Three Pillars of Chinese Catholicism

Xú Guāngqǐ (Wade–Giles: Hsü Kuang-ch'i; 徐光啓, 1562–1633) of Shanghai, and Lǐ Zhīzǎo (Wade–Giles: Li Chih-tsao; 李之藻, 1565 – November 1, 1630) and Yáng Tíngyún (Wade–Giles: Yang T'ing-yün; 楊廷筠, 1557–1627) both of Hangzhou, are known as the Three Great Pillars of Chinese Catholicism (聖教三柱石, literally the "Holy Religion's Three Pillar-Stones"). It is due to their combined efforts that Hangzhou and Shanghai became the centre of missionary activity in late Ming China.[1] The three men shared an interest in Western science and mathematics, and it is probable that this was what first attracted them to the Jesuits responsible for their conversion.[2]

Origin of name

This name is derived from a passage in Saint Paul’s letter to the Galatians (2:9):

“And when they had known the grace that was given to me, James and Cephas and John, who seemed to be pillars, gave to me and Barnabas the right hands of fellowship…"[3]

The passage in Chinese is somewhat more obvious:

「那稱為教會柱石的雅各、磯法、約翰，就向我和巴拿巴用右手行相交之禮...」

wherein it calls James, Peter and John the "pillars of the Church". The inevitable connection was then seen between the "pillars" of the early Church and the three men who helped to evangelize Ming China.

Xu Guangqi

Xu Guangqi was a Chinese scholar-bureaucrat, Catholic convert, agricultural scientist, astronomer, and mathematician. He holds the title of Servant of God, and received his beatification inApril 2011.[4][5] He contributed to the translation of the first parts of Euclid's Elements into Chinese. He also worked on the reform of the Chinese calendar, which constituted the first major collaboration between scientists from Europe and from the Far East, though it was completed after his death.

Yang Tingyun

Yang Tingyun was born into a devout Buddhist family. At the age of 35 (1592), after taking the Imperial Examinations he assumed the post of Inspector. In 1600 he met Matteo Ricci, one of the founding fathers of missionary activity in China, but did not convert or receive Baptism at that time. He worked with Ricci and other Jesuit's to publish China's first global atlas, the Zhifang waiji. Later however, in 1611, Yang accompanied a fellow official Li Zhizao back to Hangzhou to arrange for his late father's funeral, and saw that Li had not only thrown out his home's Buddhist statues and imagery, but that he did not send for Buddhist priests to give the man his last rites. Instead, he had brought two Jesuit priests, Lazzaro Cattaneo and Nicolas Trigault, to do the job and a Chinese monk Zhōng Míngrén (鍾鳴仁) to explain the rite's significance to the gathered friends and relatives. One month later, impressed by Li's newfound piety, he abandoned his concubine and was himself baptized, receiving the Christian name "Michael" (Mí'é'ěr 彌額爾).[1][6]

Of particular significance is Yang Tingyun's willingness to abandon status symbols such as his family's traditional beliefs and the concubine, for these were some of the main obstacles in the way of the Jesuit mission to China. In the same way that he was impressed by Li Zhizao's conversion (see below), many other Chinese were impressed by his and followed his example, starting with the 30 members of his family and then moving on to his friends, in total convincing over 100 people to accept Christ. His other notable contributions to Christianity in China include his funding of the missionaries in Hangzhou, granting them the use of his estate as their base of operations, and also the buying up of land at Tianshui Bridge (天水橋) and Dafangjing (大方井) to build the first church in Hangzhou and the Jesuit Cemetery.[6][7][8]

When the church had for the most part been completed, Yang became severely ill. Knowing it was his end, Yang Tingyun requested the sacraments from the priest, and in January 1628, at the age of 71, died. Because he had been seen as a great scholar and man of excellent moral fibre, the people of Hangzhou had him honoured in the Xiāngxián Cí (鄕賢祠), a hall for honouring local heroes and ancestors.[8]

Writings

  • Light Emitted by Heaven, Tiān shì míng biàn 《天釋明辨》, is a treatise on the union of Confucianist and Christian thought. He writes,
A spiritual nature is God's gift to man, and it is the greatest gift of all, ... benevolence, righteousness, social etiquette, and wisdom [the four Confucianist virtues] are all indeed of this nature. These things that God has given us are what we've had all along. The Bible calls it morality and Confucius calls it conscience.[8]
  • Answers to Questions, Dài yí biān 《代疑編》, and Answers to Questions Continued, Dài yí xù biān 《代疑續編》, are, as the name implies, attempts to resolve Chinese people's apprehensions about Christianity.[8]
  • The Owl and the Phoenix do not Sing Together, 1616 – a defense of Christianity against the accusations in Confucian heterodoxy, attacking the White Lotus teachings.
  • Yang Tingyun also helped to translate prayers, scripture, and the writings of foreign missionaries into Chinese.[8]

Li Zhizao

Li Zhizao was a successful Hangzhounese official who held various posts around China, the most notable of which were in Nanjing and what is now called Puyang County in Henan Province. He was known by the courtesy names of Wǒcún (我存) and Zhènzhī (振之), as well as by the pseudonym "The Man of Liangyan" (涼庵居士, alternative writings: 涼庵逸民, 涼庵子, or 涼叟). In 1610, while in Beijing, Li became gravely ill and, without any friends or family in Beijing to care for him, was soon on the verge of death. Fortunately, at that point in his life he became acquainted with the Jesuit Matteo Ricci who took him into his care, treated him "as a family member", and soon brought him back to health. Ricci also during this time taught him much of Western science, mathematics, and Catholicism. Shortly thereafter Li Zhizao was baptized and given the Christian name "Leon" (liáng 良).[9]

After converting, Li Zhizao took an oath saying, "As long as I live, all that God has given me, I shall put to good use for Him." While still in Beijing, he presented Matteo Ricci with 100 taels of gold for the purpose of building a church there. Later Li would also be responsible for introducing Catholicism to his hometown of Hangzhou. The year after he returned home for his father's funeral, he brought with him two other Jesuit missionaries.[1][9] In 1625 he was the first to publish the Chinese text of the Nestorian Stele.

Writings

Li Zhizao was responsible for translating many works of Western science and mathematics into Chinese.

  • Plea to Translate Books on Western Calendar Methods, Qǐng yì xī yáng lì fǎ děng shū shū 《請譯西洋曆法等書疏》, was submitted to the Ming dynasty Wanli Emperor, beseeching him to hire missionaries and have them make corrections to the Chinese calendar.[9]

See also

References

Citations

  1. 1 2 3 我存网站 Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine.
  2. ↑ "第三部 福音三临?第一章 明末天主教东来". Retrieved 6 May 2016.
  3. ↑ "Douay-Rheims Catholic Bible, Epistle Of Saint Paul To The Galatians Chapter 2". Retrieved 6 May 2016.
  4. ↑ "Church to beatify early China convert in Shanghai - ucanews.com". Retrieved May 24, 2018.
  5. ↑ http://shanghaiist.com/2011/04/18/xu-guangqi-beatification.php
  6. 1 2 "杨廷筠". Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
  7. ↑ "Yang Tingjun". Archived from the original on 28 March 2016. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 "勇于牺牲的杨廷筠（一）". Retrieved 6 May 2016.
  9. 1 2 3 李之藻, 杭州余杭政府门户网站 Archived 2012-11-29 at Archive.is

Sources

  • "Yang Tingjun". chinaculture.org. Archived from the original on 2016-03-28. Retrieved 2008-06-29.
  • Liu, Yu. "The Spiritual Journey of an Independent Thinker: The Conversion of Li Zhizao to Catholicism." Journal of World History 22. 3 (2011): 433-53.
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