Government of Jacksonville

The government of Jacksonville is organized under the city charter and provides for a "strong" mayor–council system. The most notable feature of the government in Jacksonville, Florida, is that it is consolidated with Duval County, an arrangement brought about in the 1968 Jacksonville Consolidation.

The Mayor of Jacksonville is elected to four-year terms and serves as the head of the government's executive branch. The Jacksonville City Council comprises nineteen members, fourteen representing electoral districts and five more in at-large seats. The mayor oversees most city departments, though some are independent or quasi-independent. Law enforcement is provided by the Jacksonville Sheriff's Office, headed by an elected sheriff, public schools are overseen by Duval County Public Schools, and several services are provided by largely independent authorities.

Administrative structure

The most noteworthy feature of Jacksonville's government is its consolidated nature. The 1968 Duval County-Jacksonville consolidation eliminated any type of separate county executive or legislature, and supplanted these positions with the Mayor of Jacksonville and the City Council of the City of Jacksonville, respectively. Because of this, voters who live outside of the city limits of Jacksonville, but inside of Duval County, are allowed not only to vote in elections for these positions, but to run for them as well. In fact, in 1995, John Delaney, a resident of Neptune Beach, was elected mayor of the City of Jacksonville.

In 1968, the small municipalities of Baldwin, Neptune Beach, Atlantic Beach and Jacksonville Beach voted not to join the consolidated government. The four separate communities, which comprise only 6% of the total county population, provide their own municipal services, while maintaining the right to contract with the consolidated government to provide services. In December 2005, the city council of Baldwin in the far western portion of Duval County voted to eliminate their police department. In March 2006, the Jacksonville Sheriff's Office assumed policing responsibilities for the one-square mile town.

Executive

Mayor

Jacksonville uses the Mayor-Council form of city government, also called the Strong-Mayor form, in which a mayor serves as the city's Chief Executive and Administrative officer. The mayor holds veto power over all resolutions and ordinances made by the city council, and also has the power to hire and fire the head of various city departments. The current mayor is Lenny Curry. He began his first term on July 1, 2015.

Jacksonville Constitutional Officers
Office Name Party Term Ends
Mayor Lenny Curry Republican 2019
Sheriff Mike Williams Republican 2019
Property Appraiser Jerry Holland Republican 2019
Tax Collector Michael Corrigan Republican 2019
Supervisor of Elections Mike Hogan Republican 2019
Clerk of the Circuit & County Courts Ronnie Fussell Republican 2017
State Attorney Melissa Nelson Republican 2020
Public Defender Charlie Cofer Republican 2020

Law enforcement

Jacksonville and Duval County historically maintained separate police agencies: the Jacksonville Police Department and Duval County Sheriff's Office. As part of consolidation in 1968, the two merged, creating the Jacksonville Sheriff's Office (JSO). The JSO is headed by the elected Sheriff of Duval County, currently Mike Williams, and is responsible for law enforcement and corrections in the county.

Firefighting and rescue

The Jacksonville Fire and Rescue Department (JFRD) is responsible for all fire protection and rescue service (ambulance) in Duval County with exceptions. Jacksonville Beach has its own department, while Atlantic Beach provides a fire station facility that is staffed and equipped by JFRD. Baldwin has a (mostly) volunteer fire department and Neptune Beach relies on Atlantic Beach for fire protection. The current JFRD Director/Fire Chief is Kurt Wilson. This position is appointed by the Mayor.[1]

Autonomous agencies

Some government services remained - as they had been prior to consolidation – independent of both city and county authority. In accordance with Florida law, the Duval County School Board continues to exist with nearly complete autonomy. Jacksonville also has several quasi-independent government agencies which only nominally answer to the consolidated authority, including JEA, Jacksonville Port Authority, Jacksonville Transportation Authority, Jacksonville Housing Authority and Jacksonville Aviation Authority. The main environmental and agricultural body is the Duval County Soil and Water Conservation District, which works closely with other area and state agencies.

Office of General Counsel

The Office of the General Counsel (OGC), currently led by Jason R. Gabriel,[2] includes 39 attorneys, making it one of the largest and diverse law firms in Jacksonville. It operates just like a private firm because "clients" are billed in detail for legal services provided. Clients include the public utility provider (JEA), the school district (Duval County Public Schools), Airport, Seaport, Transportation and Housing Authorities, constitutional officers (Mayor, Supervisor of Elections, Property Appraiser, Sheriff, Tax Collector and Clerk of Court), 10 departments, 19 City Council members, and 40+ boards, commissions, and agencies. Due to this unusual client list, the General Counsel's website states that they offer support for areas that include commercial, personal injury, constitutional & civil rights litigation, real estate, land use, environmental law, labor and employment law, education law, workers' compensation, eminent domain, foreclosures, evictions, bankruptcy, torts, municipal finance, procurement, contract negotiation and drafting, as well as a variety of economic development and transactional areas.[3]

The 1967 Charter that created Jacksonville's consolidated form of government included a provision for the Office of General Counsel. Under the Charter, the OGC represents all Jacksonville government entities and the office has developed the expertise to advise clients on municipal law and Jacksonville's Charter and consolidated form of government. The Charter also states that any legal opinion rendered by the General Counsel is binding on the entire consolidated government. Since 1968, General Counsels have issued over 370 binding legal opinions. In the early years of consolidation, legal opinions were critical to the successful establishment Jacksonville's consolidated government and the elimination of litigation between entities.[3]

Legislative

City Council

The city council has nineteen members, fourteen of whom are elected from single-member districts where each member must reside in the district that s/he represents.

The other five members are elected under a unique hybrid district/at-large system. Prior to the early 1990s, these members were elected at-large, with no specific residency requirements. However, over time the five members were all elected from the same side of the city. In order to increase participation from other areas, voters approved a change in the city charter which divided the city up into five "super-districts" (unrelated to the 14 single-member districts), with one member from each district. However, the five members are still elected at-large.

District Name Party Term Ends Position
1 Joyce Morgan Democratic 2019
2 Al Ferraro Republican 2019
3 Aaron L. Bowman Republican 2019 Vice President
4 Scott Wilson Republican 2019 Floor Leader
5 Lori Boyer Republican 2019
6 Matt Schellenberg Republican 2019
7 Reggie Gaffney Democratic 2019
8 Katrina Brown Democratic 2019
9 Garrett L. Dennis Democratic 2019
10 Reginald L. Brown Democratic 2019
11 Danny Becton Republican 2019
12 Doyle Carter Republican 2019 Chaplain
13 Bill Gulliford Republican 2019
14 Jim Love Republican 2019
At-Large
Group 1 Anna Lopez Brosche Republican 2019 President
Group 2 John R. Crescimbeni Democratic 2019
Group 3 Tommy Hazouri Democratic 2019
Group 4 Greg Anderson Republican 2019
Group 5 Sam Newby Republican 2019 [4]

Regional representatives

Federally, most of the city is in the 4th district, represented by Republican John Rutherford. Most of central Jacksonville is in the 5th district, represented by Democrat Al Lawson. Jacksonville is represented in the State Senate by Aaron Bean (R) and Audrey Gibson (D) and in the State House by Cord Byrd (R), Clay Yarborough (R), Tracie Davis (D), Kimberly Daniels (D), Jay Fant (R), and Jason Fischer (R).[5] Jacksonville, as well as the rest of the State of Florida, are served in the U.S. Senate by Bill Nelson (D) and Marco Rubio (R); and by Governor Rick Scott (R).

Judiciary

John Milton Bryan Simpson United States Courthouse

Federal Court

Jacksonville is in the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida. There are 15 authorized judgeships in the district who are appointed by the POTUS and confirmed by the Senate. Additionally, there are 7 judges with Senior status who are eligible to hear cases. Chief Judge of the District is Patricia C. Fawsett.

A new Federal Courthouse in Jacksonville was completed in late 2002 and opened in 2003 to replace the old facility, built in 1933. On February 8, 2005, the 492,000 sq ft (45,700 m2) building at 300 North Hogan Street was named, the John Milton Bryan Simpson United States Courthouse.[6][7]

State court

Jacksonville is in the 4th Judicial Circuit of Florida, which includes Duval, Clay and Nassau Counties. Circuit Courts have jurisdiction over felonies, tax issues, real property, juvenile issues, probate, family law (dissolution of marriage, paternity and adoption) and determination of competence. There are 29 elected circuit judges for Duval county: (8) Civil, (1) Probate, (7) Family, (8) Criminal and (4) Juvenile. Mark Mahon is chief judge of the circuit.[8]

The State Attorney's Office has the responsibility for prosecuting persons charged with crimes. The position of State Attorney is an elected position and is currently held by Melissa Nelson.

The Public Defender's Office has the responsibility for defending persons charged with crimes subject to incarceration and judged indigent. The position of Public Defender is an elected position and is currently held by Charlie Cofer.

The previous courthouse was constructed in 1958 and the county's population grew by more than 50% in the past forty years. A new $190 million Duval County Courthouse was a key component of the Better Jacksonville Plan, approved by voters in 2000. After ten years and several mis-steps, the (now) $350 million complex opened in 2012.[9]

County court

County Courts primarily handle civil cases where the amount in controversy is less than $15,000, Small claims court, misdemeanors, violations of civil & municipal ordinances and traffic tickets. There are 17 elected county judges for Duval county.[8]

Politics

Jacksonville, like most of North & Central Florida and the panhandle, was historically populated by conservative Democrats. However, the city began moving away from its Democratic roots sooner than the rest of Florida. Except for Jimmy Carter in 1976, the city has not supported a Democrat for president since 1952. Even as the city became increasingly willing to support Republicans nationally, Democrats continued to dominate most local offices well into the 1990s.

Starting in the 1980s, thousands of Republicans moved to Florida and Jacksonville from northern states or relocated from south Florida to avoid overcrowding, state income taxes, high prices and crime. They slowly ate away at the Democratic dominance at the local level. At the same time, many of the area's Democrats became increasingly willing to vote for Republicans for state and local offices after years of splitting their tickets at national elections. This culminated in 1992, when Tillie Fowler became the first Republican to represent a significant portion of Jacksonville in Congress since Reconstruction. Two years later, Republicans swept most of the city's seats in the state legislature, and incumbent Democratic mayor Ed Austin switched parties to become a Republican. In 1995, John Delaney became the city's first elected Republican mayor since 1887.

From 1995 to 2011 Republicans dominated Jacksonville politics, even though Democrats still have a majority of registered voters. Republicans currently hold the majority on the city council but lost the Mayor's position in 2011, only to regain it in 2015. They also hold five of the city's seven state house seats and two of the city's three state senate seats.

Jacksonville politics have become increasingly racially polarized. While the city's whites have mostly supported Republicans since the 1990s, African-Americans provide most of the city's Democratic base. Five of the six Democrats currently on the city council are African-American, and all of the Democrats representing significant portions of the city in the state legislature are African-American. Also other non white groups such as Asian-Americans and Hispanic Americans also tend to support the local Democratic Party base. A white Democrat has not represented a significant portion of Jacksonville above the county level since 1995.

References

  1. ↑ "JFRD Fire Chiefs" City of Jacksonville website, Fire & Rescue Department
  2. ↑ Galnor, Matt: "New Jacksonville general counsel shuns the spotlight but not the legal work" Florida Times-Union, August 3, 2010
  3. 1 2 About the Office of General Counsel City of Jacksonville website, Office of General Counsel
  4. ↑ http://www.coj.net/city-council
  5. ↑ "Representatives, Regular Session 2010". Florida House of Representatives.
  6. ↑ Energy Star building profiles: Jacksonville Federal Courthouse
  7. ↑ Washington Post website: Building Designations
  8. 1 2 City of Jacksonville website: 4th Judicial Circuit Court
  9. ↑ Galnor, Matt: "Duval County Courthouse rising after years of struggles" Florida Times-Union, June 27, 2010
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