Kremlin (fortification)

The Moscow Kremlin, which is the best-known one

A kremlin (Russian: кремль, tr. kreml’, IPA: [ˈkrʲemlʲ], "castle", or "citadel"[1]) is a major fortified central complex found in historic Russian cities.[2] This word is often used to refer to the most famous, the Moscow Kremlin,[3] or metonymically to the government that is based there.[4]

The word perhaps shares a same root as kremen (кремень [krʲɪˈmʲenʲ], "flint").[5]

Probably the word kremlin is of Slavic-Tartar origin.[6][7][8][9]

Short list of Russian cities with kremlins

World Heritage Sites

Intact

The bishop's residence in Rostov, sometimes called a kremlin

In ruins

Existing and unwalled

Traces remain

Modern imitations

Kremlins outside borders of modern Russia

After the disintegrations of the Kievan Rus, the Russian Empire and the USSR, some fortresses considered Kremlin-type, remained beyond the borders of modern Russia. Some are listed below:

The same structure in Ukraine is called dytynets (Ukrainian: дитинець, from dytyna – child). The term has been in use since the 11th century. The term kremlin first appeared in 14th century in Russian territories, where it replaced dytynets.

Many Russian monasteries have been built in a fortress-like style similar to that of a kremlin. For a partial list, see Monasteries in Russia.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Pleshakov, Constantine (2006). Stalin's Folly: The Tragic First Ten Days of World War II on the Eastern Front. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 24. ISBN 0618773614.
  2. ↑ G, Frank, Ben (2010-09-23). A Travel Guide to Jewish Russia & Ukraine. Pelican Publishing. p. 150. ISBN 9781455613281.
  3. ↑ Shubin, Daniel H. (2004). A History of Russian Christianity, Vol. I: From the Earliest Years through Tsar Ivan IV. Algora Publishing. p. 5. ISBN 9780875862873.
  4. ↑ Barcelona, Antonio; Benczes, Réka; Ibáñez, Francisco José Ruiz de Mendoza (2011). Defining Metonymy in Cognitive Linguistics: Towards a Consensus View. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 234. ISBN 9027223823.
  5. ↑ Russian Etymological Dictionary by Max Vasmer
  6. ↑ "Кром — Кремник — Кремль - Архитектура - РУССКОЕ ВОСКРЕСЕНИЕ". www.voskres.ru. Retrieved 2018-09-25.
  7. ↑ "kremlin | Origin and meaning of kremlin by Online Etymology Dictionary". www.etymonline.com. Retrieved 2018-09-26.
  8. ↑ "The Russian Kremlins". Free Tour Saint Petersburg. 2016-01-13. Retrieved 2018-09-26.
  9. ↑ Thompson], [edited by Della (2009). Oxford essential Russian dictionary : Russian-English, English-Russian. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 89. ISBN 9780199576432. OCLC 502676920.

Further reading

  • Воронин Н. Н. Владимир, Боголюбово, Суздаль, Юрьев-Польской. М.: Искусство, 1967.
  • Кирьянов И. А. Старинные крепости Нижегородского Поволжья. Горький: Горьк. книжн. изд., 1961.
  • Косточкин В. В. Русское оборонное зодчество конца XIII — начала XVI веков. М.: Издательство Академии наук, 1962.
  • Крадин Н. П. Русское деревянное оборонное зодчество". М.: Искусство, 1988.
  • Раппопорт П. А. Древние русские крепости. М.: Наука, 1965.
  • Раппопорт П. А. Зодчество Древней Руси. Л.: Наука, 1986.
  • Раппопорт П. А. Строительное производство Древней Руси (X—XIII вв.). СПб: Наука, СПб, 1994.
  • Сурмина И. О. Самые знаменитые крепости России. М.: Вече, 2002.
  • Тихомиров М. Н. Древнерусские города. М.: Гос. изд. полит. лит-ры, 1956.
  • Яковлев В. В. Эволюция долговременной фортификации. М.: Воениздат, 1931.
  • Media related to Fortresses in Russia at Wikimedia Commons
  • Russian Fortification Architecture
  • Man sues Russian Government to own Moscow Kremlin (RT article)
  • Twelve Russian Kremlins
  • Cynthia Marsh. "Kremlin". Words of the World. Brady Haran (University of Nottingham).
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