Group marriage

Group marriage (a form of polyfidelity) is a nonmonogamous marriage-like arrangement between more than two people, where three or more adults live together, all considering themselves partners, sharing finances, children, and household responsibilities. The term does not refer to bigamy as no claim to being married in formal legal terms is made.

Group marriage reentered popular consciousness in 1974 with the publication of Group Marriage: a study of contemporary multilateral marriage by Larry Constantine and Joan Constantine.

Classification

Depending on the sexual orientation and activity of the members, all adults in the family may be sexual partners. For instance, if all members are heterosexual, all the women may have sexual relationships with all the men. If members are bisexual or pansexual, they may have evolved sexual relationships with either sex.

Group marriage implies a strong commitment to be faithful by only having sex within the group and staying together longterm. The group may be open to taking on new partners, but only if all members of the family agree to accept the new person as a partner. The new person then moves into the household and becomes an equal member of the family.

Currently, the most common form of group marriage is a triad of two women and one man, or two men and one woman.[1] There are also polyfidelitous families formed by two heterosexual couples who become a foursome and live together as a family.

In most countries, it is not explicitly illegal for three or more people to form and share a sexual relationship (subject sometimes to laws against homosexuality), though such relational forms risk running afoul of state or local ordinances banning unmarried cohabitation. No Western country permits statutory marriage between more than two people. Nor do they give strong and equal legal protection (e.g., of rights relating to children) to non-married partners — the legal regime is not comparable to that applied to married couples. Individuals involved in polyamorous relationships are considered by the law to be no different from people who live together or date under other circumstances.

Non-European cultures

  • Among the Ancient Hawaiians, the relationship of punalua involved "the fact that two or more brothers with their wives, or two or more sisters with their husbands, were inclined to possess each other in common".[2] Friedrich Ratzel in The History of Mankind reported in 1896 that in Hawaii a kind of incipient polyandry arose by the addition to the marriage establishment of a cicisbeo, known as Punalua.[3]
  • In some parts of Melanesia, there are "sexual relations between a group of men formed by the husband's brothers and a group of women formed by the wife's sisters".[4]
  • Women of Nair community, a caste in Kerala, India, used to practice polyandry.[5]
  • Toda people, who live on the isolated Nilgiri plateau of Southern India practiced adelphic polyandry for centuries, but no longer do so. Adelphic polyandry occurs when brothers share the same wife or wives. Such arrangements have been common in Himalayan tribes until recently.[6]

The following instances are cited in Thomas 1906.[7]

  • In North America there is "group marriage as existing among the Omahas … adelphic polygyny."
  • Among the Dieri of Australia exist forms of spouse-sharing known as pirrauru, in two categories "according to whether or not the man has or has not a tippa-malku wife. In the first case it is, taken in combination with the tippa-malku marriage, a case of bilateral dissimilar adelphic (M. and F.) polygamy. In the latter case it is dissimilar adelphic (tribal) polyandry". The pirrauru "relation arises through the exchange by brothers of their wives".
  • Among the Kurnandaburi of Australia, "a group of men who are own or tribal brothers are united … in group marriage".
  • Among the Wakelbura of Australia, there is "adelphic polyandry."
  • Among the Kurnai of Australia, "unmarried men have access to their brothers' wives."

In modern U.S. practices

Group marriage occasionally occurred in communal societies founded in the 19th and 20th centuries.

A long-lived example was the Oneida Community founded by John Humphrey Noyes in 1848. Noyes taught that he and his followers, having reached 200 in number, had thus undergone sanctification; that is, it was impossible for them to sin, and that for the sanctified, marriage (along with private property) was abolished as an expression of jealousy and exclusiveness. The Oneida commune lived together as a single large group and shared parental responsibilities. Any given male-female combination in the group was free to have sex, usually upon the man's asking the woman, and this was the common practice for many years. The group began to falter about 1879–1881, eventually disbanding after Noyes fled arrest. Several dozen pairs of Oneidans quickly married in traditional fashion.

The Kerista Commune practiced group marriage in San Francisco from 1971 to 1991, calling their version polyfidelity.

It is difficult to estimate the number of people who actually practice group marriage in modern societies, as such a form of marriage is not officially recognized or permitted in any jurisdiction in the U.S., and de jure illegal in many. It is also not always visible when people sharing a residence consider themselves privately to be a group marriage.

Portrayal in literature

Group marriage has been a literary theme, particularly science fiction, especially later novels of Robert A. Heinlein, such as Stranger in a Strange Land, Friday, Time Enough for Love, and The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress. Stranger in a Strange Land describes a communal group much like the Oneida Society.

  • The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress describes line marriage in detail. The characters argue that the line family creates economic continuity and parental stability in an unpredictable, dangerous environment. Manuel's line marriage is said to be over 100 years old. The family is portrayed as economically comfortable because improvements and investments made by previous spouses compounded, rather than being lost between generations.
  • Line marriage is also commonly practiced in Joe Haldeman's 1981 novel Worlds. Haldeman describes how individual families joined forces to avoid inheritance taxes.
  • A passing reference is made in David Brin's Infinity's Shore, where a sapient bottlenose dolphin crewmember is noted as belonging to a "line marriage, one of the Heinlein forms".
  • A domestic partnership consisting of four people who are all married to each other features in Vonda N. McIntyre's Starfarers series.
  • Group marriages of three partners (called triples) are described as commonplace in the 1966 novel Babel-17 by Samuel R. Delany. The novel's protagonist, a female starship captain Rydra Wong, once lived in a triple, until one member died and another was put in stasis for an incurable illness. Other crew members, especially those who worked in close three-person teams, are noted for this type of relationship.
  • Group marriage is advocated in Robert Rimmer's 1968 novel Proposition 31, the story of two middle-class suburban California couples who turn to a four-person marriage to deal with their multiple infidelities as an alternative to divorce.
  • Group marriage is a central plot element in Donald Kingsbury's 1982 novel Courtship Rite. A six-partner group marriage (three male, three female) is considered the ideal norm in the alien society described in the novel; the main characters are in a five-partner group marriage, and much of the dramatic tension hinges on there being more than one candidate for the sixth position.
  • Group marriage is briefly addressed in the 1989 Star Trek novel Star Trek: The Lost Years, by J. M. Dillard. A minor character, Lt. Nguyen, enters into a group marriage, and this is portrayed as a relatively normal occurrence.
  • In Star Trek: Enterprise, the alien Dr. Phlox comes from a world where such relationships are the norm.
  • William H. Keith, Jr., under his pseudonym Ian Douglas, describes line marriage as the norm, with large family clans extending through many generations, in his Heritage Trilogy, and its two sequels Legacy Trilogy and Inheritance Trilogy. These three trilogies are about the US Marine Corps battling aliens over a period of a thousand years.
  • In the television series Caprica, the character Sister Clarice is a participant in a group marriage.
  • Several short stories by Ursula K. Le Guin take place on the planet O, where a four-person marriage, called a sedoretu, is common. The sedoretu consists of both a man and a woman from each of two moieties; since it considered incest to have sex with someone of the same moiety, each participant in the marriage has a sexual relationship with only two out of the three other participants.
  • Poul Anderson, in his novel Three Worlds to Conquer, depicts an alien species (on Jupiter) for whom a kind of group marriage is a fundamental biological imperative. A female of that species can only conceive by mating with two different males within a few hours of each other; thus, every individual has a mother and two fathers, and every family is composed of a female and two males.
  • In The Wheel of Time series by Robert Jordan, the main protagonist (Rand al'Thor) ends up becoming involved with three women, one of whom is an Aiel, where such relationships are accepted. Also, among the Green Ajah of the Aes Sedai, it is common for a Sister to have two or more, usually up to four, Warders.
  • In Isaac Asimov's novel The Gods Themselves, the other-dimensional beings enter into a three-way relationship between Rationals ("lefts"), Emotionals ("mids"), and Parentals ("rights"). This comes out of their nature, rather than out of any social construct; without such a three-way pairing, they do not reproduce.

See also

References

Notes

  1. ↑ "Models of Open Relationships by Kathy Labriola". Cat-and-dragon.com. Retrieved 2015-12-22.
  2. ↑ Westermarck 1922, Part III, p. 240
  3. ↑ Ratzel, Friedrich (1896). The History of Mankind. London: MacMillan Press. p. 277. Retrieved 11 April 2010.
  4. ↑ Westermarck 1922, Part III, p. 241
  5. ↑ Mathew, Biju. "Nair Polyandry". Kerala. Archived from the original on 2018-06-18. Retrieved 2018-06-18.
  6. ↑ Polgreen, Lydia (16 July 2010). "One Bride for 2 Brothers: A Custom Fades in India". The New York Times. Malang, India.
  7. ↑ Northcote W. Thomas (1906). Kinship Organizations and Group Marriage in Australia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Bibliography

  • Constantine, Larry and Joan (1974). Group Marriage: A Study of Contemporary Multilateral Marriage. Collier Books. ISBN 978-0020759102.
  • Dillard, J.M. (1990). The Lost Years. Pocket Books. p. 440. ISBN 978-0-6717-0795-8.
  • Emens, Elizabeth F. (2004). "Monogamy's Law: Compulsory Monogamy and Polyamorous Existence". New York University Review of Law & Social Change. 29 (2): 277.
  • Heinlein, Robert (1996). The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress. Tom Doherty Associates, Inc. ISBN 978-0-3128-6176-6.
  • Murdock, George P. (1949). Social Structure. New York: The MacMillan Company. ISBN 0-02-922290-7.
  • Murdock, George P. "Ethnographic Atlas Codebook", derived from Ethnographic Atlas
  • Westermarck, Edward (1922). The History of Human Marriage. New York: Allerton Book Company.
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