucal
|
Centropus bengalensis | Least concern |
Barn owls
Order: Strigiformes Family: Tytonidae
Barn owls are medium to large owls with large heads and characteristic heart-shaped faces. They have long strong legs with powerful talons.
Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status | IUCN |
---|---|---|---|---|
Eastern barn owl
|
Tyto javanica | Tyto javanica stertens | Resident | Least concern |
Sri Lanka bay owl
|
Phodilus assimilis | Phodilus assimilis assimilis | Resident | Least concern |
Typical owls
Order: Strigiformes Family: Strigidae
The typical owls are small to large solitary nocturnal birds of prey. They have large forward-facing eyes and ears, a hawk-like beak and a conspicuous circle of feathers around each eye called a facial disk.
Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status | IUCN |
---|---|---|---|---|
Oriental scops owl
|
Otus sunia | Resident | Least concern | |
Indian scops owl
|
Otus bakkamoena | Resident | Least concern | |
Serendib scops owl
|
Otus thilohoffmanni | Endemic | Endangered | |
Spot-bellied eagle owl
|
Bubo nipalensis | Resident | Least concern | |
Brown fish owl
|
Ketupa zeylonensis | Sri Lankan brown fish owl Ketupa zeylonensis zeylonensis |
Resident | Least concern |
Brown wood owl
|
Strix leptogrammica | Resident | Least concern | |
Jungle owlet
|
Glaucidium radiatum | Resident | Least concern | |
Chestnut-backed owlet
|
Glaucidium castanotum | Endemic | Least concern | |
Brown hawk-owl
|
Ninox scutulata | Resident | Least concern | |
Short-eared owl
|
Asio flammeus | Asio flammeus flammeus | Vagrant | Least concern |
Frogmouths
Order: Caprimulgiformes Family: Podargidae
The frogmouths are a group of nocturnal birds related to the nightjars. They are named for their large flattened hooked bill and huge frog-like gape, which they use to take insects.
Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status | IUCN |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sri Lanka frogmouth
|
Batrachostomus moniliger | Resident | Least concern |
Nightjars
Order: Caprimulgiformes Family: Caprimulgidae
Nightjars are medium-sized nocturnal birds that usually nest on the ground. They have long wings, short legs and very short bills. Most have small feet, of little use for walking, and long pointed wings. Their soft plumage is camouflaged to resemble bark or leaves.
Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status | IUCN |
---|---|---|---|---|
Jungle nightjar
|
Caprimulgus indicus | Caprimulgus indicus kelaarti | Resident | Least concern |
Jerdon's nightjar
|
Caprimulgus atripennis | Caprimulgus atripennis aequabilis | Resident | Least concern |
Indian nightjar
|
Caprimulgus asiaticus | Resident | Least concern |
Swifts
Order: Apodiformes Family: Apodidae
Swifts are small birds which spend the majority of their lives flying. These birds have very short legs and never settle voluntarily on the ground, perching instead only on vertical surfaces. Many swifts have long swept-back wings which resemble a crescent or boomerang.
Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status | IUCN |
---|---|---|---|---|
Indian swiftlet
|
Collocalia unicolor | Least concern | ||
Brown-backed needletail
|
Hirundapus giganteus | Least concern | ||
Asian palm swift
|
Cypsiurus balasiensis | Least concern | ||
Alpine swift
|
Tachymarptis melba | Least concern | ||
Blyth's swift | Apus leuconyx | Least concern | ||
Little swift
|
Apus affinis | Least concern |
Treeswifts
Order: Apodiformes Family: Hemiprocnidae
The treeswifts, or crested swifts, are closely related to the true swifts. They differ from the other swifts in that they have crests, long forked tails and softer plumage.
Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status | IUCN |
---|---|---|---|---|
Grey-rumped treeswift
|
Hemiprocne coronata | Resident | Least concern |
Trogons
Order: Trogoniformes Family: Trogonidae
The family Trogonidae includes trogons and quetzals. Found in tropical woodlands worldwide, they feed on insects and fruit, and their broad bills and weak legs reflect their diet and arboreal habits. Although their flight is fast, they are reluctant to fly any distance. Trogons have soft, often colourful, feathers with distinctive male and female plumage.
Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status | IUCN |
---|---|---|---|---|
Malabar trogon
|
Harpactes fasciatus | Resident | Least concern |
Kingfishers
Order: Coraciiformes Family: Alcedinidae
Kingfishers are medium-sized birds with large heads, long, pointed bills, short legs and stubby tails.
Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status | IUCN |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pied kingfisher
|
Ceryle rudis | Ceryle rudis leucomelanura | Resident | Least concern |
Common kingfisher
|
Alcedo atthis | Alcedo atthis taprobana | Resident | Least concern |
Blue-eared kingfisher
|
Alcedo meninting | Alcedo meninting phillipsi | Resident | Least concern |
Oriental dwarf kingfisher
|
Ceyx erithacus | Resident | Least concern | |
Stork-billed kingfisher
|
Halcyon capensis | Halcyon capensis capensis | Resident | Least concern |
White-throated kingfisher
|
Halcyon smyrnensis | Halcyon smyrnensis fusca | Resident | Least concern |
Black-capped kingfisher
|
Halcyon pileata | Resident | Least concern |
Bee-eaters
Order: Coraciiformes Family: Meropidae
The bee-eaters are a group of near passerine birds in the family Meropidae. Most species are found in Africa but others occur in southern Europe, Madagascar, Australia and New Guinea. They are characterised by richly coloured plumage, slender bodies and usually elongated central tail feathers. All are colourful and have long downturned bills and pointed wings, which give them a swallow-like appearance when seen from afar.
Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status | IUCN |
---|---|---|---|---|
Little green bee-eater
|
Merops orientalis | • Merops orientalis orientalis
• Merops orientalis ceylonicus |
Resident | Least concern |
Blue-tailed bee-eater
|
Merops philippinus | Resident | Least concern | |
European bee-eater
|
Merops apiaster | Resident | Least concern | |
Chestnut-headed bee-eater
|
Merops leschenaulti | Resident | Least concern |
Typical rollers
Order: Coraciiformes Family: Coraciidae
Rollers resemble crows in size and build, but are more closely related to the kingfishers and bee-eaters. They share the colourful appearance of those groups with blues and browns predominating. The two inner front toes are connected, but the outer toe is not.
Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status | IUCN |
---|---|---|---|---|
Indian roller
|
Coracias benghalensis | Coracias benghalensis indicus | Resident | Least concern |
Oriental dollarbird
|
Eurystomus orientalis | Eurystomus orientalis irisi | Resident | Least concern |
Hoopoes
Order: Coraciiformes Family: Upupidae
Hoopoes have black, white and orangey-pink colouring with a large erectile crest on their head.
Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status | IUCN |
---|---|---|---|---|
Eurasian hoopoe
|
Upupa epops | Upupa epops ceylonensis | Resident | Least concern |
Hornbills
Order: Coraciiformes Family: Bucerotidae
Hornbills are a group of birds whose bill is shaped like a cow's horn, but without a twist, sometimes with a casque on the upper mandible. Frequently, the bill is brightly coloured.
Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status | IUCN |
---|---|---|---|---|
Malabar pied hornbill
|
Anthracoceros coronatus | Resident | Least concern | |
Sri Lanka grey hornbill
|
Ocyceros gingalensis | Endemic | Least concern |
Barbets
Order: Piciformes Family: Megalaimidae
The barbets are plump birds, with short necks and large heads. They get their name from the bristles which fringe their heavy bills. Most species are brightly coloured.
Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status | IUCN |
---|---|---|---|---|
Brown-headed barbet
|
Psilopogon zeylanicus | Resident | Least concern | |
Yellow-fronted barbet
|
Psilopogon flavilfrons | Endemic | Least concern | |
Crimson-fronted barbet
|
Psilopogon rubricapillus | Endemic | Least concern | |
Coppersmith barbet
|
Psilopogon haemacephalus | Psilopogon haemacephalus indica | Resident | Least concern |
Woodpeckers and allies
Order: Piciformes Family: Picidae
Woodpeckers are small to medium-sized birds with chisel-like beaks, short legs, stiff tails and long tongues used for capturing insects. Some species have feet with two toes pointing forward and two backward, while several species have only three toes. Many woodpeckers have the habit of tapping noisily on tree trunks with their beaks.
Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status | IUCN |
---|---|---|---|---|
Brown-capped pygmy woodpecker
|
Yungipicus nanus | Least concern | ||
Yellow-crowned woodpecker
|
Leiopicus mahrattensis | Least concern | ||
Rufous woodpecker
|
Micropternus brachyurus | Least concern | ||
Lesser yellownape
|
Picus chlorolophus | Picus chlorolophus wellsi | Least concern | |
Streak-throated woodpecker
|
Picus xanthopygaeus | Least concern | ||
Black-rumped flameback
|
Dinopium benghalense | • Dinopium benghalense psarodes
• Dinopium benghalense jaffnense |
Resident. | Least concern |
Crimson-backed flameback
|
Chrysocolaptes stricklandi | Endemic | Least concern | |
White-naped woodpecker
|
Chrysocolaptes festivus | Least concern |
Pittas
Order: Passeriformes Family: Pittidae
Pittas are medium-sized by passerine standards and are stocky, with fairly long, strong legs, short tails and stout bills. Many are brightly coloured. They spend the majority of their time on wet forest floors, eating snails, insects and similar invertebrates.
Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status | IUCN |
---|---|---|---|---|
Indian pitta
|
Pitta brachyura | Migrant | Least concern |
Larks
Order: Passeriformes Family: Alaudidae
Larks are small terrestrial birds with often extravagant songs and display flights. Most larks are fairly dull in appearance. Their food is insects and seeds.
Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status | IUCN |
---|---|---|---|---|
Rufous-winged bushlark
|
Mirafra assamica | Least concern | ||
Oriental skylark
|
Alauda gulgula | Alauda gulgula gulgula | Least concern | |
Ashy-crowned sparrow lark
|
Eremopterix grisea | Eremopterix griseus ceylonensis | Least concern |
Swallows and martins
Order: Passeriformes Family: Hirundinidae
The family Hirundinidae is adapted to aerial feeding. They have a slender streamlined body, long pointed wings and a short bill with a wide gape. The feet are adapted to perching rather than walking, and the front toes are partially joined at the base.
Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status | IUCN |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pale martin
|
Riparia diluta | Least concern | ||
Dusky crag martin
|
Ptyonoprogne concolor | Least concern | ||
Barn swallow
|
Hirundo rustica | Hirundo rustica rustica | Least concern | |
Hill swallow
|
Hirundo domicola | Least concern | ||
Wire-tailed swallow
|
Hirundo smithii | Hirundo smithii filifera | Least concern | |
Red-rumped swallow
|
Hirundo daurica | Least concern | ||
Sri Lanka swallow
|
Hirundo hyperythra | Endemic | Least concern | |
Streak-throated swallow
|
Hirundo fluvicola | Least concern |
Wagtails and pipits
Order: Passeriformes Family: Motacillidae
Motacillidae is a family of small passerine birds with medium to long tails. They include the wagtails, longclaws and pipits. They are slender, ground feeding insectivores of open country.
Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status | IUCN |
---|---|---|---|---|
Forest wagtail
|
Dendronanthus indicus | Least concern | ||
Western yellow wagtail
|
Motacilla flava | Motacilla flava beema | Least concern | |
Citrine wagtail
|
Motacilla citreola | Least concern | ||
Grey wagtail
|
Motacilla cinerea | Least concern | ||
White wagtail
|
Motacilla alba | Least concern | ||
White-browed wagtail
|
Motacilla maderaspatensis | Least concern | ||
Richard's pipit
|
Anthus richardi | Least concern | ||
Paddyfield pipit
|
Anthus rufulus | Anthus rufulus malayensis | Least concern | |
Blyth's pipit
|
Anthus godlewskii | Least concern | ||
Olive-backed pipit
|
Anthus hodgsoni | Least concern |
Cuckooshrikes
Order: Passeriformes Family: Campephagidae
The cuckooshrikes are small to medium-sized passerine birds. They are predominantly greyish with white and black, although some species are brightly coloured.
Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status | IUCN |
---|---|---|---|---|
Large cuckooshrike
|
Coracina macei | Least concern | ||
Black-headed cuckooshrike
|
Coracina melanoptera | Least concern | ||
Small minivet
|
Pericrocotus cinnamomeus | Pericrocotus cinnamomeus malabaricus | Least concern | |
Orange minivet
|
Pericrocotus flammeus | Least concern |
Woodshrikes
Order: Passeriformes Family: Tephrodornithidae
Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status | IUCN |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bar-winged flycatcher shrike
|
Hemipus picatus | Hemipus picatus leggei | Resident | Least concern |
Sri Lanka woodshrike | Tephrodornis affinis | Endemic | Not recognized |
Bulbuls
Order: Passeriformes Family: Pycnonotidae
Bulbuls are medium-sized songbirds. Some are colourful with yellow, red or orange vents, cheeks, throats or supercilia, but most are drab, with uniform olive-brown to black plumage. Some species have distinct crests.
Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status | IUCN |
---|---|---|---|---|
Black-capped bulbul
|
Rubigula melanicterus | Endemic | Least concern | |
Red-vented bulbul
|
Pycnonotus cafer | Pycnonotus cafer haemorrhousus | Resident | Least concern |
Yellow-eared bulbul
|
Pycnonotus pennicilitatus | Endemic | Near threatened | |
White-browed bulbul
|
Pycnonotus luteolus | Pycnonotus luteolus insulae | Least concern | |
Yellow-browed bulbul
|
Iole indica | Iole indica guglielmi | Least concern | |
Square-tailed bulbul
|
Hypsipetes ganeesa | Sri Lanka black bulbul Hypsipetes ganeesa humii |
Least concern |
Ioras
Order: Passeriformes Family: Aegithinidae
The ioras are bulbul-like birds of open forest or thorn scrub, but whereas that group tends to be drab in colouration, ioras are sexually dimorphic, with the males being brightly plumaged in yellows and greens.
Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status | IUCN |
---|---|---|---|---|
Common iora
|
Aegithina tiphia | Resident | Least concern | |
Marshall's iora
|
Aegithina nigrolutea | Least concern |
Leafbirds
Order: Passeriformes Family: Chloropseidae
The leafbirds are small, bulbul-like birds. The males are brightly plumaged, usually in greens and yellows.
Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status | IUCN |
---|---|---|---|---|
Jerdon's leafbird
|
Chloropsis jerdoni | Resident | Least concern | |
Golden-fronted leafbird
|
Chloropsis aurifrons | Resident | Least concern |
Fairy-bluebirds
Order: Passeriformes Family: Irenidae
The fairy-bluebirds are bulbul-like birds of open forest or thorn scrub. The males are dark-blue and the females a duller green.
Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status | IUCN |
---|---|---|---|---|
Asian fairy bluebird
|
Irena puella | Resident | Least concern |
Shrikes
Order: Passeriformes Family: Laniidae Shrikes are passerine birds known for their habit of catching other birds and small animals and impaling the uneaten portions of their bodies on thorns. A typical shrike's beak is hooked, like a bird of prey.
Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status | IUCN |
---|---|---|---|---|
Brown shrike
|
Lanius cristatus | Lanius cristatus cristatus | Vagrant | Least concern |
Long-tailed shrike
|
Lanius schach | Lanius schach caniceps | Least concern | |
Great grey shrike
|
Lanius excubitor | Least concern | ||
Bay-backed shrike
|
Lanius vittatus | Least concern |
Thrushes and allies
Order: Passeriformes Family: Turdidae
The thrushes are a group of passerine birds that occur mainly in the Old World. They are plump, soft plumaged, small to medium-sized insectivores or sometimes omnivores, often feeding on the ground. Many have attractive songs.
Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status | IUCN |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pied thrush
|
Geokichla wardii | Least concern | ||
Orange-headed thrush
|
Geokichla citrina | Geokichla citrina citrina | Least concern | |
Spot-winged thrush
|
Geokichla spiloptera | Endemic | Near threatened | |
Sri Lanka thrush
|
Zoothera imbricata | Endemic | Near threatened | |
Indian blackbird
|
Turdus simillimus | Turdus simillimus kinnisii | Resident | Least concern |
Eyebrowed thrush
|
Turdus obscurus | Least concern |
Laughingthrushes
Order: Passeriformes Family: Leiothrichidae
Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status | IUCN |
---|---|---|---|---|
Orange-billed babbler
|
Turdoides rufescens | Endemic | Near threatened | |
Yellow-billed babbler
|
Turdoides affinis | Turdoides affinis taprobanus | Resident | Least concern |
Ashy-headed laughingthrush
|
Garrulax cinereifrons | Endemic | Vulnerable |
Ground babblers
Order: Passeriformes Family: Pellorneidae
Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status | IUCN |
---|---|---|---|---|
Brown-capped babbler
|
Pellorneum fuscocapillum | Endemic | Least concern |
Babblers
Order: Passeriformes Family: Timaliidae
The babblers, or timaliids, are somewhat diverse in size and colouration, but are characterised by soft fluffy plumage.
Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status | IUCN |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sri Lanka scimitar babbler
|
Pomatorhinus melanurus | Endemic | Least concern | |
Tawny-bellied babbler
|
Dumetia hyperythra | Dumetia hyperythra phillipsi | Endemic | Least concern |
Dark-fronted babbler
|
Pomatorhinus melanurus | • Dryzone dark-fronted babbler Pomatorhinus melanurus siccata • Wetzone dark-fronted babbler |
Least concern |
Locustellid warblers
Order: Passeriformes Family: Locustellidae
Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status | IUCN |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sri Lanka bush warbler
|
Elaphrornis palliseri | Endemic | Near threatened | |
Broad-tailed grassbird
|
Schoenicola platyura | Vulnerable | ||
Lanceolated warbler
|
Locustella lanceolata | Least concern | ||
Common grasshopper warbler
|
Locustella naevia | Least concern | ||
Pallas's grasshopper warbler
|
Locustella certhiola | Rare migrant | Least concern |
Acrocephalid warblers
Order: Passeriformes Family: Acrocephalidae
Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status | IUCN |
---|---|---|---|---|
Blyth's reed warbler
|
Acrocephalus dumetorum | Resident | Least concern | |
Clamorous reed warbler
|
Acrocephalus stentoreus | Acrocephalus stentoreus meridionalis | Least concern | |
Booted warbler
|
Iduna caligata | Least concern |
Phylloscopid warblers
Order: Passeriformes Family: Phylloscopidae
Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status | IUCN |
---|---|---|---|---|
Greenish warbler
|
Phylloscopus trochiloides | Least concern | ||
Green warbler
|
Phylloscopus nitidus | Least concern | ||
Large-billed leaf warbler
|
Phylloscopus magnirostris | Least concern |
Sylviid warblers
Order: Passeriformes Family: Sylviidae
The family Sylviidae is a group of small insectivorous passerine birds. They mainly occur as breeding species, as the common name implies, in Europe, Asia and, to a lesser extent, Africa. Many species are difficult to identify by appearance, but many have distinctive songs.
Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status | IUCN |
---|---|---|---|---|
Lesser whitethroat
|
Sylvia curruca | Sylvia curruca blythi | Resident | Least concern |
Yellow-eyed babbler
|
Chrysomma sinense | Resident | Least concern |
Cisticolas and allies
Order: Passeriformes Family: Cisticolidae
The Cisticolidae are warblers found mainly in warmer southern regions of the Old World. They are generally very small birds of drab brown or grey appearance found in open country such as grassland or scrub.
Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status | IUCN |
---|---|---|---|---|
Zitting cisticola
|
Cisticola juncidis | Cisticola juncidis cursitans | Least concern | |
Grey-breasted prinia
|
Prinia hodgsonii | Prinia hodgsonii pectoralis | Least concern | |
Jungle prinia
|
Prinia sylvatica | Least concern | ||
Ashy prinia
|
Prinia socialis | Prinia socialis brevicauda | Least concern | |
Plain prinia
|
Prinia inornata | Least concern | ||
Common tailorbird
|
Orthotomus sutorius | • Highland common tailorbird Orthotomus sutorius fernandonis • Lowland common tailorbird |
Resident | Least concern |
Old World flycatchers
Order: Passeriformes Family: Muscicapidae
Old World flycatchers are a large group of small passerine birds native to the Old World. They are mainly small arboreal insectivores. The appearance of these birds is highly varied, but they mostly have weak songs and harsh calls.
Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status | IUCN |
---|---|---|---|---|
Blue rock thrush
|
Monticola solitarius | Least concern | ||
Sri Lanka whistling thrush
|
Myophonus blighi | Endemic | Endangered | |
Asian brown flycatcher
|
Muscicapa dauurica | Least concern | ||
Brown-breasted flycatcher
|
Muscicapa muttui | Least concern | ||
Spotted flycatcher
|
Muscicapa striata | Least concern | ||
Red-breasted flycatcher
|
Ficedula parva | Least concern | ||
Yellow-rumped flycatcher
|
Ficedula zanthopygia | Least concern | ||
Dull-blue flycatcher
|
Eumyias sordida | Endemic | Near threatened | |
Kashmir flycatcher
|
Ficedula subrubra | Vulnerable | ||
Slaty-blue flycatcher
|
Ficedula tricolor | Least concern | ||
Black-and-orange flycatcher
|
Ficedula nigrorufa | Near threatened | ||
White-bellied blue flycatcher
|
Cyornis pallipes | Least concern | ||
Blue-throated flycatcher
|
Cyomis rubeculoides | Least concern | ||
Hill blue flycatcher
|
Cyornis banyumas | Least concern | ||
Tickell's blue flycatcher
|
Cyornis tickelliae | Least concern | ||
Grey-headed canary flycatcher
|
Culicicapa ceylonensis | Culicicapa ceylonensis ceylonensis | Least concern | |
Black-naped monarch
|
Hypothymis azurea | Hypothymis azurea ceylonensis | Least concern | |
Indian paradise flycatcher
|
Terpsiphone paradisi | • Ceylon paradise flycatcher Terpsiphone paradisi ceylonensis • Indian paradise flycatcher • Himalayan paradise flycatcher |
Resident, Migrant | Least concern |
White-browed fantail
|
Rhipidura aureola | Resident | Least concern | |
Indian blue robin
|
Luscinia brunnea | Migrant | Least concern | |
Black-backed robin
|
Saxicoloides fulicata | Saxicoloides fulicata leucopterus | Resident | Least concern |
Oriental magpie robin
|
Copsychus saularis | Copsychus saularis saularis | Resident | Least concern |
White-rumped shama
|
Copsychus malabaricus | Copsychus malabaricus leggei | Resident | Least concern |
Rufous-tailed scrub robin
|
Cercotrichas galactotes | Rare vagrant | Least concern | |
Bluethroat
|
Luscinia svecica | Rare vagrant | Least concern | |
Pied bushchat
|
Saxicola caprata | Least concern | ||
Desert wheatear
|
Oenanthe deserti | Least concern | ||
Pied wheatear
|
Oenanthe pleschanka | Least concern | ||
Isabelline wheatear
|
Oenanthe isabellina | Least concern |
Titmice
Order: Passeriformes Family: Paridae
The Paridae are mainly small stocky woodland species with short stout bills. Some have crests. They are adaptable birds, with a mixed diet including seeds and insects.
Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status | IUCN |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cinereous tit
|
Parus cinereus | Parus cinereus mahrattarum | Resident | Least concern |
Nuthatches
Order: Passeriformes Family: Sittidae
Nuthatches are small woodland birds. They have the unusual ability to climb down trees head first, unlike other birds which can only go upwards. Nuthatches have big heads, short tails and powerful bills and feet.
Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status | IUCN |
---|---|---|---|---|
Velvet-fronted nuthatch
|
Sitta frontalis | Resident | Least concern |
Flowerpeckers
Order: Passeriformes Family: Dicaeidae
The flowerpeckers are very small, stout, often brightly coloured birds, with short tails, short thick curved bills and tubular tongues.
Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status | IUCN |
---|---|---|---|---|
Thick-billed flowerpecker
|
Dicaeum agile | Dicaeum agile zeylonense | Resident | Least concern |
Pale-billed flowerpecker
|
Dicaeum erythrorhynchos | Dicaeum erythrorhynchos ceylonense | Resident | Least concern |
Legge's flowerpecker
|
Dicaeum vincens | Endemic | Near threatened |
Sunbirds and spiderhunters
Order: Passeriformes Family: Nectariniidae
The sunbirds and spiderhunters are very small passerine birds which feed largely on nectar, although they will also take insects, especially when feeding young. Flight is fast and direct on their short wings. Most species can take nectar by hovering like a hummingbird, but usually perch to feed.
Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status | IUCN |
---|---|---|---|---|
Purple-rumped sunbird
|
Leptocoma zeylonica | Leptocoma zeylonica zeylonica | Resident | Least concern |
Long-billed sunbird
|
Cinnyris lotenius | Resident | Least concern | |
Purple sunbird
|
Cinnyris asiaticus | Cinnyris asiaticus asiaticus | Resident | Least concern |
White-eyes
Order: Passeriformes Family: Zosteropidae
The white-eyes are small and mostly undistinguished, their plumage above being generally some dull colour like greenish-olive, but some species have a white or bright yellow throat, breast or lower parts, and several have buff flanks. As their name suggests, many species have a white ring around each eye.
Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status | IUCN |
---|---|---|---|---|
Oriental white-eye
|
Zosterops palpebrosa | Resident | Least concern | |
Sri Lanka white-eye
|
Zosterops ceylonensis | Endemic | Least concern |
Waxbills and allies
Order: Passeriformes Family: Estrildidae
The estrildid finches are small passerine birds of the Old World tropics and Australasia. They are gregarious and often colonial seed eaters with short thick but pointed bills. They are all similar in structure and habits, but have wide variation in plumage colours and patterns.
Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status | IUCN |
---|---|---|---|---|
White-throated munia
|
Euodice malabarica | Least concern | ||
White-rumped munia
|
Lonchura striata | Southwestern white-rumped munia Lonchura striata striata |
Least concern | |
Scaly-breasted munia
|
Lonchura punctulata | Lonchura punctulata punctulata | Least concern | |
Tricoloured munia
|
Lonchura malacca | Least concern | ||
Black-throated munia
|
Lonchura kelaarti | Lonchura kelaarti kelaarti | Least concern | |
Java sparrow
|
Lonchura oryzivora | Introduced | Vulnerable |
Old World sparrows
Order: Passeriformes Family: Passeridae
Sparrows are small passerine birds. In general, sparrows tend to be small, plump, brown or grey birds with short tails and short powerful beaks. Sparrows are seed eaters, but they also consume small insects.
Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status | IUCN |
---|---|---|---|---|
House sparrow
|
Passer domesticus | Passer domesticus indicus | Resident | Least concern |
Weavers and allies
Order: Passeriformes Family: Ploceidae
The weavers are small passerine birds related to the finches. They are seed-eating birds with rounded conical bills. The males of many species are brightly coloured, usually in red or yellow and black, some species show variation in colour only in the breeding season.
Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status | IUCN |
---|---|---|---|---|
Chestnut-shouldered petronia
|
Petronia xanthocollis | Petronia xanthocollis xanthocollis | Least concern | |
Streaked weaver
|
Ploceus manyar | Least concern | ||
Baya weaver
|
Ploceus philippinus | Least concern |
Starlings
Order: Passeriformes Family: Sturnidae
Starlings are small to medium-sized passerine birds. Their flight is strong and direct and they are very gregarious. Their preferred habitat is fairly open country. They eat insects and fruit. Plumage is typically dark with a metallic sheen.
Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status | IUCN |
---|---|---|---|---|
White-faced starling
|
Sturnornis albofrontatus | Endemic | Vulnerable | |
Chestnut-tailed starling
|
Sturnia malabarica | Sturnia malabarica malabarica | Least concern | |
Brahminy starling
|
Sturnia pagodarum | Least concern | ||
Rosy starling
|
Pastor roseus | Least concern | ||
Common myna
|
Acridotheres tristis | • Acridotheres tristis tristis
• Acridotheres tristis melanosternus |
Resident | Least concern |
Sri Lanka hill myna
|
Gracula ptilogenys | Endemic | Near threatened | |
Common hill myna
|
Gracula religiosa | Resident | Least concern |
Old World orioles
Order: Passeriformes Family: Oriolidae
The Old World orioles are colourful passerine birds. They are not related to the New World orioles.
Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status | IUCN |
---|---|---|---|---|
Indian golden oriole
|
Oriolus kundoo | Least concern | ||
Black-naped oriole
|
Oriolus chinensis | Oriolus chinensis diffusus | Least concern | |
Slender-billed oriole | Oriolus tenuirostris | Least concern | ||
Black-hooded oriole
|
Oriolus xanthornus | Oriolus xanthornus ceylonensis | Resident | Least concern |
Drongos
Order: Passeriformes Family: Dicruridae
The drongos are mostly black or dark grey in colour, sometimes with metallic tints. They have long forked tails, and some Asian species have elaborate tail decorations. They have short legs and sit very upright when perched, like a shrike. They flycatch or take prey from the ground.
Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status | IUCN |
---|---|---|---|---|
Black drongo
|
Dicrurus macrocercus | Least concern | ||
Grey drongo
|
Dicrurus leucophaeus | Least concern | ||
White-bellied drongo
|
Dicrurus caerulescens | Dicrurus caerulescens leucopygialis | Least concern | |
Sri Lanka drongo
|
Dicrurus lophorinus | Least concern | ||
Greater racket-tailed drongo
|
Dicrurus paradiseus | Dicrurus paradiseus ceylonicus | Least concern |
Woodswallows
Order: Passeriformes Family: Artamidae
The woodswallows are soft-plumaged, somber-coloured passerine birds. They are smooth, agile flyers with moderately large, semi-triangular wings.
Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status | IUCN |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ashy woodswallow
|
Artamus fuscus | Resident | Least concern |
Crows, jays, ravens and magpies
Order: Passeriformes Family: Corvidae
The family Corvidae includes crows, ravens, jays, choughs, magpies, treepies, nutcrackers and ground jays. Corvids are above average in size among the Passeriformes, and some of the larger species show high levels of intelligence.
Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status | IUCN |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sri Lanka blue magpie
|
Urocissa ornata | Endemic | Vulnerable | |
House crow
|
Corvus splendens | Corvus splendens protegatus | Resident | Least concern |
Jungle crow
|
Corvus macrorhynchos or Corvus culminatus | Resident | Least concern |
See also
References
- 1 2 3 Onley, Derek; Scofield, Paul (2007). Albatrosses, Petrels and Shearwaters of the World (Helm Field Guides). Christopher Helm Publishers Ltd. ISBN 0-7136-4332-3.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Harrison, Peter; Peterson, Roger Tory (1991). Seabirds: A Complete Guide to the Seabirds of the World (Helm Identification Guides). Christopher Helm Publishers Ltd. ISBN 0-7136-3510-X.
- ↑ BirdLife International (2004). "Pelecanus philippensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2006. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 10 May 2006.
- ↑ BirdLife International (2006). "Anhinga melanogaster". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2006. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 11 May 2006. Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is Near threatened
- 1 2 3 Walters, Michael P. (1980). Complete Birds of the World. David & Charles PLC. ISBN 0-7153-7666-7.
- ↑ BirdLife International (2004). "Egretta eulophotes". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2006. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 11 May 2006. Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is vulnerable
- ↑ BirdLife International (2006). "Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2006. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 11 May 2006. Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is Near threatened
- ↑ BirdLife International (2006). "Threskiornis melanocephalus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2006. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 11 May 2006. Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is near threatened
- ↑ BirdLife International (2006). "Platalea minor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2006. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 9 May 2006. Database entry includes a range map and justification for why this species is endangered
- ↑ Madge, Steve; Burn, Hilary (1988). Wildfowl: An Identification Guide to the Ducks, Geese and Swans of the World (Helm Identification Guides). Christopher Helm. ISBN 0-7470-2201-1.
- ↑ de Silva Wijeratne, Gehan; Warakagoda, Deepal; de Zylva, T.S.U. (2007). "Species description". A Photographic Guide to Birds of Sri Lanka. New Holland Publishers (UK) Ltd. p. 37. ISBN 978-1-85974-511-3.
- "Splitting headaches? Recent taxonomic changes affecting the British and Western Palaearctic lists" - Martin Collinson, British Birds vol 99 (June 2006), 306-323
Further reading
- A Field Guide to the Birds of Sri Lanka by John Harrison and Tim Worfolk
- Guide to the Birds of Sri Lanka by G.M.Henry