Korean honorifics
| Korean honorifics | |
| Hangul | 높임말 / 경어 |
|---|---|
| Hanja | 높임말 / 敬語 |
| Korean grammar |
|---|
The Korean language reflects the important observance of a speaker or writer's relationships with both the subject of the sentence and the audience. Korean grammar uses an extensive system of honorifics to reflect the speaker's relationship to the subject of the sentence and speech levels to reflect the speaker's relationship to the audience. Originally, the honorifics expressed the differences in social status between speakers. In contemporary Korean culture, honorifics are used to differentiate between the formal and informal speech based on the level of familiarity between the speaker and the listener.
Honorific nouns
When talking about someone superior in status, a speaker or writer must indicate the subject's superiority by using special nouns or verb endings. Generally, someone is superior in status if he or she is an older relative, a stranger of roughly equal or greater age, an employer, a teacher, a customer, or the like. Someone is equal or inferior in status if he or she is a younger stranger, a student, an employee or the like. The use of wrong speech levels or diction is likely to be considered insulting, depending on the degree of difference between the used form and the expected form.
One way of using honorifics is to use special "honorific" nouns in place of regular ones. A common example is using 진지 (jinji) instead of 밥 (bap) for "food". Often, honorific nouns are used to refer to relatives. The honorific suffix -님 (-nim) is affixed to many kinship terms to make them honorific. Thus, someone may address his own grandmother as 할머니 (halmeoni) but refer to someone else's grandmother as 할머님 (halmeonim).
| Base noun | Honorific | English translation |
|---|---|---|
| 할아버지 (harabeoji) | 할아버님 (har-abeonim) | paternal grandfather |
| 할머니 (halmeoni) | 할머님 (halmeonim) | paternal grandmother |
| 아버지 (abeoji) | 아버님 (abeonim) | father |
| 어머니 (eomeoni) | 어머님 (eomeonim) | mother |
| 형 (hyeong) | 형님 (hyeongnim) | a male's older brother |
| 누나 (nuna) | 누님 (nunim) | a male's older sister |
| 오빠 (oppa) | 오라버니 (orabeoni) | a female's older brother |
| 언니 (eonni) | a female's older sister | |
| 아들 (adeul) | 아드님 (adeunim) | son |
| 딸 (ttal) | 따님 (ttanim) | daughter |
Honorific verbs
All verbs and adjectives can be converted into an honorific form by adding the infix -시- (-si-) or -으시- (-eusi-) after the stem and before the ending. Thus, 가다 (gada, "to go") becomes 가시다 (gasida). A few verbs have suppletive honorific forms:
| Base verb/adjective | Regular honorific | English translation |
|---|---|---|
| 가다 (gada) | 가시다 (gasida) | "to go" |
| 받다 (batda) | 받으시다 (badeusida) | "to receive" |
| 작다 (jakda) | 작으시다 (jageusida) | "(to be) small" |
| Base verb/adjective | Suppletive honorific | English translation |
| 있다 (itda) | 계시다 (gyesida) | "to be" |
| 마시다 (masida) | 드시다 (deusida) | "to drink" |
| 먹다 (meokda) | 드시다 (deusida) | "to eat" |
| 먹다 (meokda) | 잡수시다 (japsusida) | "to eat" |
| 자다 (jada) | 주무시다 (jumusida) | "to sleep" |
| 배고프다 (baegopeuda) | 시장하시다 (sijanghasida) | "to be hungry" |
A few verbs have suppletive humble forms, used when the speaker is referring to him/herself in polite situations. These include 드리다 (deurida) and 올리다 (ollida) for 주다 (juda, "give"). 드리다 (deurida) is substituted for 주다 (juda) when the latter is used as an auxiliary verb, while 올리다 (ollida, literally "raise up") is used for 주다 (juda) in the sense of "offer".
Honorific forms of address
Pronouns in Korean have their own set of polite equivalents (e.g., 저 (jeo) is the humble form of 나 (na, "I") and 저희 (jeohui) is the humble form of 우리 (uri, "we")). However, Korean language allows for coherent syntax without pronouns, effectively making Korean a so-called pro-drop language, thus Koreans usually avoid using the second-person singular pronoun, especially when using honorific forms. Third-Person Pronouns are occasionally avoided as well, mainly to maintain sense of politeness. Although honorific form of 너 (neo, singular "you") is 당신 (dangsin, literally, "friend" or "dear"), that term is used only as a form of address in a few specific social contexts, such as between two married couples or in an ironic sense between strangers. Other words are usually substituted where possible (e.g., the person's name, a kinship term, a professional title, the plural 여러분 yeoreobun, or no word at all, relying on context to supply meaning instead).
-ssi
-ssi (씨) is the most commonly used honorific used amongst people of approximately equal speech level. It is attached at the end of the full name, such as 'Kim Cheolsu-ssi'' (김철수씨), or simply after the first name, ''Cheolsu-ssi'' (철수씨) if the speaker is more familiar with someone. Appending -ssi to the surname, for instance ''Kim-ssi'' (김씨) can be quite rude, as it indicates the speaker considers himself to be of a higher social status than the person he is speaking to.[1]
-nim
-nim (Hangul: 님) is the highest form of honorifics and above -ssi, but is still used as a commonplace honorific for guests, customers, clients, and unfamiliar individuals. -nim is also used towards someone who is revered and admired for having a significant amount of skill, intellect, knowledge, etc. and is used for people who are of a higher rank than oneself. Examples include family members (eomeo-nim 어머님 & abeo-nim 아버님), teachers (seonsaeng-nim 선생님), holy men (e.g. pastors – moksa-nim 목사님), and the Christian God (haneu-nim 하느님 / hana-nim 하나님). -nim will follow addressees' names on letters/emails and postal packages.
-ya / -a
-ya or -a (Hangul: 야, 아) is a casual title used at the end of names. It is not gender exclusive. If a name ends in a consonant -a is used (e.g. Gangcheol-a 강철아), while -ya is used if the name ends in a vowel (e.g. Cheolsu-ya 철수야). -ya / -a is used only between close friends and people who are familiar with each other, and its use between strangers or distant acquaintances would be considered extremely rude. -ya / -a is only used hierarchically horizontally or downwards: an adult or parent may use it for young children, and those with equal social standing may use it with each other, but a young individual will not use -ya or -a towards one who is older than their self.
Sunbae–hoobae
Sunbae (선배) is used to address senior colleagues or mentor figures relating to oneself (e.g. older students in school, older/more experienced athletes, mentors, senior colleagues in academia, business, work, etc.). As with English titles such as Doctor, Sunbae can be used either by itself or as a title. Hoobae (후배) is used to refer to juniors.
-gun /-yang
-gun (군) is used moderately in formal occasions (such as weddings), for young, unmarried males. -gun is also used to address young boys by an adult. -yang (양) is the female equivalent of 군 and is used to address young girls. Both are used in a similar fashion to -ssi, succeeding either the whole name or the first name in solitude.
Less common forms of address
- Gwiha (귀하) can be seen commonly in formal letters, often used by a company to a client.
- Gakha (각하) is used only in extremely formal occasions, usually when addressing Presidents or High Officials or Bishops and Archbishops. Somewhat avoided nowadays due to its connotations to Imperial Japan.
- Hapha (합하) was used to address the father of the king who was not a king(Daewongun), or the oldest son of the crown prince.
- Jeoha (저하) was only used when addressing the crown prince.
- Jeonha (전하) was only used when addressing Kings, now mostly used to address Cardinals.
- Pyeha (폐하) was used only when addressing Emperors.
- Seongha (성하) is used when addressing Popes, Patriarchates or the Dalai Lama. Is the equivalent of the English word "His Holiness" or "His Beatitude".
- Nari (나리) or alternatively, naeuri (나으리), was used by commoners in the Joseon Dynasty to refer to people of higher status but below daegam (대감), English equivalent of "His Excellency".[2] The honorific is of native Korean origin.
Relative honorifics
When speaking to someone about another person, you must calculate the relative difference in position between the person you’re referring to and the person you are speaking to. This is known as apjonbeop 압존법 or “relative honorifics”.
For example, one must change the post positional particle and verb if the person you are speaking to is a higher position (age, title, etc.) than the person you are referring to. “부장님, 이 과장님께서는 지금 자리에 안 계십니다 (bujangnim, I gwajangnimkkeseoneun jigeum jarie an gyeshimnida)” This means, “General Manager, Manager Lee is not at his desk now”, with the bolded parts elevating the Manager higher than the General Manager, even though they both are in a higher position than you. The General Manager would be offended by the fact that you elevated the Manager above him. Most Koreans perfect this while working at their first company job as it is confusing even for them.
However, unlike Japanese, which this sort of honorific is strictly required, Apjonbeop in Korea is slowly being loosened, and was disregarded as formal grammar after 2006. Today, Koreans use Apjonbeop in mostly public situations, broadcasts(in which the public is regarded to be of highest rank), or in the military (Apjonbeop is not mandatory after the aforementioned abolishment of mandatory apjonbeop).
See also
References
- ↑ Ri, Ui-do (리의도) (2005). Proper Procedures for Korean Usage (올바른 우리말 사용법 , Olbareun urimal sayongbeop) (in Korean). Seoul: Yedam. p. 182. ISBN 89-5913-118-0.
- ↑ http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=33802
Further reading
- Sohn, Ho-min (2006). Korean Language in Culture and Society. University of Hawai‘i Press: KLEAR Textbooks.
- ↑ "Korean Translation". Lingua Asia. Retrieved 2 May 2016.