List of Maya gods and supernatural beings

Name list of Maya gods and supernatural beings playing a role in the Classic (200–1000 CE), Post-Classic (1000–1539 CE) and Contact Period (1511–1697) Maya religion. The names are mainly taken from the Books of Chilam Balam, Lacandon ethnography, the Madrid Codex, the work of Diego de Landa, and the Popol Vuh. Depending on the source, most names are either Yucatec or K'iche'. The Classic Period names (belonging to the Classic Maya language) are only rarely known with certainty.

Maya mythological beings

List Source Key: *CHB*–Books of Chilam Balam; *LAC*–Lacandon ethnography; *L*–de Landa; *M*—Madrid Codex; *PV*–the Popol Vuh.
Note: The corresponding deities in the revised Schellhas-Zimmermann-Taube list of codical deities,[1] have been indicated between the square brackets.

B

Bacab *L* [ god N ]

The old god of the interior of the earth and of thunder, sky-carrier, fourfold.

Bahlam

The jaguar god of the underworld[2]. Also Any of a group of jaguar gods who protected people and communities.

Bitol *PV*

A sky god. One of the creator deities who participated in the last two attempts at creating humanity.

Bolon Ts'akab (Dzacab) *L* [ god K ]

Ah Bolon Dzacab "Innumerable Generations", the Lightning god, patron of the harvest and the seeds.

Bolontiku *CHB*

A group of nine underworld gods.

Bolon Yokte'

"Nine Strides", mentioned in the Books of Chilam Balam and in Classic inscriptions; functions unknown.

Buluc Chabtan [ god F ]

The god of war, violence and sacrifice.

C

Cabrakan

A god of mountains and earthquakes. He was a son of Vucub Caquix and Chimalmat.

Cacoch *LAC*

A creator god.

Camazotz *PV*

Bat monsters.

Can Tzicnal *L*

The Bacab of the north, associated with the color white, and the Muluc years. Son of Itzamna and Ixchel.

Chaac *L*

The god of storms and rain, enemy of Camazotz

Chaac Uayab Xoc *L*

A fish god and the patron deity of fishermen.

Chicchan

A group of four Chorti rain gods who live in lakes and make rain clouds from the water in them. As with the Bacabs, ach of the rain gods was associated with a cardinal direction. Chiccan was also the name of a day in the Tzolkin cycle of the calendar.

Cit-Bolon-Tum

A god of medicine and healing.

Chimalmat *PV* warrior§

A giant who was, by Vucub Caquix, the mother of Cabrakan and Zipacna.

Chin

The main god of homosexual relationships and patron of homosexual prostitutes.

Cizin

A god of death who lived in Metnal.

Colel Cab

Goddess of the Bees.

Colop U Uichkin *RITUAL OF THE BACABS*

An eclipse deity.

Coyopa

The god of thunder. Brother of Cakulha.

E

Ek Chuaj *M* (God M)

Ek Chuaj, the "black war chief" was the patron god of warriors and merchants. He was depicted carrying a bag over his shoulder. In art, he was a dark-skinned man with circles around his eyes, a scorpion tail and dangling lower lip.

G

GI, GII, GIII

The gods I, II, and III, that is, the three patron deities or triad of the Palenque kingdom, made up of GI a sea deity with a shell ear, GII a baby lightning god (god K), and GIII the jaguar god of fire, also patron of the number seven.

Gukumatz > Q'uq'umatz *PV*

A feathered snake god and creator. The depiction of the feathered serpent deity is present in other cultures of Mesoamerica. Gukumatz of the K'iche' Maya is closely related to the god Kukulkan of Yucatán and to Quetzalcoatl of the Aztec.

H

Hachäk'yum *LAC*

Patron deity of the Lacandon.

Hobnil *L*

Bacab of the east.

Hozanek *L*

Bacab of the south. The ek element in the name may refer to a star or constellation.

Hum Hau

A god of death and the underworld.

Hun-Batz *PV*

"One Howler Monkey", one of two stepbrothers of the Hero Twins, one of the Howler Monkey Gods and patron of the arts.

Hun-Came *PV*

"One-Death", a lord of the underworld (Xibalba) who, along with Vucub-Came "Seven-Death", killed Hun Hunahpu. They were defeated by the latter's sons the Hero Twins.

Hun-Chowen *PV*

One of the two stepbrothers of the Hero Twins, one of the Howler Monkey Gods and patron of the arts.

Hun-Hunahpu *PV*

The father of the Maya Hero Twins Ixbalanque and Hun-Hunahpu by a virgin. Beheaded in Xibalba, the underworld, by the rulers of Xibalba, Hun Came and Vucub Caquix. His sons found a way through MultiVerse knowledge to save their father and many other folk this time around..

Hunab Ku

"Sole God", identical with Itzamna as the highest Yucatec god; or a more abstract upper god. *Current research now indicates this 'Maya' symbol is not of Maya origin and rather an invention by a Catholic missionary to more easily introduce one-god concept into the Maya culture.

Hun-Ahpu *PV*

One of the Maya Hero Twins.

Hunahpu-Gutch *PV*

One of the thirteen creator gods who helped create humanity.

Hunahpu Utiu *PV*

One of the thirteen creator gods who helped to create humanity.

Hun-Ixim

"One-Maize", a reading of the name glyph of the Classic Period Tonsured Maize God

Hun-nal-ye

A now -bsolete reading of the name glyph of the Classic Period Tonsured Maize God

Huracan *PV*

"One-Leg", one of three lightning gods together called "Heart of the Sky", and acting as world creators.

I

Itzamna
The founder of maize and cacao, as well as writing, calendars, and medicine. Once mentioned as the father of the Bacabs. Connected to Kinich Ahau and Hunab Ku.
Itzananohk'u
A patron god of the Lacandon people.
Ixbalanque > Xbalanque
Ixchel *L* [goddess O]
Jaguar goddess of midwifery and medicine.
Ixmucane *PV*
One of the thirteen creator gods who helped create humanity, grandmother of the Hero Twins. See Maya religion.
Ixpiyacoc *PV*
A creator god who helped create humanity. Twelve other gods were also involved in creating humanity. See Maya religion.
Ixtab *L*
Goddess of suicide, always represented with a rope around her neck.

J

Jacawitz *PV*

Mountain god of the K'iche'.

K

K'awiil (Kawil, Kauil)

Assumed to have been the Classic name of God K (Bolon Dzacab). Title attested for Itzamna, Uaxac Yol, and Amaite Ku; family name; probably not meaning "food", but "powerful".

KIN

The solar deity.

Kinich Kakmo

A solar deity represented by a macaw, patron of Izamal (Yucatan).

Kisin (Cisin)

The most commonly depicted god of death.

Kukulkan

"Feathered Serpent". Although heavily Mexicanised, Kukulkan has his origins among the Maya of the Classic Period, when he was known as Waxaklahun Ubah Kan (/waʃaklaˈχuːn uːˈɓaχ kän/), the War Serpent, and he has been identified as the Postclassic version of the Vision Serpent of Classic Maya art.

M

Mam

A title of respect meaning "Grandfather" and applied to a number of different Maya deities including earth spirits, mountain spirits, and the four Bacabs.

Maximon

A god of travelers, merchants, medicine men/women, mischief and fertility, later conflated with Saint Simon and in modern times part of the celebrations surrounding Holy Week.

N

Nohochacyum

A creator-destroyer deity, the brother of the death god Kisin (or possibly another earthquake god also known as Kisin). He is the sworn enemy of the world serpent Hapikern and it is said that, in the end of days, he will destroy Hapikern by wrapping him around himself to smother him. In some versions, this will destroy life on Earth. He is related, in some stories, to Usukan, Uyitzin, Yantho and Hapikern, all of whom wish ill to human beings. Brother of Xamaniqinqu, the patron god of travelers and merchants.

Q

Qaholom *PV*

One of the second set of creator gods.

Q'uq'umatz *PV*

Feathered Snake god and creator. The depiction of the feathered serpent deity is present in other cultures of Mesoamerica. Q'uq'umatz of the K'iche' Maya is closely related to the god Kukulkan of Yucatán and to Quetzalcoatl of the Aztecs.

S

Sip

A hunting god of the Yucatec Maya arguably corresponding, in the Classic period, to an elderly human with deer ears and antlers.[3]

T

Tepeu *PV

A sky god and one of the creator deities who participated in all three attempts at creating humanity.

Tohil *PV*

Tohil was a patron god of the K'iche', to whom a great temple was erected at the K'iche' capital Q'umarkaj.

V

Vatanchu

"Straight God", a mountain god of the Postclassic Manche Ch'ol.[4]

Votan

Legendary ancestral deity, Chiapas.

Vucub-Caquix *PV*

A bird being, whose wife is Chimalmat and whose sons are the demonic giants Cabrakan and Zipacna.

X

Xaman Ek

The god of travelers and merchants, who gave offerings to him on the side of roads while traveling.

Xbalanque *PV* [god CH]

One of the Hero or War Twins and companion to Hunahpu

Xcarruchan

A mountain god of the Postclassic Manche Ch'ol.[5]

Xmucane and Xpiayoc *PV*

A creator god couple which helped create the first humans. They are also the parents of Hun Hunahpu and Vucub Hunahpu. They were called Grandmother of Day, Grandmother of Light and Bearer twice over, begetter twice over and given the titles midwife and matchmaker.

Xquic

She was the daughter of Cuchumaquic, one of the lords of the underworld, Xibalba. She is noted for being the mother of the Hero Twins, Hunahpu and Xbalanque and is sometimes considered to be the Maya goddess associated with the waning moon.

Y

Yaluk

One of four Mopan "Grandfathers" of the earth and chief lightning god.

Yopaat

An important rain god at Copán and Quiriguá in the southern Maya area.[6]

Yum Kaax

God of the woods, of wild nature, and of the hunt; invoked before carving out a maize field from the wilderness.

Z

Zac Cimi *L*

The Bacab of the west.

Zipacna *PV*

A demonic personification of the earth crust.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Taube 1992
  2. ↑ "Religion-Mayan Gods Deities". www.maya-archaeology.org.
  3. ↑ Braswell, Geoffrey E. (2003). The Maya and Teotihuacan: Reinterpreting Early Classic Interaction. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. p. 286. ISBN 0-292-70587-5. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
  4. ↑ Thompson 1938, p. 594.
  5. ↑ Wanyerka August 2009, p. 182.
  6. ↑ Gutiérrez González 2012, p. 1061.

References

  • Gutiérrez González, Ma. Eugenia (2012). B. Arroyo, L. Paiz, and H. Mejía, eds. "Yopaat, un dios maya de la tormenta en Quiriguá" (PDF). Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala (in Spanish). Guatemala City, Guatemala: Ministerio de Cultura y Deportes, Instituto de Antropología e Historia and Asociación Tikal. XXV (2011): 1061–1073. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2014-10-20.
  • Knowlton, Timothy W., Maya Creation Myths: Words and Worlds of the Chilam Balam. University Press of Colorado, Boulder 2010.
  • Taube, Karl, The Major Gods of Ancient Yucatán. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington 1992.
  • Mark, Joshua, The Mayan Pantheon: The many gods of the Maya . 2012
  • Thompson, J. Eric S. (October–December 1938). "Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century Reports on the Chol Mayas". American Anthropologist. New Series. Wiley on behalf of the American Anthropological Association. 40 (4 (Part 1)): 584–604. doi:10.1525/aa.1938.40.4.02a00040. JSTOR 661615. (subscription required)
  • Thompson, J. Eric S. Maya History and Religion. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman 1970.
  • Wanyerka, Phillip Julius (August 2009). "Classic Maya Political Organization: Epigraphic Evidence of Hierarchical Organization in the Southern Maya Mountains Region of Belize" (PDF). Carbondale, Illinois, US: Southern Illinois University. Retrieved 2014-08-12.
  • "Hunab Ku: The FAKE Maya god…". 12 April 2017.
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