Legality of polygamy

  Polygamy legal
  Unknown data
  Polygamy legal for Muslims, illegal for non-Muslims
  Polygamy is illegal but practice is decriminalized
  Polygamy is illegal and practice is criminalized
  • In India, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Sri Lanka polygamy is only legal for Muslims.
  • In Nigeria and South Africa, polygamous marriages under customary law and for Muslims are legally recognized.
  • In Mauritius, polygamous unions have no legal recognition. Muslim men may, however, "marry" up to four women, but they do not have the legal status of wives.

The legality of polygamy varies widely around the world. Polygamy is legal in 58 out of nearly 200 sovereign states, the vast majority of them being Muslim-majority countries situated in Africa and Asia. In most of these states, polygyny is allowed and legally sanctioned. Polyandry is illegal in virtually every state in the world. The rest of the sovereign states do not recognize polygamous marriages.

Countries that recognize polygamous marriages

Africa

Asia

Oceania

Countries that only recognize polygamous marriages for Muslims

Note: These countries are included separately because they have specific legislation aimed only at Muslims.

Asia

Countries that do not recognize polygamous marriages

Africa

  • Benin[57]
  • Côte d'Ivoire: Polygamy may be punishable by six months to three years imprisonment, or a fine of CFA 50,000 to CFA 500,000 (US$80 to US$800).[58]
  • Eritrea: Illegal since 1977, after 2015 polygamy is punishable with "a definite term of imprisonment of not less than 6 months and not more than 12 months, or a fine of 20,001 – 50,000 Nakfas."[59]
  • Ethiopia[60][61]
  • Seychelles
  • Tunisia, where it has been banned since 1956[62]

Under customary law

Illegal de jure but still practiced

Americas

  • Antigua and Barbuda
  • Argentina
  • Bahamas
  • Barbados
  • Belize
  • Bolivia
  • Brazil: Bigamy is illegal but the practice is decriminalized, having led to newsworthy accounts of cohabitation.[89]
  • Canada: All forms of polygamy, and some informal multiple sexual relationships, are illegal under section 293 of the Criminal Code.[90] Bigamy is banned by section 290.[91] However, for a long time, the law banning polygamy has not been efficient. As of January 2009, no person had been successfully prosecuted, i.e. convicted, in over sixty years.[92] In 2009, two acquittals on polygamy charges, arising out of the town of Bountiful, British Columbia, prompted the government of British Columbia to pose a reference question to the Supreme Court of British Columbia (i.e., the superior trial court). The reference questions asked if criminalisation of polygamy was consistent with the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms; and, if so, under what circumstances could people be legally punished for polygamy.[93] In November 2011 the court released its 335 page long decision, which was that the criminal offence of polygamy is indeed constitutional, but that it should not be used to prosecute minors for having taken part of a polygamous marriage.[94] Chief Justice Robert Bauman conceded that there is a conflict between this law and some civil right principles, but stated that there are other and "more important" issues which in this case take precedence. He wrote (as quoted by CBC news[94]): "I have concluded that this case is essentially about harm. More specifically, Parliament's reasoned apprehension of harm arising out of the practice of polygamy. This includes harm to women, to children, to society and to the institution of monogamous marriage." Bauman argued that there are cases where the "wives" (who may be rather young; sometimes as young as 12 years) are abducted and abused, but because they believe in a faith promoting polygamy, they are not willing to bring complaints to the authorities. He reasons that these offences sometimes may be stopped by applying anti-polygamy legislation. The decision was welcomed by the Attorney General of British Columbia, and by a representative for the group Stop Polygamy in Canada. Likewise, according to the CBC news,[94] some polyamorous groups in Canada expressed their relief, since Bauman had stated that the law shouldn't apply to them unless they decide to formalize their unions. Women's rights were central to decision.[94]
  • Chile
  • Colombia
  • Costa Rica
  • Cuba
  • Dominica
  • Dominican Republic
  • Ecuador
  • El Salvador
  • Grenada
  • Guatemala
  • Guyana
  • Haiti
  • Honduras
  • Jamaica
  • Mexico
  • Nicaragua
  • Panama
  • Paraguay
  • Peru
  • St. Kitts and Nevis
  • St. Lucia
  • St. Vincent and The Grenadines
  • Suriname
  • Trinidad and Tobago
Bigamy laws throughout the United States
  Misdemeanor
  Felony
  All forms of cohabitation outlawed

Asia

  • China: Polygamy is illegal under Marriage Law passed in 1980. This replaced a similar 1950 prohibition.[97] In Hong Kong, polygamy ended with the passing of the Marriage Act of 1971.
  • Japan
  • Kyrgyzstan
  • Mongolia
  • Myanmar[98]
  • North Korea[99]
  • South Korea
  • Taiwan: Polygamy is illegal by the 1930 ROC civil law.[100]
  • Tajikistan
  • Turkey: Polygamy was criminalized in 1926 with the adoption of the Turkish Civil Code, part of Atatürk's secularist reforms. Penalties for illegal polygamy are up to 5 years imprisonment.[101] Turkey has long been known for its promotion of secularism,[102][103][104] and has introduced measures establishing stricter bars against polygamy; these were passed by the ruling moderate Islamist AK Parti as well. In March 2009, AK Parti effectively banned polygamists from entering or living in the country.[105]
  • Turkmenistan
  • Uzbekistan
  • Vietnam

Under customary law

Illegal de jure but still practiced

  • Cambodia[107]
  • Israel: While polygamy is forbidden according to the criminal law of the State of Israel, polygamous marriages contracted abroad are recognized, and polygamous marriages are legally valid for Jews and Muslims if they are valid according to Jewish law or Islamic law.
  • Kazakhstan[108]
  • Laos
  • Nepal:[109][110][111] Criminalized with sentence of one to three years and fine up to Rs 25,000. However, the second marriage is not annulled and once the completion of the sentence, the second wife carries equal footing as the first one. Even the government pension provided to the wife of the retired government employee after his death is split by the government.[112]
  • Russia:[113][114] Factual polygamy and sexual relationships with several adult partners are not punishable in accordance with current revisions of Criminal Code of Russia and Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses. But multiple marriage can't be registered and officially recognised by Russian authorities because Family Code of Russia (section 14 and others) prohibits registration of marriage if one of person is in another registered marriage in Russia or another country. Polygamy is tolerated in predominantly Muslim republics such as Chechnya, Ingushetia, and Dagestan.[115]
  • Thailand[116]
  • Timor-Leste[117]

Europe

  • Albania
  • Andorra
  • Armenia
  • Austria
  • Azerbaijan
  • Belarus
  • Belgium
  • Bosnia and Herzegovina
  • Bulgaria: Illegal and punishable with up to three years imprisonment.[118]
  • Croatia
  • Cyprus
  • Czech Republic
  • Denmark
  • Estonia
  • Finland: The official prosecutor is obliged to take all cases to a court where more two persons are married to each other and such relationships cease to exist after the court has decided it.[119] Polygamic marriages performed abroad may be recognized only in narrow occasions, for instance in child custody matters.[120]
  • France: Civil marriage registry illegal.
  • Georgia
  • Germany: Illegal, punishable with fine or prison time up to three years.[121]
  • Greece
  • Hungary
  • Iceland
  • Ireland:[122] The Catholic Church in Ireland allowed someone with a church annulment but no civil annulment to remarry in church; such a marriage was legally null and bigamous but no prosecutions were brought.[123][124] The practice ended after the 1996 legalisation of divorce.[123] In 2017, the Supreme Court ruled that if someone had two legal marriages abroad, only the first was legal in Ireland, though 'that did not necessarily mean [the second] marriage "can never have legal consequences [in Ireland]"'.[125]
  • Italy
  • Kosovo
  • Latvia
  • Liechtenstein
  • Lithuania
  • Luxembourg
  • Macedonia
  • Malta
  • Moldova
  • Monaco
  • Montenegro
  • Netherlands: Marriage between more than two individuals prohibited; however, a samenlevingscontract may include more than two partners. It legally accepts immigrants who are in such a union from a country where it is legal; e.g. if a man with two wives immigrates to The Netherlands, all three will be legally recognized.[126]
  • Norway
  • Poland
  • Portugal
  • Romania: Bigamy, defined as marriage conducted by a person which is already married, is punishable by up to 2 years in prison or fine. Knowingly marrying a married person is punishable by up to 1 year in prison or by fine.[127]
  • Russian Federation
  • San Marino
  • Serbia
  • Slovakia
  • Slovenia
  • Spain
  • Sweden: Sweden recognizes polygamous marriages performed abroad, and all spouses are subsequently registered as spouses in the population register, but other spouses than the first spouse may not always be recognized in all occasions.[128][129][130] Only the first spouse is recognized as a spouse when decisions are made on residence permits and social security.[128] A Swede may have four spouses registered at most.[129]
  • Switzerland: Polygamy is illegal by law. But polygamous marriage conducted in another country may be accepted or rejected on a case-by-case basis.[131]
  • Ukraine
  • United Kingdom: Foreign polygamous marriages grant some welfare benefits only, but this is being phased out with the introduction of Universal Credit.[132] Polygamy is treated as bigamy if a second marriage (or civil partnership) is contracted in the United Kingdom. No legal recognition is extended to spouses of subsequent marriages after the first marriage is recognised even when subsequent marriages are contracted abroad.
  • Vatican City (Holy See)

Oceania

  • Australia: Polygamous marriages cannot be performed in Australia, but polygamous relationships are still common within some indigenous Australian communities.[133][134] Polygamous marriages entered into abroad are recognised for limited purposes only.[135]
  • Fiji
  • Kiribati
  • Marshall Islands
  • Micronesia
  • Nauru
  • New Zealand: Polygamous marriages cannot be performed in New Zealand, but are permissible if they are legally performed in a country that permits polygamy.
  • Palau
  • Papua New Guinea
  • Samoa
  • Tonga
  • Tuvalu
  • Vanuatu

Current legislation

In most countries, a person who marries a person while still being lawfully married to another commits bigamy. In all such cases, the second marriage is considered legally null and void. Besides the second and subsequent marriages being void, the bigamist is also liable to other penalties, which vary between jurisdictions.

The United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand permit some benefits for spouses of polygamous marriages performed in other countries. On a case by case basis Sweden recognizes polygamous marriages performed abroad but without giving residence or social security rights to other spouses.[128][129] In Switzerland polygamous marriages conducted in another country may be accepted or rejected on a case-by-case basis.[136] see § Europe. In the Canadian province of Saskatchewan, which allows simultaneous, additional marital rights and obligations for already married persons, prior to married persons becoming divorced from their existing spouse.[137]

The vast majority of Muslim majority sovereign states recognize polygamous marriages: these states span from West Africa to Southeast Asia. Exceptions to the legality of polygamy in the Middle East occur in Israel, Turkey and Tunisia.[138] The Palestinian territories — consisting of West Bank and Gaza Strip — permit polygamous unions for Muslim citizens of the territories.[139]

Predominantly Christian nations usually do not allow polygamy, with a handful of exceptions such as the Republic of the Congo, Uganda, and Zambia.

Almost a dozen countries that do not permit polygamous civil marriages recognize polygamous marriages under customary law. All the northern states in Nigeria governed by Islamic Sharia law recognize polygamous marriages. The autonomous regions of Somaliland and Puntland in northern Somalia also recognize polygamy, as does the country's Transitional Federal Government itself, since the country is governed by Sharia law. The recently independent country of Southern Sudan also recognizes polygamy.

Polyandry is de facto the norm in rural areas of Tibet, although it is illegal under Chinese family law. Polygamy continues in Bhutan[34] in various forms as it has since ancient times. It is also found in parts of Nepal,[109] despite its formal illegality in the country.[110]

Debates of legalizing polygamous marriages continue in Central Asian countries.

Civil unions

Brazil – A legally married person or a married couple cohabiting with one or more sexual partner(s) is prohibited by law as bigamy, which is punishable by two to six years of imprisonment,[140] and is valid for every Brazilian citizen, including naturalized ones.

In 5 May 2011 long-term cohabitation between non-married persons, known as união estável ("stable union"), was extended to same-sex couples, recognized as a family entity and granted all 112 rights of married couples – its only legal difference from marriage is that it does not change individual civil status from single to married.

One of such uniões estáveis, in Tupã, São Paulo, was registered involving a man and two women, as reported in August 2012.[141] A second união estável-bound trio took place in the city of Rio de Janeiro, this time between three women, in October 2015.[142][143]

International law

In 2000, the United Nations Human Rights Committee reported that polygamy violates the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), citing concerns that the lack of "equality of treatment with regard to the right to marry" meant that polygamy, restricted to polygyny in practice, violates the dignity of women and should be outlawed.[144] Specifically, the reports to UN Committees have noted violations of the ICCPR due to these inequalities[145] and reports to the General Assembly of the UN have recommended it be outlawed. [146][147] Some states where polygamy is legal are not signatories of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), including Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Oman, Malaysia, Brunei and South Sudan; therefore the UN treaty doesn't apply to these countries.[148] It has been argued by the Department of Justice of Canada that polygyny is a violation of International Human Rights Law.[149]

Notable legislation

The tables below cover recent pieces of legislation that have been either debated, proposed or voted on; all of which concern a form of polygamous union.

To permit polygamy

Country Date Polygamous union Upper House Lower House Head of State Final
outcome
Yes No Yes No
Iraq Iraq 1963 Polygamous civil marriage (revoke of prohibitions)[150] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
United Kingdom United Kingdom 1987 or earlier Foreign marriages may receive benefits payments, being phased out[132]
Malawi Malawi 1994 Customary law (recognizes polygamous unions)[151] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Libya Libya 1998 Polygamous civil marriage [152] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
South Africa South Africa 1998 Customary marriage (civil recognition)[153] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Namibia Namibia 2003 Customary law (recognizes polygamous unions)[154] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Namibia Namibia 2004 Pension benefits to wives of a deceased president[155] - Failed -  No
Uganda Uganda 2005 Polygamous civil marriage (easing of laws; plus restrictions) Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan 2007 Polygamous civil marriage[156] Failed - - -  No
Kazakhstan Kazakhstan 2007 Polygamous civil marriage[156] Failed - - -  No
Uzbekistan Uzbekistan 2007 Polygamous civil marriage Failed - - -  No
Tajikistan Tajikistan 2007 Polygamous civil marriage Failed - - -  No
Turkmenistan Turkmenistan 2007 Polygamous civil marriage Failed - - -  No
Kazakhstan Kazakhstan June 2008 Polygamous civil marriage[157] Failed - - -  No
Iran Iran September 2008 Polygamous civil marriage (easing of laws)[158] Failed - - -  No
Namibia Namibia July 2009 Polygamous civil marriage[159] Proposed - - - -
Russia Russia 2009 Polygamous civil marriage Proposed - - - -
Kenya Kenya March 2014 Polygamous civil marriage Passed[15] - - -  Yes

To outlaw polygamy

Country Date Prohibition type Upper House Lower House Head of State Final
outcome
Yes No Yes No
United States United States July 1862 Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act, which made polygamy a misdemeanor offense in US territories and other areas where the federal government has exclusive jurisdiction. ' ' Signed  Yes
United States United States March 1882 Edmunds Act, which reinforced Morrill by making polygamy a felony in the jurisdictions covered by Morrill; also prohibited "bigamous" or "unlawful cohabitation" as a misdemeanor offense, which removed the need to prove that actual marriages had occurred in order to obtain convictions on polygamy related charges. Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Turkestan ASSR (modern Kyrgyzstan) October 1921 Outlaws polygamy[160] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Thailand Thailand October 1935 Outlaws polygamy; polygamous marriage[161] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Vietnam North Vietnam (modern Vietnam) October 1950 Outlaws polygamy Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Syria Syria 1953 Restrictions on polygamous marriage[150] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
India India 1955 Outlaws polygamy and polygamous marriages for Hindus only[162] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Tunisia Tunisia 1956 Ban on polygamy; polygamous marriages[163] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Iraq Iraq 1959 Ban on polygamy; polygamous marriage[150] Passed Passed Signed  Revoked
Ivory Coast Côte d'Ivoire 1964 New penal code outlaws polygamy; polygamous marriages (upholds existing) Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Hong Kong British Hong Kong (modern Hong Kong) 1971 Outlaws polygamy[164] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Eritrean People's Liberation Front (modern Eritrea) 1977 Outlaws polygamy; polygamous marriage (districts under Sharia exempt)[165] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Egypt Egypt 1979 Restrictions on polygamous marriage; ease of divorce laws[163] Passed; abrogated - - -  No
Egypt Egypt 1985 Restrictions on polygamous marriage (less liberal)[163] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
France France 1993 Outlaws family reunion for polygamist immigrants[166] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Uganda Uganda December 2003 Outlaws polygamy[167] Failed - -  No
Morocco Morocco 2003 Restrictions on polygamous marriage[163] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Benin Benin August 2004 New penal code outlaws polygamy; polygamous marriages (upholds existing)[168] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Morocco Morocco February 2005 Restrictions on polygamous marriage (heavy restrictions)[169] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Uganda Uganda July 2005 Outlaws polygamy[170] Failed - -  No
Indonesia Indonesia 2007 Bans civil servants from living polygamously[171] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Morocco Morocco May 2008 Restrictions on polygamous marriage (heavy restrictions) Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Uganda Uganda June 2008 Outlaws polygamy[167] Failed - -  No
Iraqi Kurdistan Iraqi Kurdistan Nov. 2008 Outlaws polygamy except in selective circumstances[172] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Mayotte Mayotte March 2009 Mahoran status referendum, 2009 (passage outlaws polygamy)[173] Territory-wide referendum  Yes
Turkey Turkey May 2009 Disallows polygamists from immigrating into the country[174]  Yes
Indonesia Indonesia July 2009 Restrictions on polygamous marriage[175] Pending Pending - -
Namibia Namibia July 2009 Ban on polygamy and polygamous customary marriages Proposed - - - -

See also

Notes

    References

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    4. ↑ OECD (20 February 2010). Atlas of Gender and Development How Social Norms Affect Gender Equality in non-OECD Countries. OECD Publishing. p. 206. ISBN 9264077472. The practice of polygamy is legal in the Central African Republic but faces growing resistance among educated women
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    44. ↑
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