List of European tornadoes and tornado outbreaks

Parent article: List of tornadoes and tornado outbreaks

These are some notable tornadoes, tornado outbreaks, and tornado outbreak sequences that have occurred in Europe.

Pre-20th century

Event Date Area Tornadoes Casualties Notes
Freising tornado of 78831 December 788Freising, Holy Roman Empire––Earliest known European tornado.[1][2]
Rosdalla tornado30 April 1054Kilbeggan, Ireland––Recorded in the Annals of the Four Masters, which described a "round tower of fire" (Irish: cloictheach tenedh) that sucked in birds, a greyhound and clothing, and dropped them again.[3][4]
London tornado of 109123 October 1091London , Middlesex, Kingdom of England12Earliest known and perhaps strongest tornado in the British Isles.[3]
Vyšehrad tornado of 111930 July 1119Vyšehrad, Bohemia––Earliest known and perhaps strongest Czech tornado which destroyed the palace of the Czech duke at Vyšehrad which is now in Prague[5]
Czech tornado of 114414 May 1144Bohemia2–Two tornadoes near military camp of duke Oto.[5]
Prague tornado of 12558 April 1255Prague, Bohemia––Tornado at Prague Castle.[5]
Russian tornado of 14061406Novgorod, Russia–1 fatality knownThe first known tornado outbreak in Russia. On damage description, perhaps it was F3 tornado. One fatality documented.
Venice tornado1406Venice, Italy–many fatalitiesA strong tornado hit Venice destroying many houses and killing many people
Rodenberg tornado1453Rodenberg, Germany–18A strong tornado moved through the village killing 18 people
Oleśnica tornado11 September 1535Oleśnica, Poland–5An F4 tornado destroyed part of the town killing 5 people.
Lequile tornado22 June 1546Lequile, Italy–24A strong tornado travelled for 3 km (maybe F3/F4) destroying the town, killing many people.
Valletta, Malta tornado23 September 1551 (or 1556)Malta–≈600 fatalitiesPerhaps deadliest European tornado.[3]
Nottingham tornado7 July 1558Nottingham, United Kingdom–6A tornado tracked through the city center
Rockhausen tornado15 July 1582Rockhausen, Germany––An F4 tornado destroyed a village completely with nearly all houses and barns; only two houses remained untouched
Neznašov, Czech tornado6 July 1585Bohemia––[5]
Augsburg, Germany tornado2 July 1587Augsburg, Holy Roman Empire––
Roma, Italy tornado4 December 1645Rome, Papal States–Many fatalitiesProbably F4.
La Rochelle – Paris, France tornadoesSeptember 1669France––Longest track tornado family in Europe.[3]
Cádiz, Spain tornadoMarch 1671Cadiz, Andalucia, Spain–Many fatalitiesApparent violent Spanish tornado.[6]
Utrecht, Netherlands tornado1 August 1674Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands––Destroyed part of the Dom Tower of Utrecht.[7]
Veneto tornado29 July 1686Terrazzo, Dolo, Italy––A strong and long track tornado caused extensive damage from Terrazzo to Dolo travelling for 40 miles in 1 hour killing many people and injuring many others.
Rome, Italy tornado12 June 1749Rome, Papal States–2Destroyed many houses in Rome and Ostia, probably F3 multivortex tornado.
Padua, Italy tornado17 August 1756Veneto, Italy––A likely F3 tornado hit the city of Padua, heavily damaging masonry buildings, with leaded roofs thrown several kilometers away.
Great Malvern tornado of 176114 October 1761Malvern, Worcestershire, Great Britain––
Woldegk, Germany tornado29 June 1764Germany31Small tornado outbreak over Poland and Germany with 1 F5, 1 F3 and 1 F1. The F5 tornado traveled for 35 km with a width of 400-800m and had windspeeds of 279 mph, killing 1 person and injuring 3 people. This is one of the most powerful events to have hit Europe.

Belfast and Carrickfergus, 2 September 1775 (Northern Ireland). A small tornado which damaged structures and lifted people into the air. It also lifted the waters in Larne Lough, hit land on Islandmagee and then disappeared into the North Channel (McSkimin's History of Carrickfergus, 1811)

Gräfenberg tornado8 June 1778Germany17Powerful tornado struck the town killing 7 people and injuring 10 others.
Hainichen, Germany tornado23 April 1800Germany10A violent tornado (F5/T10) caused heavy damage (houses destroyed completely and trees debarked) on a path of 9.5 km in a 50m wide area injuring 5 people.
Fernhill Heath tornadoes22 September 1810Farnborough, Hampshire, England, UK––Widest known and perhaps strongest British tornado.[3]
Southsea, England tornado14 December 1810Portsmouth, Hampshire, England, UK––Perhaps strongest British tornado.[3]
Seine-Maritime, France tornado19–20 August 1845France370–200A small outbreak produced 3 tornadoes in France, the Netherlands and Germany. An F5 (T11) tornado struck Montiville in France killing 70–200 people and injuring 130 on a 15–30 km path. This tornado had winds close to 311 mph.
Sicilian tornadoesDecember 1851Sicily, Kingdom of Sicily2≈500 fatalitiesAmong deadliest European tornadoes.[3]
Middle Poland31 May 1866Jarluty Duże, Humięcino2≥7 fatalities, 18 injuriesOne of them was the deadliest tornado in Poland.[8]
Palazzolo dello Stella tornado28 July 1867Palazzolo dello Stella, Italy115A strong tornado (F3/F4) destroyed the town killing 15 people and injuring about 50 others.
Brno, Czech tornado13 October 1870Brno, Moravia––Detailed scientific description by Gregor Mendel.[5]
Vienna, Austria tornado29 June 1873Vienna, Austria–Many fatalities
Catania tornado7 October 1884Catania, Italy–30A strong tornado (F3/F4) destroyed many town around Catania, and part of the city. Many building are completely destroyed on 25 km path. 30 people died and about 500 others were injured.
Madrid, Spain tornado12 May 1886Madrid, Spain147A powerful F3 tornado struck Madrid. It caused extensive damage to buildings; some of them collapsed killing the occupants, on a 12 km path from Carabanchel to Ciudad Lineal with a width of 1 km. It is the deadliest Spanish tornado of the last two centuries. (Carabanchel)[9]
Rhineland tornado1 July 1891North Rhineland, Germany53Tornado outbreak over central Germany. 3 tornadoes are unclassified. 1 was an F0 that travelled 12 km from Beeskow to Müllrose (Brandenburg ), and 1 was a powerful F4 (T9) that brought the total destruction of Anrath, a small village killing 3 people and injuring 100 on a 20 km path. 8 cm hail fell near Anrath before the arrival of the tornado.
Novska Tornado31 May 1892Croatia, Austria-Hungary21Strongest known tornado in Croatia. Large multivortex F4 twin-tornado struck the southern part of Novska village and nearby woods. 1 death occurred, 3 people were heavily injured, and many had minor injuries. At least 150 000 trees were destroyed in its path. A train was derailed, one train wagon (14 t) was lifted at least 6 m in the air and thrown 30 meters onto a field. Average width of the tornado was 800 m, with the maximum width exceeding 1.2 km. Hail size from this tornadic supercell was 8 cm.
Badalona tornado15 June 1892Badalona, Catalonia, Spain13 fatalities"La Vanguardia" – newspaper[10]
Paris Tornado10 September 1896Paris, France15The Paris tornado of 10 September 1896 is the only documented case of a tornado forming and dissipating within an urban area in France.[11]
Central Germany18 March 1897Germany54A tornado outbreak produced 5 tornadoes over central Germany. The first tornado hit Gelsenkirchen in contemporary with a strong tornado that destroyed a factory and some houses killing 3 people and injuring 4. An F3 (T6) tornado struck Kirberg and other villages on a 40 km path killing 1 person. Two other tornadoes struck Stelzen (Thüringen) and Fürth am Berg (Bayern).
Oria tornado21 September 1897Oria, Apulia, Italy155A strong F4 tornado struck the villages of Sava and Oria killing 55 people on a 37 km path and a width of 400-800m. Some houses were destroyed and other buildings were severely damaged.
Koln tornado7 August 1898Cologne, Germany13A violent tornado struck the city of Cologne. The storm began 3 km from the city center, in Zollstock accompanied by hail of 5 cm. The tornado caused heavy damage and was classified as F4 (T8). The storm ended just northwest of Wipperfürth after it had traveled for 38 km and after killing 3 people and wounding about 100.

20th century

Event Date Area Tornadoes Casualties+ Notes
Javaugues, France tornado2 June 1902France11 fatalityAn F3 tornado struck Javaugues and other villages along its 7 km path. With a width of 3 km this is the widest documented tornado that has hit the continent.[3]
1904 Moscow tornado29 June 1904Moscow, Russia19 fatalitiesAn F4 (T9) tornado struck the eastern part of Moscow causing severe damages along its 42 km path in a densely populated area and with a width of 400-700m. It killed 9 people and wounded 93.
1906 Opladen tornado14 August 1906Opladen, Germany11 fatalityAn F3 (T7) tornado struck several villages along its 15 km path killing 1 person and injuring 25 others.
1910 Tornado Outbreak11 May 1910Germany, Czech Republic and Austria101 injuredTornado outbreak over Central Europe. 1 F3 tornado in Czech Republic struck Klatovy and other villages over a 13 km path with a base of 1 km.
1910 Lower Saxony tornadoes4 June 1910Lower Saxony, Germany2/1 F3 tornado and 1 F4 tornado struck Bad Zwischenahn and Ostrhauderfehn.
1910 Germany Tornadoes22 July 1910Germany12/Tornado outbreaks over Germany, with 12 tornadoes, causing severe damage. 1 F3 (T7) tornado struck Platten (Rhineland-Palatinate). Several other tornadoes produced F2-F3 damage with paths of 10–30 km.
1910 Lombardy tornado23 July 1910Lombardy, Italy136 fatalitiesA violent long-track tornado caused severe damage along a 62 km path N of Milan, in Lombardy, North Italy. The tornado completely destroyed many homes in Busto Arsizio, Solaro, and Saronno killing 36 people and injuring another 50, becoming one of the most destructive Italian tornadoes.
1912 Breţcu tornado13 May 1912Breţcu, Romania117 fatalitiesA violent F3 tornado struck the town of Breţcu destroying 1,548 houses and killing 17 people and injuring another 150.
1913 Plochingen tornado1 June 1913Plochingen, Germany340 injuriesA violent F3 tornado struck Echterdingen and Plochingen traveling for 20 km injuring 40 people. On the same day 2 other tornadoes touched down in Germany, 1 F1 in Nürtingen and 1 in the Taunus region.
Barry – Chester, Wales – England tornado27 October 1913United Kingdom–Several fatalitiesPossibly deadliest British tornadic supercell.
Itzgrund, Germany tornado3 January 1916Itzgrund, Bavaria-Germany21A long-track F3 tornado struck the cities of Itzgrund and Grafenwöhr traveling for 85 km killing 1 person and injuring another one. On the same day an F2 tornado struck Greiz.
Wiener Neustadt, Austria tornado10 July 1916Wiener Neustadt, Vienna, Austria335 fatalities, 328 injuredThis F4 tornado was the deadliest and strongest tornado in Austria. More than 150 homes were destroyed on a 20 km path. 2 other tornadoes were confirmed on this day: 1 F2 in Theresienfeld (Austria) and 1 F3 (T6) tornado in Saxony (Germany)
Germany tornado outbreak28–30 June 1920Schleswig-Holstein, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Saxony-Anhalt93 injuredSmall outbreak over the northern part of Germany with 1 F3 tornado that struck Bargteheide, 5 F2 tornadoes that caused 3 injuries and 3 F1 tornadoes.
Southern Netherlands tornado outbreak26 April 1924Netherlands≥3–
Pilisvörösvár, Hungary tornado13 June 1924Hungary16 fatalities and 33 injuredA strong F4 long-track tornado killed 6 people near Budapest. The storm traveled for 65 km with a large base, up to 1/2 km. Several villages were razed to the ground and an F5 intensity was suspected but according to windspeed it should be an F4.
Nice, France tornado1 December 1924France130 injuredAn F3 tornado struck the city of Nice damaging the city for 4.5 km in a 100m wide area. 30 people were injured by the storm.
Netherlands tornado outbreak10–12 August 1925Netherlands, Germany and Czech Republic54 fatalitiesA powerful tornado struck the town of Borculo with several houses destroyed nearly to its foundation walls (F4 or T9) and also the church was seriously damaged. Another tornado (F3 or T6) killed 1 in Germany in Uetersen injuring another 13.
Lichtenvoorde – Neede – Tubbergen, Netherlands tornado1–2 June 1927Netherlands/Germany78 fatalitiesStrong tornadoes over Netherlands and Germany, with 1 tornado near the F5 category in Neede that killed 7 people and another one near Vrees in Germany were 10 people were injured by an F4 (T9) tornado. A strong F3 tornado struck Schepsdorf and Lingen causing severe damage along a 6 km path, killing 1 person and injuring 17.
Asipovichy tornado12 June 1927Belarus11 fatalityAt 17.30 local time an F3 tornado crossed the territory of the Staryya Darohi and Asipovichy districts. The tornado destroyed some residential and outbuildings, crops and left a 250–300 m wide сlearing in the forest. One farmer, who was driving a dray, was picked up into the air along with his horse and load of logs and chips and thrown away to a distance. He died two hours later. The tornado threw off a loaded train from the trackbed embankment on the construction site of the Asipovichy-Mahilyow railway line. The observers noted the rotation of the parent cloud. The phenomenon was accompanied by a thunderstorm and torrential rain. The tornado travelled the path of 37 km with a capture width between 100 and 200 m.
Austria tornado outbreak29 September 1927Austria31 fatality2 F3 tornadoes caused extensive damage in Sankt Ruprecht an der Raab and Unterrohr. The first tornado destroyed several homes, some also with ground floor walls having collapsed, injuring 10 people over a 20 km path with a width of 1 km. An F1 tornado struck Hirnsdorf damaging some trees and roofs. The third tornado struck Unterrohr and other towns over a 15 km path killing a 14-year-old boy lifted and thrown down and hit by roof tiles.
Monza tornado29 August 1928Monza, Italy18Strong tornado struck the city of Monza killing 8 people and injuring about 60 others.
Montello, Italy tornado24 July 1930Montello, Veneto, and Friuli in Italy–23 fatalitiesThis is the strongest tornado[3] in Europe together with the 1845 Montville tornado in France which was very similar in power. The storm possibly crossed almost the entire province of Treviso even going so far in the province of Pordenone with a total path of about 80 km. The event lasted a total of 84 minutes, but perhaps this was not the only event of the day. The storm arrived to unleash winds near 500 km/h (F5 tornado) and killed 23 people.[12]
Naples tornado16 August 1930Naples, Italy–4Strong tornado struck Naples causing severe damage, 4 death and injuring 70 people on 4 km path.
Birmingham Tornado14 June 1931United Kingdom11 fatalityA strong F3 tornado struck the suburbs of Birmingham killing 1 woman and injuring many other people.
Plettenberg, Germany Tornado17 June 1931Germany24 fatalitiesA tornado damaged the town of Willertshagen and Plettenberg in North Rhine-Westphalia. 4 people were killed and 80 others were injured.
Lublin tornado20 July 1931Poland–3 fatalitiesA strong F4 (maybe a low F5) struck Lublin and Zemborzyce killing 3 people and injuring many others along a 20 km path.
Nurmijärvi – Konginkangas4 August 1932Finland61 fatality6 tornadoes (one F3) tracked 20 km.[13]
Kiuruvesi11–15 July 1934Finland81 fatalityF4 tornado, strongest one in Finland.[13]
Kyrenia Tornado17 October 1934Cyprus13 fatalitiesA strong tornado (maybe an F2-F3) struck the city of Kyrenia causing the collapse of the church tower and the roof of a school killing 3 children.
Düsseldorf,Germany Tornado10 January 1936Germany22 fatalitiesAn F4 (T8) tornado damaged Düsseldorf causing extensive damage, 2 fatalities and 37 injuries along a 10 km path. On the same day an F3 (T6) tornado struck Hamm (Sieg).
Wiepkenhagen, Germany Tornado15 July 1936Germany2–A violent tornado struck Wiepkenhagen (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern) causing severe damage like an F4 tornado.
Mottola, Italy Tornado13 September 1937Apulia – Italy110 injuredA long-track F3 tornado caused severe damage to the town of Mottola, Martina Franca and in the Monopoli area traveling for 43 km with severe damage to homes and trees. 10 people were injured.
Nienhagen, Germany Tornado8 July 1938Germany1–A long-track F2 tornado caused damage to Nienhagen, Lower Saxony up to Uelzen traveling for 75 km.
Bavaria, Germany Tornadoes22 July 1948Germany35 fatalities3 tornadoes were confirmed. A strong tornado hit Nürnberg city area destroying 40 homes, killing 4 people and injuring 11 others. Another strong tornado caused damage from Auerbach up to Grafenwöhr killing a 12-year-old boy by falling debris.
Buckinghamshire – Cambridgeshire, England tornadoes21 May 1950United Kingdom4–An F2 (T5) tornado crossed Britain for 107 km (one of the longest-lived tornadoes in Europe) from Little London (Buckinghamshire) to Coveney (Cambridgeshire). Three other F1 tornadoes were documented on the same day.
Veluwe, Gelderland – Haulerwijk, Friesland, Netherlands tornadoes23 August 1950Gelderland – Friesland, Netherlands4–Strongest recorded tornado in Netherlands, T10 (F5) damage in 50 kilometre long path in Veluwe forest.
Osterholz-Scharmbeck, Germany tornado11 July 1951Lower Saxony, Germany2–A strong tornado (F3 or T7) caused severe damage for 52 km path from Hude to Gnarrenburg in Lower Saxony.
Turin, Piemonte tornado29 May 1953Turin, Italy15 fatalitiesA strong F1 tornado struck the centre of Turin, causing considerable damage and the collapse of part of the roof of the Mole. 5 people died in the storm.
Castelo Branco, Portugal tornado6 November 1954Portugal15 fatalities, 220 injuriesA Strong F3 (T7) tornado struck the town of Castelo Branco causing extreme damage to the city, killing 5 people and injuring 220 others.
United Kingdom tornado Outbreak8 December 1954United Kingdom7–6 tornadoes were confirmed that day over England and in particular over the western parts of the Greater London area where 3 tornadoes (1 of them caused F3 (T7) damage from Gunnersbury to Southgate) were confirmed. In total there was 1 F3 tornado, 4 F1 tornadoes and 2 F0 tornadoes.
Naro-Fominsk, Russia Tornado25 August 1956Naro-Fominsk-Russia1–A long-track F2 tornado caused severe damage on an 80 km path in a 200-350m wide area.
Robecco Pavese tornado16 June 1957Robecco Pavese, Italy17 fatalities, 80 injuriesA violent tornado struck the villages of Argine, Robecco Pavese and Vallescuropasso causing severe damage. The tornado was an F4 (T9) tornado, but at some point it made T10 damage. 7 people died and about 80 were injured on a 10 km path. This is the second most violent tornado ever to hit the country.
Rawa Mazowiecka and Nowe Miasto tornado15–16 May 1958Rawa Mazowiecka and Nowe Miasto in Poland23 fatalities, >100 injuries[14]
Rzeszów, Poland tornado20 May 1960Poland and Ukraine85 fatalitiesTornado outbreak over south Poland and north Ukraine with 8 tornadoes. 1 was an F4/F5 tornado that struck the town of Niechobrz causing the total destruction of some houses and killing 3 people. Another 2 victims were recorded in Dynów and Gorliczyna.[15]
United Kingdom tornado Outbreak26–27 August 1960United Kingdom13–A light tornado outbreak over the south part of England with 13 tornadoes over a 2-day period. Most of them were at F0/F1 strength. The strongest tornadoes (F1 or T3) struck Hornchurch, (Greater London) and Poulton, Gloucestershire
Évreux,France Tornadoes4 May 1961France21 fatality and 100 injuredTwo powerful F3 tornadoes struck Évreux and Cormeilles. In the city of Évreux 1 person died and 100 others were injured.
Bavaria,Germany Tornadoes14 May 1961Germany25 injuredA strong F3 tornado struck Gangkofen and Wurmannsquick traveling for 22 km and injuring 5 people. A second tornado struck Mitterskirchen and Hirschhorn traveling for 30 km and producing F2 (T5) damage. Both tornadoes caused extensive damage.
Central Europe Tornado Outbreak8 August 1961Germany and Austria71 fatalityAll the tornadoes were classified as F1 (T2/T3). They caused severe damage near Hamburg, while an F1 tornado struck Innsbruck producing large hail and killing 1 person.
Pomezia tornado30 October 1961Pomezia , Italy13AN F3 tornado travelled 20 km on land near Rome. 25 houses in wood and bricks completely destroyed; six factories strongly damaged; some concrete houses completely destroyed. 3 people died and 60 were injured.
Holstebro,Denmark tornado11 February 1962Denmark1–A powerful F3/T7 tornado struck Holstebro in Denmark causing devastating damage. More than 100 houses badly damaged or destroyed making this event the most devastating tornado in Denmark's history. Maybe the tornado was a low F4.
Kirovo-Chepetsk,Russia tornado20 May 1964Russia1–A long-track tornado struck the Kirov Oblast and Udmurtia travelling for 175 km from Kirovo-Chepetsk to Glazov. It was classified as an F2 tornado.
Lower Saxony, Germany tornadoes15–16 September 1964Germany3–3 EF3 tornadoes struck several villages in Lower Saxony. The first, an F3 (T7) tornado, struck on the 15th killing 1 person and injuring 20 others on a 20 km path from the town of Minden to Stadthagen. The other 2 tornadoes struck Mellendorf and Schessinghausen.}
Parma, Italy tornado4 July 1965Italy≥19 fatalitiesA strong tornado struck the province of Parma causing severe damage and 9 fatalities over a 22 km path. Maybe this tornado was a strong F3. On this day several more tornadoes were produced over the Po Valley.[16]
Western Europe tornado outbreaks of 196724–25 June 1967France – Netherlands – Belgium815 fatalities, 112 injuredViolent tornado outbreak with 8 tornadoes that swept over France (5) Belgium (1) and the Netherlands (2). In France a category F5 tornado destroyed the town of Palluel killing 6 people. Shortly after an F4 destroyed Pommereuil killing 2 other people. Both tornadoes traveled for 23 km. In the Netherlands 2 F3 tornadoes caused the deaths of seven people, one of these reached F3 (T7) strength. In total there were 2 F2, 4 F3, 1 F4 and 1 F5 tornadoes.
German Black Forest tornado10 July 1968Germany22 fatalitiesA long-track F3 tornado struck Uberach and other villages in France, in Alsace region, causing 3 injuries. The same supercell produced the powerful F4 (T8) tornado that struck Ittersbach and Pforzheim (Baden-Württemberg) killing 2 people and injuring 300 others.
Catania, Italy tornado31 October 1968Sicily-Italy12 fatalitiesA powerful tornado hit the Piana di Catania along a path of 16 km killing 2 people and injuring 100 others.
Belarus Tornado Outbreak31 May 1969Belarus4–A powerful tornado outbreak produced 3 F2 and 1 F1 tornadoes across Belarus. The strongest one struck Svetlahorsk (Gomel Region).
Nicosia, Cyprus tornadoes22 December 1969CyprusSeveral4 fatalitiesWaterspouts (probably tornadic) came ashore.
Russia Tornado Outbreak6 July 1970Russia6–6 F1 long-track tornadoes struck the area 400 km S of Moscow. 1 of them had a path length of 100 km.
Venice and Padua, Italy tornado outbreak11 September 1970Veneto, Italy136 fatalitiesA violent tornado invests the outskirts of Padua and Venice causing heavy damage and killing 36 people. 21 of the victims were on a ferry on the island of St. Helena when the tornado hit. 12 people died in a campsite in Ca'Savio, where some cars were found more than 200 meters away. The category F4 tornado traveled 70 km.
La Rochelle, France tornado25 January 1971France11 fatalityAn F4 tornado struck La Rochelle traveling for 2.9 km causing severe damage in a 50m wide area. 1 person died and another 12 were injured.
L'Abbaye, Switzerland tornado18 October 1971Switzerland1–A powerful F4 tornado struck Bois d'Amont and L'Abbaye causing severe damage to houses, cars and completely destroying sections of forests. The path of the storm is similar to the path of the 1890 F4 tornado.
Kiel, Germany tornado18 October 1971Germany11 fatalityAn F3/T7 tornado struck Kiel killing 1 person and injuring 13 others.
Ameland Island, Netherlands tornado11 August 1972Friesland, Netherlands–7 fatalities, 90 injuries
Northern France tornado Outbreak20 September 1973France32 fatalities3 F3 tornadoes struck Fleury-les-Aubray, Sancy-les-Provins and Grainville-Langannerie killing 2 people and injuring 14 others.
Christ's Ascension Day outbreak24 May 1979Germany63 injuredA major outbreak struck parts of Eastern Germany with one violent F4 tornado near Bad Liebenwerda (Brandenburg) where harvesters were sent flying.
Ukraine tornado outbreak2 June 1980Ukraine4–4 tornadoes were confirmed. 3 of them were of F2 strength, while the first tornado was an F1.
Mid June outbreak14–15 June 1980Central Germany78 fatalities, at least 11 injuries (serious)Some tornadoes struck the Central German states of Thuringia and Saxony-Anhalt. A camp site was severely damaged with some fatalities. The tornadoes were classified as F1-F2 strength.
1981 Lithuania tornado29 May 1981Eastern Lithuania––An F2 tornado travelled for 6 km with a path 100-300m wide. This was the strongest known tornado that hit the country.
Moerdijk, Netherlands tornado6 October 1981North Brabant, Netherlands–17 fatalitiesNLM CityHopper Flight 431 encountered tornado shortly after takeoff and crashed.
1981 United Kingdom tornado outbreak23 November 1981United Kingdom1040 fatalitiesLargest known European outbreak[3] though predominately weak tornadoes.
FU F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5
21 24 57 2 0 0 0
Levier, France tornado2 June 1982France1–A powerful F4 tornado struck Levier causing severe damage along a 3 km path.
France and Belgium tornadoes20 September 1982France and Belgium37 injured3 tornadoes were confirmed, 1 F2 and the others 2 were classified as F3 strength. A strong F3 (T7) tornado struck Belgium injuring 3 people on a 31 km path. Possibly the strongest tornado event in Belgium.
1984 Ivanovo-Yaroslavl tornado outbreak9 June 1984Western Russia22>400 fatalities, 213 injured[3] The most deadly tornado outbreak in Russia(USSR). At least one F5, one F4, and one F3 were in the outbreak that damaged 36 cities and villages, including Tver and Kostroma, in a wide area north of Moscow. Almost three F2 tornadoes was fixed over no-population areas.
FU F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5
0 1 1 3 1 1 1
Shel'vov20 July 1987Ukraine1–F4 tornado that destroyed the town of Shel'vov.
Ameland Island, Netherlands tornado17 August 1992Friesland, Netherlands–1 fatality
Sigüenza, Spain tornado24 May 1993Sigüenza, Spain––F2 damage in a path across the town.
Spijkenisse, South-Holland7 June 1997Netherlands–F1 damage on houses, and trees ripped out of the ground.
Mikkeli, Rantakylä12 June 1998Finland–F3 (track 10 km) destroyed some airport facilities.
San Leonardo de Yagüe, Spain tornado1 June 1999Spain––F3 damage and thousands of trees uprooted in a forest near Soria, Spain.
Gudar Range, Spain tornado28 August 1999Sistema Ibérico, Spain1+–F3 tornado in mountainous terrain.[17]

21st century

Event Date Area Tornadoes Casualties Notes
Rakvere, Estonia tornado15 July 2000Rakvere, Estonia11Destroyed 110 homes, 1 was killed.
Concorezzo tornado7 July 2001Concorezzo, Italy392 injuriesA strong F3 tornado struck Concorezzo and Arcore causing severe damage and 92 injuries. 2 other tornadoes (F1 and F2) were recorded on the same day in northern Italy.
Tornado outbreak in the north-east of Catalonia and Southern France20 October 2001Catalonia and Languedoc-Roussillon6–3 EF1 tornadoes and 1 EF0 in Spain; 1 EF3, 1 EF2 and 1 EF0/EF1 in France.
Athens, Greece tornado27 July 2002Athens, Greece––Struck near airport.[18]
Romania tornado12 August 2002Southeastern Romania23 fatalitiesA strong EF3+ tornado struck several villages in southern Romania. 33 houses were destroyed on a 74 km path. The storm killed 3 people and injured 15 others. Another tornado struck near Floreasca.
Cyprus tornadoes27 January 2003Southern Cyprus41 fatalityTornadoes and waterspouts; Limassol worst hit with a T4-T5 tornado.[19]
Tornado outbreak in Catalonia, Spain17 August 2003Catalonia, Spain3–1 EF2 tornado (180 km/h in la Culla – Manresa), 1 EF1 tornado and 1 EF0 tornado. Some downbursts were detected in Osona and Baix Camp.
Cyprus tornado outbreak22 January 2004Cyprus7+Multiple injuriesSevere weather outbreak with several T3-T4 tornadoes and waterspouts.[19]
Late June outbreak23 June 2004Northern and Eastern Germany48 injuriesAt least one F1, an F2, and an F3 tornado caused significant damage. The villages of Micheln and Trebbichau in Saxony-Anhalt were heavily impacted by one of the most damaging tornadoes in modern German history.
Kontiolahti, Viinijärvi tornadoes[20]20 August 2004Finland3–An F2 (track 10 km) and 2 F1 tornadoes were reported.
Romania tornado outbreak7 May 2005Romania9–9 tornadoes over Romania. One of them struck Movilita causing damage like an F1 tornado on a path of 1 km.
Hajdúbagos-Hosszúpályi tornado18 May 2005Hungary1–A registered F2 tornado hit two villages near Debrecen. The tornado touched down in the eastern part of Hajdúbagos and followed an approx. 10 km path through Hosszúpályi. 80% of forests in the Hajdúság Landscape-protection Area between the two villages were completely destroyed and several houses got damaged.
Garderen tornado27 July 2005Garderen, Netherlands1–T4 tornado damaging mainly woods, also some damage to property.
2005 Birmingham tornado28 July 2005Birmingham, United Kingdom339 injuredAn F2 tornado struck the centre of Birmingham causing 39 injuries and severe damage. On the same day 2 F0 tornadoes struck Peterborough and Moulton causing little damage to trees and roofs.
Central Europe tornado outbreak29 July 2005Germany, Czech Republic82 injuries8 tornadoes were spotted on the border between Germany and the Czech Republic. 6 were classified as F2 (the strongest as F2 or T5) and 2 as F1 (T3). A T5 tornado struck Johanngeorgenstadt and other villages on a 10 km path causing 2 injuries. Another F2 (T5) tornado struck the Czech Republic, traveling for 21 km with a width of 1 km. Strong downbursts were also recorded causing serious damage and more injuries.
Tornado outbreak in Catalonia, Spain7 and 8 September 2005Catalonia, Spain5–1 EF2 tornado, 3 EF1 tornadoes, 1 EF0 tornado and more than 10 waterspouts in 24 hours
Hamburg, Germany tornado outbreak27 March 2006Germany82 fatalities, 2 injuries8 tornadoes were spotted, two of which were category F2. One of them struck Hamburg causing 2 deaths and 2 injuries on a 7 km path. The other tornadoes were F1.
Central Europe tornado outbreak20–21 May 2006Germany, Poland, Czech Republic and Netherlands160The outbreak struck the central part of Europe, in particular the central region of Germany, with 16 tornadoes across the region. 5 were F2, 10 F1 and 1 F0. The most powerful hit Westerwiehe (F2 T5); however, the longest path was of an F1 that lasted for 23 km.
Noordwijkerhout tornado21 May 2006Noordwijkerhout, Netherlands1–T3-T4 tornado causing damage to crops and buildings.
August 2006 UK tornado outbreaks16–18 August 2006United Kingdom–8 injuriesAt least 4 tornadoes.
August 2006 Mainland Europe outbreak21 August 2006Western Europe–38 injuriesAt least 7 confirmed tornadoes, a further 4 unconfirmed.
Tornado outbreak in Tarragona and Barcelona coast13 September 2006Catalonia, Spain4–3 EF1 tornadoes, 1 EF0 tornado and more than 5 waterspouts in 24 hours.
2006 London tornado7 December 2006London, England, UK16 injuries[21]
Cyclone Kyrill tornado outbreak17/18 January 2007Eastern Germany105The first tornado was an F0 (T1) in the Netherlands on the 17th. On the 18th 9 tornadoes were reported, one in Sweden, 4 in Germany, 1 in the Czech Republic and 3 in Poland. The 4 tornadoes in Germany were 1 F2 (T5), 2 F3 (T6) and 1 F3 (T7) (the F3 tornadoes caused the 5 injuries), the last one with a path of 34 km. The other tornadoes were 3 F2 and 1 F1 tornadoes.
Guidizzolo tornado9 July 2007North Italy –312 injuries3 tornadoes formed over Veneto, Lombardia and Piemonte. In Piemonte a landspout tornado occurred near Vercelli. In Lombardia, a strong F2 (T5) struck the village of Guidizzolo causing severe damages on a 12 km path. In Veneto an F1 (T3) struck Farra D'Alpago causing some damage to roofs.
Central England tornado outbreak23 September 2007Central England6–At least 6 tornadoes reported in Warwickshire, Northamptonshire and West Midlands. 4 of them were F1 tornadoes.[22]
Salboro (Padua) tornado6 July 2008Padua, Veneto, Italy1 F0–A small tornado that hit an urban area.[23]
2008 Hautmont tornado3 August 2008Hautmont, France–4 fatalities, 13 injuriesSame outbreak as below; F4 damaged several villages.[24][25]
Northern Netherlands tornado outbreak3 August 2008Friesland, Groningen, Netherlands2 confirmed, 4 reported–Same outbreak as above; T3-T4 tornadoes caused damage to property.
2008 Poland tornado outbreak15–16 August 2008Mykanów, Poland124 fatalities12 were reported. One of them struck Balcarzowice causing F3 (T7) damage and 15 injuries. One person was killed in Kalina by an F3 tornado. Another one was killed in Garzkowice and two other people were killed in Slovakia because of a severe downburst. In total 4 people were killed and about 100 were injured in the outbreak.
Greece PeloponneseMarch 2009Ilia, Greece2 Deaths30 Taranto tornadoinjuriesAn F3 (T5) tornado travelled in the city center of ilia for 2 km Killing 2 people.
North Italy outbreak6 June 2009Piemonte and Veneto, Italy328 injuriesAn F0 tornado was reported near Vercelli, Piemonte in the afternoon. At the same time, a supercell produced a strong F3 tornado in Riese Pio X, in the village of Vallà causing heavy damage, in some parts like an F3/F4 (T7/T8) tornado. It travelled for 10.6 km and injured 28 people. The last tornado hit Valvasone, in Friuli damaging some buildings, cars, trucks and woods causing damage like an F2 (T5) tornado on a 10.5 km path.
Nicosia tornado19 September 2009Nicosia, Cyprus–17+ injuries10 homes with serious damage.[26]
Chalkidiki, Greece tornado12 February 2010Northern Greece––F2/T3-T4 tornado.[27]
Whit Monday outbreak24 May 2010Eastern Germany4 confirmed1 fatality, 38 injuriesAn F1, an F2 and an F2+ (possibly F3) caused massive destruction in the States of Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and Brandenburg which caused at least €250 million in damages and one fatality.
Lichtenvoorde – Vragender – Winterswijk, Netherlands12 July 2010Netherlands16 injuriesTornado destroyed church tower in Vragender and Zwarte Cross Festival area in Lichtenvoorde. Damage was T5-T7, uncertainty about nature of winds, some sources cite a strong derecho as cause of damage.
Veneto tornado outbreak23 July 2010Veneto, Italy31 fatality, some injuries3 tornadoes hit near the cities of Venice, Padua and Vicenza; strong thunderstorms, with downbursts, in other places (a man killed near Verona).[28][29]
Hungary tornado outbreak16 August 2010Hungary3 confirmed–3 tornadoes, 2 of them likely F2; villages where tornadoes were reported: Diósjenő, Mezőkövesd, Felsőtárkány
Lumda – Neppermin, Germany23 August 2010Germany5 confirmed–F3 tornado in Lumda & F2 tornado in Neppermin caused damages of about €5 million.
Portugal7 December 2010Portugal–0 fatalities, >40 injuriesLong track, long-lived F3 tornado caused significant damage northeast of Lisbon.[30]
Northern Sweden tornado outbreak4 June 2011Northern Sweden–At least 3 injuriesSeveral tornadoes reported in the provinces of Ångermanland, Västerbotten, and Norrbotten in northern Sweden.[31][32]
2011 Lithuania tornado27 July 2011Northern Lithuania1 confirmed–F2 tornado formed near Radviliškis town. Strongest since 1981[33]
Sachsen – Anhalt, Germany11 September 2011Germany2–2 F1 tornadoes confirmed.
England and Wales tornadoes29 November 2011England and Wales, UK1 F0, 2 F1 tornadoes1 injuredOne tornado in Greater Manchester, England and another in Anglesey, Wales. Later that day, a F1 tornado struck north of Breighton.
Vierlingsbeek/Overloon Tornado10 May 2012NetherlandsF0 T1No casualties reportedTornado (partly rainwrapped, probably multi-vortex) damage to property and crops.
Venice tornado12 June 2012Veneto, ItalyLikely an F2 tornadoNo casualties reportedA tornado hit the eastern isles of Venice, notably Lido, Sant'Elena and Sant'Erasmo, and the nearby town of Treporti, with damage to houses, boats, cars/lorries and trees.[34][35][36]
French tornado7 July 2012France4–Tornadoes reported in France, 2 of which were F0 and 2 of which were F1.[37][38][39][40]
Northern Poland tornado outbreak14 July 2012Poland–1 fatality, 10 injuriesTornadoes hit northern Poland.[41] Severe damages to houses and infrastructure. 400 ha of forests was destroyed. Two F3/T6 tornadoes are confirmed.[42]
FU F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5
0 0 1 0 2 0 0
Gandia tornado28 September 2012Spain135 injuriesAn F1 (T3) tornado hit a fairground and flattened a Ferris wheel.[43]
FU F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5
0 0 1 0 0 0 0
Algarve tornadoes16 November 2012Algarve in PortugalF2/T5 tornado plus an F01 fatality, 13 injuries[44]Two tornadoes hit the coast of the Algarve about 10 km from one another. The strongest of the two hit Silves[45] and Lagoa and was classified by the Portuguese national weather service as F2/T5.[46][47] The weakest, almost certainly an F0, hit Alvor.[48]
FU F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5
0 1 0 1 0 0 0
Taranto tornado27–29 November 2012Italy Greece61 fatality, 42 injuriesA tornado struck on the 27th at Rosignano Marittimo causing damage like an F1 (T3). On the 28th a huge wedge F3 tornado struck Taranto, Statte and Crispiano with a path of 23 km causing 1 fatality and 42 injuries, and serious damage to ILVA of Taranto.[49][50] On the 29th 4 tornadoes struck Greece, one of these causing F2 damage and the other like an F1 (T2/T3).
FU F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5
0 0 4 1 1 0 0
Emilia tornado outbreak3 May 2013Italy313 injuries3 tornadoes were reported. The first touched down near Modena and hit Castelfranco Emilia causing F2-F3 damage. It travelled for 18.8 km. The second tornado hit the village of San Martino Spino, near Mirandola (the same region hit by the Emilia earthquakes of 2012) causing damages like an F2 and 1 injury. The last tornado hit Argelato, San Giorgio in Piano and Bentivoglio near Bologna causing F3 (T6/T7) damage on a 25 km path and injuring 12 people.
FU F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5
0 0 0 2 1 0 0
South Europe outbreak28–29 July 2013France, Germany and Italy615 injuriesOn 28th 2 tornadoes struck France and Germany, the first one injured 1 person and was classified as an F2. On 29th 4 tornadoes struck North Italy one of which cause strong F2 damage in Grezzago and Trezzo sull'Adda, causing €15.000.000 in damage and 12 injuries.
FU F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5
0 1 3 2 0 0 0
Pommertsweiler tornado18–19 Aug 2013Germany, Belgium, Netherlands and Norway527 injuriesSome F0 tornadoes over Belgium, 1 F1 (T2) in Norway and an F2 (T4) tornado in Germany on the 19th, which injured 27 people in a campsite.
FU F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5
0 1 1 1 0 0 0
North France outbreak25 January 2014United Kingdom, France and Belgium123 injuries10 F1 tornadoes and 1 F2 tornado were confirmed on that day across the United Kingdom (7), France (3) and Belgium (2). A strong F1 struck the city of Nuneaton seriously damaging 5 houses, then an F2 (T4) tornado struck the cities of Reke, Halluin and Rekkem, with a path of 12.8 km, injuring 3 people and damaging several buildings.
FU F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5
0 0 10 1 0 0 0
Nonantola tornado30 Apr 2014Italy15 injuries1 tornado was confirmed near Modena and two funnel clouds were reported, one of which probably touched the ground near Minerbio, the same region hit by the tornadoes of 2013. The tornado that hit Nonantola was a likely an F2, maybe a category T5 that travelled for 14 km and injured 5 people in the industrial area.
FU F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5
0 0 0 1 0 0 0
North France tornado outbreak10 August 2014United Kingdom, France, Belgium, Netherlands and Germany165 injuries16 tornadoes struck France, United Kingdom, Belgium, Netherlands, and Germany. A long track tornado struck Achicourt in France, travelling 43 km while 2 F2 tornadoes struck Netherlands and Germany, causing serious damage. There were 5 injuries in total, 4 in Belgium and one in United Kingdom.
FU F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5
0 6 8 2 0 0 0
Kariyevo tornado29 August 2014Russia, Republic of Bashkortostan12A wedge F3 tornado struck Kariyevo and Janaul with a total path of 45 km. The storm killed 2 people and injured about 50.
FU F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5
0 0 0 0 1 0 0
Catania tornado5 November 2014Italy, Sicily20A strong F1 tornado struck Ognina (northern area of Catania) causing severe damage. Another strong F1 tornado struck the centre of Acireale approximately one hour later.
FU F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5
0 0 2 0 0 0 0
Apulia tornado Outbreak12 November 2014Italy, Apulia4–A small tornado outbreak struck the Apulia region. One F2 tornado damaged Monacizzo causing major damage. 2 other F1 tornadoes struck Carosino and Ginosa Marina, while an F0 waterspout struck Gallipoli.
FU F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5
0 1 2 1 0 0 0
North Germany tornado outbreak5 May 2015Germany, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern7–Several tornadoes struck northern Germany, 1 of them was an F3 T7 tornado that struck Bützow causing severe damage. Severe wind gusts were recorded across the Netherlands and northern Germany, killing 1 person in Hamburg.
FU F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5
0 0 3 1 1 0 0
Central Germany tornado outbreak12 May 2015Germany, Hesse, Thuringia, Saxony-Anhaltat least 4–Several tornadoes were confirmed (EF1) which caused minor damage in the municipality of Nohra.[51]
FU F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5
0 0 2 1 0 0 0
South Germany tornado outbreak13 May 2015Germany, Bavaria, Baden-Württembergat least 4–4 tornadoes were confirmed, 1 of which caused F3 damage in Affing. A strong F3 damaged Bonndorf im Schwarzwald and forest areas on a 16 km path. Another F2 tornado was confirmed in France.
FU F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5
0 0 1 1 2 0 0
Ohausen bei Freystadt tornado29 May 2015Germany, Bavaria, Oberfranken1–One F1 tornado which caused severe damage to buildings.[52][53]
FU F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5
0 0 1 0 0 0 0
Riviera del Brenta tornado8 July 2015Veneto, Italy11 dead, 72 injuredOne EF4[54] tornado struck a small area among the towns of Pianiga, Dolo and Mira, with heavy damage and several casualties; the area is inside the well-known Riviera del Brenta, famous for its villas and channels. About 500 buildings were badly damaged or destroyed,[55] among them the Villa Fini from the 17th century, which was razed to the ground.[56][57][58][59]
EFU EF0 EF1 EF2 EF3 EF4 EF5
0 0 0 0 0 1 0
Noord-Holland tornado outbreak24 August 2015The Netherlands20A supercell formed above Belgium going north passing Amsterdam where 1 EF-0 crossed streets where people where shopping, later on around Hoorn 3 funnel clouds where reported. After another 25 km a Tornado formed above farmland destroying a farm with EF-4 Damage, no animal or human got injured. .
FU F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5
0 1 0 0 0 1 0
Sonnac Tornado16 September 2015Sonnac, France5/A long track F2 tornado struck many villages in France on 70,2 km path. In Sonnac some houses were badly damaged. On the same day 4 other tornadoes struck in Belgium and Luxembourg where a person was injured.
FU F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5
0 0 3 2 0 0 0
Russia Tornado Outbreak14 May 2016Luhansk Oblast- Ukraine, Rostov Oblast, Stavropol Oblast and Volgograd Oblast – Russia155 injuriesA long track F3 tornado struck many villages in Rostov Oblast on 56 km path injuring 5 people.Other tornadoes were reported but most of them remain on open field.
FU F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5
0 4 2 1 1 0 0
Eastern Europe Outbreak11–14 July 2016Belarus, Russia and Poland1024 Tornadoes over Belarus, Russia and Poland on 11 July, 2 of which F2 tornadoes. One F1 tornado in Belarus on 12th and the next day there were 3 tornadoes, two in Belarus and one in Russia, the last one was an F3 tornado that travelled for 44 km and killed 2 people. On 14th an F0 tornado touched ground in Poland.
FU F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5
0 1 2 3 1 0 0
Russia Tornado Outbreak24 August 2016Russia10One F1 tornado over Syctyvcar. Some industrials zones was damaged. No fatalities or injured.
FU F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5
0 0 1 0 0 0 0
The Netherlands tornado outbreak18 October 2016The Netherlands40A cold front came from England passing the Netherlands in the morning. First tornado reports (EF-2) came from Oostzaan where an old windmill got destroyed, The tornado did some damage in Zaandam and at an Avia gas station. Second tornado destroyed multiple houses and greenhouses in Winkel (EF-1) Also Barneveld was hit by an EF-1 tornado crossing mostly farmland and some tree's. A EF-0 was on the ground for 600 meters 2 km west of the Oostzaan tornado on farm land but quickly disappeared before hitting a farm.
FU F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5
0 1 2 1 0 0 0
Rome tornado6 November 2016Italy12One F2 wedge tornado over Ladispoli and Cesano travelled for 41 km north of Rome. There were many damages in the 2 cities and in the countryside. 2 people were killed by the storm and 20 others were injured. Maybe in some point the storm reached the F3 scale.
FU F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5
0 0 0 1 0 0 0
Austria Tornado 10 July 2017 Vienna, Austria 1 0 One F1 stovepipe tornado formed on a severe isolated supercell near Vienna, Austria. The storm was accompanied by fist-sized hailstones that damaged huge swaths of agricultural land, causing a total damage of 15 million euros. This is the second highest damage in a storm in Austria. No injuries or fatalities.
FU F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5
0 0 1 0 0 0 0
France tornado outbreak1 January 2018France404 tornadoes were reported in western regions of France. The first tornado touched down and causing F2 damage near Bouin, region Pays de la Loire[60] [61]. Second weak and brief F0 tornado hit Saint-Paul-Mont-Penit, region Pays de la Loire[62]. Third F1 tornado with path damage more than 5 km hit Macau area, region Nouvelle-Aquitaine[63][64]. And The last F2 tornado hit Aize, region Centre-Val de Loire [65]
FU F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5
0 1 1 2 0 0 0
Czech Republic tornado 10 May 2018 Klatovy, Czech Republic 1 0 Small F0 tornado near town Klatovy, Czech Republic. Only small damages on one farm. No injuries or fatalities.
FU F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5
0 1 0 0 0 0 0
Germany tornado 16 May 2018 Viersen. Germany 1 2 injuries Small F1 Tornado in Viersen-Boisheim, Germany. Damaging the roofs of several houses and felling trees on his way through a forest.[66]
FU F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5
0 0 1 0 0 0 0

References

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  60. ↑ https://www.ouest-france.fr/pays-de-la-loire/la-roche-sur-yon-85000/tempete-carmen-ca-commence-souffler-fort-en-vendee-5480014
  61. ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=twkDQ-TmhAg
  62. ↑ https://www.francebleu.fr/infos/climat-environnement/tempete-carmen-l-elan-de-solidarite-apres-la-tornade-en-vendee-1514832364
  63. ↑ https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=984667361688339&id=178073809014369
  64. ↑ https://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/nouvelle-aquitaine/gironde/medoc/macau-33-mini-tornade-pulverise-trois-entreprises-medocaines-1394613.html
  65. ↑ http://www.meteo-centre.fr/blog/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Tornade-%C3%A0-Aize-le-lundi-01-janvier-2018.pdf
  66. ↑ http://www.sueddeutsche.de/panorama/tornado-nrw-viersen-1.3983295
  • Grazulis, Thomas P. (1993). Significant Tornadoes 1680–1991, A Chronology and Analysis of Events. St. Johnsbury, VT: The Tornado Project of Environmental Films. ISBN 1-879362-03-1
  • --- (2001). The Tornado: Nature's Ultimate Windstorm. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-3258-2

Further reading

  • Dessens, Jean; JT Snow (Jun 1989). "Tornadoes in France". Weather and Forecasting. 4 (2): 110–32. Bibcode:1989WtFor...4..110D. doi:10.1175/1520-0434(1989)004<0110:TIF>2.0.CO;2.
  • Dotzek, Nikolai (Jan 2001). "Tornadoes in Germany". Atmos. Res. 56 (1–4): 233–51. Bibcode:2001AtmRe..56..233D. doi:10.1016/S0169-8095(00)00075-2.
  • Dotzek, Nikolai (Jul–Sep 2003). "An updated estimate of tornado occurrence in Europe". Atmos. Res. 67–68: 153–61. Bibcode:2003AtmRe..67..153D. doi:10.1016/S0169-8095(03)00049-8.
  • Gianfreda, F.; M. M. Miglietta; P. Sansò (2005). "Tornadoes in Southern Apulia (Italy)". Nat. Hazards. 34 (1): 71–89. doi:10.1007/s11069-004-1966-3.
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  • UK Weather Forecast
  • European Severe Storms Laboratory (ESSL)
  • European Storm Forecast Experiment (ESTOFEX)
  • Tornado Map *in German
  • Swiss Severe Weather Database (SSWD) / Sturmarchiv Schweiz *in German
  • Tornadoes at the Czech Republic and Slovakia (Czech version) (Czech Hydrometeorological Institute)
  • Tornadoliste Deutschland *in German
  • Tornadoes of Europe
  • "Tornadoes and waterspouts in Catalonia (1950–2009)" (PDF). Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. 11: 1875–1883. 2011. Bibcode:2011NHESS..11.1875G. doi:10.5194/nhess-11-1875-2011. "doi: 10.5194/nhess-11-1875-2011".
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