Lake sturgeon

Lake sturgeon
A lake sturgeon
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Acipenseriformes
Family: Acipenseridae
Genus: Acipenser
Species: A. fulvescens
Binomial name
Acipenser fulvescens
(Rafinesque, 1817)
Synonyms[2][3]
  • Sterletus serotinus (Rafinesque 1820)
  • Acipenser (Huso) anasimos Duméril 1870
  • Acipenser (Huso) anthracinus Duméril 1870
  • Acipenser (Huso) atelaspis Duméril 1870
  • Acipenser (Antaceus) buffalo Duméril 1867
  • Acipenser carbonarius Agassiz 1850
  • Acipenser cataphractus Rapp ex Gray 1835
  • Acipenser (Antaceus) cincinnati Duméril 1867
  • Acipenser (Huso) copei Duméril 1870
  • Acipenser (Huso) honneymani Duméril 1870
  • Acipenser (Huso) kirtlandii Duméril 1870
  • Acipenser laevis Agassiz 1850
  • Acipenser (Huso) lamarii Duméril 1870
  • Acipenser liopeltis Günther 1870
  • Accipenser macrostomus Rafinesque 1820
  • Acipenser maculosus Lesueur 1818
  • Acipenser (Huso) megalaspis Duméril 1870
  • Acipenser (Huso) nertinianus Duméril 1870
  • Accipenser ohiensis Rafinesque 1820
  • Acipenser (Huso) paranasimos Duméril 1870
  • Acipenser (Huso) platyrhinus Duméril 1870
  • Acipenser (Huso) rafinesquii Duméril 1870
  • Acipenser (Huso) rauchii Duméril 1870
  • Acipenser rhynchaeus Agassiz 1850
  • Acipenser (Huso) richardsoni Duméril 1870
  • Acipenser (Huso) rosarium Duméril 1870
  • Acipenser rubicundus Lesueur 1818
  • Acipenser rupertianus Richardson 1836

The lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens), also called rock sturgeon,[4] is a North American temperate freshwater fish, one of about 25 species of sturgeon. Like other sturgeons, this species is an evolutionarily ancient bottom feeder with a partly cartilaginous skeleton, an overall streamlined shape and skin bearing rows of bony plates on its sides and back, resembling an armored torpedo. The fish uses its elongated, spadelike snout to stir up the substrate and sediments on the beds of rivers and lakes while feeding. The lake sturgeon has four purely sensory organs that dangle near its mouth. These organs, called barbels, help the sturgeon to locate bottom-dwelling prey. Lake sturgeons can grow to a relatively large size, topping 7.25 ft (2.2 m) long and weighing over 240 lb (108 kg).[5]

Description

The lake sturgeon has taste buds on and around its barbels near its rubbery, prehensile lips. It extends its lips to vacuum up soft live food, which it swallows whole due to its lack of teeth. Its diet consists of insect larvae, worms (including leeches), and other small organisms (primarily metazoan) it finds in the mud. Fish are rarely found in its diet and are likely incidental items only, with the possible exception of the invasive round goby.[6] Given that it is a large species surviving by feeding on very small species, its feeding ecology has been compared to that of large marine animals, like some whales, which survive by filter-feeding.[7]

Range

This species occurs in the Mississippi River drainage basin south to Alabama and Mississippi. It occurs in the Great Lakes and the Detroit River, east down the St. Lawrence River to the limits of fresh water. In the west, it reaches Lake Winnipeg and the North Saskatchewan and South Saskatchewan Rivers. In the north, it is found in the Hudson Bay Lowland.[8] In the east, the species lives in Lake Champlain and in some Vermont rivers, including the Winooski, Lamoille and Missisquoi rivers, and Otter Creek. This distribution makes sense in that all these areas were linked by the large lakes that formed as the glaciers retreated from North America at the end of the last ice age (e.g., Lake Agassiz, Lake Iroquois).

Growth, age, and reproduction

Several populations of Lake sturgeon have experienced levels of recovery with help of United States Fisheries and Wildlife Service. There are fisheries located from North Carolina all the way to the Great Lakes that not only support restoration of Lake sturgeon populations, but also monitor striped bass and blue catfish populations. However, many lake sturgeon populations still remain imperiled. The USFWS is going through measures to restore the species of Lake sturgeon by recording abundance, distribution, age, growth and health of the species. Lake sturgeon are tagged and released by the USFWS to capture a better understanding of their life cycle. While strict regulations have been put in place to monitor harvests, hatcheries are accredited to much of their restoration of the species.[9]

Lake sturgeon are extremely long-lived fish, and may live some 55 years. The lake sturgeon does not reach sexual maturity until its first decade of life. Lake sturgeon reproduce by swimming around each other in circles and shaking violently; the male stops circling when he has released his fertilizer and the female then lays her eggs.[10]

Conservation

These fish were once killed as a nuisance bycatch because they damaged fishing gear. When their meat and eggs became prized, commercial fishermen targeted them. Between 1879 and 1900, the Great Lakes commercial sturgeon fishery brought in an average of 4 million lb (1800 metric tons) per year. Such unsustainable catch rates were coupled with environmental challenges such as pollution and the construction of dams and other flood control measures. Sturgeon, which return each spring to spawn in the streams and rivers in which they were born, found tributaries blocked and spawning shoals destroyed by silt from agriculture and lumbering. In the 20th century, drastic drops in sturgeon catches, increased regulations, and the closure of viable fisheries occurred. Currently, 19 of the 20 states within the fish's original U.S. range list it as either threatened or endangered.

This sturgeon is a valuable gourmet food fish, as well as a source of specialty products including caviar and isinglass. "In 1860, this species, taken on incidental catches of other fishes, was killed and dumped back in the lake, piled up on shore to dry and be burned, fed to pigs, or dug into the earth as fertilizer."[11] It was even stacked like cordwood and used to fuel steamboats. Once its value was realized, "They were taken by every available means from spearing and jigging to set lines of baited or unbaited hooks laid on the bottom to trap nets, pound nets and gillnets."[11] Over 5 million lb were taken from Lake Erie in a single year. The fishery collapsed, largely by 1900. They have never recovered. Like most sturgeons, the lake sturgeon is rare now and is protected in many areas.

In addition to overharvesting, it has also been negatively affected by pollution and loss of migratory waterways. It is vulnerable to population declines through overfishing due to its extremely slow reproductive cycle; most individuals caught before 20 years of age have never bred and females spawn only once every four or five years. The specific harvesting of breeding females for their roe is also damaging to population size. Few individuals ever reach the extreme old age or large size that those of previous generations often did.

Recovery

In 2001, transmitters placed into ten sturgeon and egg mats placed in the Detroit River documented spawning of sturgeon for the first time in many decades.[12] This discovery followed the 2001 discovery of spawning runs under the Blue Water Bridge in the St. Clair River.[13][14]

The Little River Band of Ottawa Indians (Manistee, MI) Sturgeon Program began in 2001. In 2002 they successfully documented natural reproduction of lake sturgeon by capturing larvae (newly hatched fish) from the Big Manistee River. The Streamside Rearing Facility for lake sturgeon on the Big Manistee River became operational in the spring of 2004 and marked the first time this technique had ever been used for this species. Since that time there have been five SRFs operated within the Lake Michigan Basin built on the same LRBOI design. Many agencies now collaborate on this effort including the US Fish and Wildlife Service, States of Michigan and Wisconsin, and many other partners. The LRBOI Nmé Stewardship Plan, created by biologists and Tribal members, was published in 2005 as a guiding document for the LRBOI sturgeon program and sturgeon restoration. A documentary video, "Manistee Nmé: A Lake Sturgeon Success Story" was released in 2011 and has been viewed by hundreds of people.

New York State has also had a successful recovery program, using eggs and sperm collected from a spawning area on the St. Lawrence River. In early June 2017, aquatic biologists conducted the annual assisted propagation effort, through which 130,000 fertilized eggs were sent to hatcheries.[15]

Recreational Fishing

Today, limited sturgeon fishing seasons are permitted in only a few areas, including some locations in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan. Fishing for sturgeon is allowed on Black Lake in Michigan, for example, but the fishery is limited to five total fish taken each year, each over 36 in (910 mm) and taken through the ice with spears.

Anglers in Minnesota have the opportunity to harvest one lake sturgeon per calendar year between 45 and 50 in on the Rainy River, and Lake of the Woods on the Canada–US border. The early season runs from April 24 to May 7 each year with the late season running from July 1 to September 30. Anglers must have a valid Minnesota fishing license and purchase a sturgeon tag to harvest a lake sturgeon.

An annual sturgeon spearing season is open on Lake Winnebago in Wisconsin. It has changed from a 16-day season in the past to a season with a marked quota, but the season can still run for the full 16 days. If 90–99% of the quota is reached on any day, the season is over at 1:00 pm the following day. If 100% (or more) of the quota is reached, the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources can enable an emergency stoppage rule.[16] In 2012, the largest sturgeon ever caught on Lake Winnebago (a female) was 125 years old, weighed 240 lb., and measured 87.5 in. in length. It was tagged and released by scientists from the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources.[17]

The sturgeon is also present in Quebec in the St. Lawrence River, where it is targeted by commercial fisheries. It is also a game fish with a harvest limit of one per day.

Wolf Lake State Fish Hatchery in Kalamazoo, MI, raises and releases lake sturgeon. The lake sturgeon are produced mainly for inland waters, although a few are stocked in Great Lakes waters.

There is also a streamside rearing facility near Onaway, Michigan on the Black River, a tributary of the Cheboygan River, then Lake Huron. The facility is run and managed by the Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Michigan State University, and Tower Kliber. Each year hundreds to thousands of sturgeon are raised and released into Black Lake, and other surrounding areas. Adult sturgeon are caught in the river, their eggs and sperm are extracted and then taken back to the hatchery for fertilization, and left to incubate. Hatched larvae are also caught in the river with drift nets. The hatchery is open to the public, and people can also watch the hatchery workers catch the fish.

See also

References

  1. ↑ St. Pierre, R. & Runstrom, A. (U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service) (2004). "Acipenser fulvescens". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2004: e.T223A13036599. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T223A13036599.en. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
  2. ↑ Froese, R.; Pauly, D. (2017). "Acipenseridae". FishBase version (02/2017). Retrieved 18 May 2017.
  3. ↑ "Acipenseridae" (PDF). Deeplyfish- fishes of the world. Retrieved 18 May 2017.
  4. ↑ "Sturgeons". New York State Department of Conservation. Retrieved 21 August 2016.
  5. ↑ "Record lake sturgeon caught in Wisconsin". 16 April 2012. Retrieved 21 August 2016.
  6. ↑ "At last a use for trashy Erie gobies: sturgeon bait". 12 June 2005. Retrieved 21 August 2016.
  7. ↑ Scott, W.B. and E.J. Crossman. 1972. Freshwater Fisheries of Canada. Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Department of the Environment, Ottawa. p. 87.
  8. ↑ Scott, W.B. and E.J. Crossman. 1972. Freshwater Fisheries of Canada. Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Department of the Environment, Ottawa. p. 83-84.
  9. ↑ "Lake Sturgeon". USFWS. USFWS. Retrieved 21 August 2016.
  10. ↑ Scott, W.B. and E.J. Crossman. 1972. Freshwater Fisheries of Canada. Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Department of the Environment, Ottawa. p. 82-89.
  11. 1 2 Scott, W.B. and E.J. Crossman. 1972. Freshwater Fisheries of Canada. Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Department of the Environment, Ottawa. p. 88.
  12. ↑ Caswell, N.M.; D.L. Peterson; B.A. Manny & G.W. Kennedy (2004). "Spawning by lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) in the Detroit River". Journal of Applied Ichthyology. 20: 1–6. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0426.2004.00499.x. Retrieved 15 January 2017.
  13. ↑ Manny, B. A.; Kennedy, G. W. (2002). "Known lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) spawning habitat in the channel between lakes Huron and Erie in the Laurentian Great Lakes". Journal of Applied Ichthyology. 18: 486–490. doi:10.1046/j.1439-0426.2002.00390.x. Retrieved 15 January 2017.
  14. ↑ Nichols, S.J.; Kennedy, G.; Crawford, E.; Allen, J.; French III, J.; Black, G.; Blowin, M.; Hickey, J.; Chernyak, S.; Haas, R.; Thomas, M. (2003). "Assessment of lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) spawning efforts in the lower St. Clair River, Michigan". Journal of Great Lakes Research. 29: 383–391. doi:10.1016/S0380-1330(03)70445-6. Retrieved 15 January 2017.
  15. ↑ Ferre-Sadurni, Luis (2017-06-13). "How New York is Saving a Fish that Swam with Dinosaurs". New York Times. Retrieved 2017-06-13.
  16. ↑ "Fishing Wisconsin: Lake Winnebago Sturgeon Spearing Regulations for 2007". 8 February 2007. Archived from the original on 22 April 2007. Retrieved 21 August 2016.
  17. ↑ "Wis. DNR tags 240-pound, 125 year old sturgeon". Archived from the original on 4 September 2012. Retrieved 21 August 2016.
  • "Acipenser fulvescens". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 11 March 2006.
  • Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2005). "Acipenser fulvescens" in FishBase. 10 2005 version.
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