Leonardo Loredan

Leonardo Loredan
Doge of Venice
In office
13 October 1501 – 21 June 1521
Preceded by Agostino Barbarigo
Succeeded by Antonio Grimani
Personal details
Born 16 November 1436
Venice,  Republic of Venice
Died 21 June 1521(1521-06-21) (aged 84)
Venice, Republic of Venice
Resting place Basilica of Santi Giovanni e Paolo, Venice
Spouse(s) Giustina Giustiniani (d. 1500)
Statue of Leonardo Loredan in Santi Giovanni e Paolo, Venice

Leonardo Loredan (or Loredano) (16 November 1436 – 21 June 1521) of the Loredan family was the 75th doge of the Venetian Republic from 1501 until his death.[1] His dogeship was one of the most important in the history of Venice.[2][3]

Early life and marriage

After having studied literature, Leonardo Loredan commenced his political ascent at the age of nineteen when he became a lawyer in the “Giudici di Petizion” - magistracy concerned mainly with financial scandals and bankruptcies. A few years later, Leonardo sat on the “Collegio dei Savi” where he was responsible for assessing and evaluating foreign policy matters prior to their examination in Senate. Shortly after, Leonardo became the “Podestà” in the city of Padua – the Venetian equivalent of a governor ruling in the cities belonging to the Republic. In 1492, Leonardo Loredan was elected as the Procurator of San Mark’s,[4] a prestigious position that helped the future doge gain important political influence.[5]

Loredan's wife was Giustina Giustiniani (d. 1500).[6] Some historians claim his election as Doge in October 1501 was not entirely due to his talent as a politician but rather because his wife came from a very influential family.[2][5]

Dogeship

War with the Ottomans

At the time of his accession go the dogeship, Venice was engaged in the second Ottoman–Venetian War, which started in 1499.[7] Loredan had lost his cousin Andrea, a naval officer in the disastrous Battle of Zonchio,[8] and the war had proceeded badly on land too, with the Venetians losing considerable territory.[9] This included the strategic city of Modon,[9], which was the site of a bloody battle involving hand-to-hand combat, followed by the beheading of hundreds of Venetians following the Turkish victory.[9] The war took a heavy toll on the Venetian economy and in 1502–1503 Loredan agreed a peace treaty with the Turks.[10] He was helped in the negotiations by Andrea Gritti, a Venetian who had been conducting trade in Constantinople and would later become doge of Venice himself.[11] Venice paid a high price for this treaty including loss of land and a requirement to pay an annual tribute to the Turks.[10]

War of the League of Cambrai

Upon the death of Pope Alexander VI in 1503, Venice occupied several territories in the northern Papal States.[12] When Julius II was elected as Alexander's eventual successor, the Venetians expected their seizure of papal territory to be tacitly accepted, as Julius had been nicknamed Il Veneziano for his pro-Venetian sympathies.[13] But instead the new Pope excommunicated the Republic and demanded the land be returned..[12] The Republic of Venice, although willing to acknowledge Papal sovereignty over these port cities along the Adriatic coast and willing to pay Julius II an annual tribute, refused to surrender the cities themselves.[14] In 1508, Julius formed an alliance called the League of Cambrai, uniting the Papal States with France, the Holy Roman Empire and several other Christian states.[12]

The Doge's problems did not end in Europe. In 1509, the Battle of Diu took place, in India, where the Portuguese fleet defeated an Ottoman and Mameluk fleet, which had been transferred from the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea with Venetian help. The defeat marked the end of the profitable Spice trade, which was bought by Venetians from the Mameluks in Egypt and in turn monopolised its sale in Europe, reaping great revenues from it.

After losing to the league's forces at the Battle of Agnadello, Venice found its holdings in Italy shrinking drastically.[15] Soon Padua, Venice's most strategically vital Terraferma holding, had fallen, and Venice itself was threatened. Loredan united the population, calling for sacrifice and total mobilisation. Padua was retaken, though Venice was still forced to accept a reluctant peace, following which it joined the Pope as only a junior ally in his new war against the French.[16] The alliance was on the verge of victory, but a dispute arose over territory. Emperor Maximilian refused to surrender any Imperial territory, which in his eyes included most of the Veneto, to the Republic; to this end, he signed an agreement with the Pope to exclude Venice entirely from the final partition. When the Republic objected, Julius threatened to reform the League of Cambrai. In response, Venice turned to Louis; on 23 March 1513, a treaty pledging to divide all of northern Italy between France and the Republic was signed at Blois.[17] Under this alliance with the French King Louis XII, the Venetians achieved a decisive victory over the Papal states,[18] and were able to secure back all the territories they had lost. In addition, the Papacy was forced to repay many outstanding debts to the Loredan family totaling approximately 500,000 Ducats, an enormous sum of money.

Doge Leonardo Loredan in art

Giovanni Bellini's portrait of Loredan is notable for being one of the first frontal portraits of a reigning doge; throughout the Middle Ages, mortal men had been portrayed in profile, while the frontal view had been reserved for more sacred subjects. Bellini's portrait was painted in 1501–02, and hangs in the National Gallery, London.[19]

Over two centuries later, when Pompeo Batoni was given a detailed programme for his large Triumph of Venice (1737) by the Odescalchi cardinal who commissioned it, Loredan was chosen to represent the office of Doge, standing amid a group of allegorical personifications.[20]

Doge Leonardo Loredan Circle of Danese Cattaneo | (Mid-sixteenth Century) | Terracotta with traces of gilding | 18x11x11 inches | Birmingham Museum of Art

References

  1. ↑ Spalding, William (1841). Italy and the Italian Islands: From the Earliest Ages to the Present Time. Oliver & Boyd. p. 144.
  2. 1 2 Rendina, Claudio (1984). I Dogi: Storia e Segreti. Venice: Newton Compton. pp. 270–279.
  3. ↑ Distefano, Giovanni (2011). Enciclopedia Storica Di Venezia. Venice: Supernova. p. 683. ISBN 978-88-96220-51-1.
  4. ↑ "Loredàn, Leonardo". Treccani. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
  5. 1 2 Jori, Francesco (2016). 1516 Il Primo Ghetto. Pordenone: Biblioteca dell'Imagine. p. 39. ISBN 978-88-6391-216-6.
  6. ↑ Staley, Edgcumbe: The dogaressas of Venice : The wives of the doges. London : T. W. Laurie
  7. ↑ Barzman 2017, p. 113.
  8. ↑ Barzman 2017, p. 114.
  9. 1 2 3 Barzman 2017, p. 118.
  10. 1 2 Setton 1976, p. 523.
  11. ↑ Barzman 2017, p. 122.
  12. 1 2 3 Partridge, Loren (2015). Art of Renaissance Venice, 1400–1600. Univ of California Press. p. 98. ISBN 978-0-520-28179-0.
  13. ↑ Norwich 2003, p. 594.
  14. ↑ Mallett, Michael; Shaw, Christine (2012). The Italian Wars, 1494–1559: War, State and Society in Early Modern Europe. Harlow, England: Pearson Education Limited. p. 85. ISBN 978-0-582-05758-6.
  15. ↑ Setton 1976, p. 60.
  16. ↑ Setton 1976, p. 80.
  17. ↑ Norwich 2003, p. 425.
  18. ↑ Norwich 2003, p. 431.
  19. ↑ "Doge Leonardo Loredan". National Gallery, London. Retrieved 11 September 2018.
  20. ↑ North Carolina Museum of Art

Bibliography

  • Barzman, Karen-edis (2017). The Limits of Identity: Early Modern Venice, Dalmatia, and the Representation of Difference. BRILL. ISBN 9789004331518.
  • Norwich, John Julius (2003). A History of Venice. Penguin UK. p. 594. ISBN 978-0-14-101383-1.
  • Setton, Kenneth Mayer (1976). The Papacy and the Levant, 1204–1571: The fifteenth century. American Philosophical Society. ISBN 978-0-87169-127-9.
Political offices
Preceded by
Agostino Barbarigo		 Doge of Venice
1501–1521		 Succeeded by
Antonio Grimani
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