Kobyzewicz family

Kobyzewicz family
Кобызевич/Кобизевич
Chodyka-Kobyzewicz, Chodyka-Krynicki
boyars/szlachta
Coat-of-arms granted to the Kobyzewicz-Krynicki family in 1589
Kobyzewicz family arms on the seal of boyar Fyodor Kobyzewicz, 1553. From the collection of Sheremetiev Museum, Kiev.
Founded early 1500s
Estate(s)

Krenichi, Kiev Oblast, Ukraine Basan, Chernigov Oblast, Ukraine

Bikiv (Bykov), Chernigov Oblast, Ukraine

The Kobyzewicz family (Russian: Кобызе́вичи, Ukrainian: Кобизе́вичи) was a boyar family of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the 16th—17th centuries. The family's cadet branch, Kobyzewicz-Krynicki, received the status of the Polish szlachta. The family was known for their active role in the history of Kiev. The Kobyzewicz family is claimed to be paternal to the Lizohub family of the Cossack Hetmanate.

Origins

The Kobyzewicz family appeared in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the early 1500s, when the family had already been divided into two lineages: the Volkovyssk branch and the Mozyr branch. In 1528 in the list of the Lithuanian boyars of Volkovyssk Powiat there was mentioned Deszko Kobyzewicz[1].

The Mozyr branch of the family was represented by two brothers: Fyodor and Ivan Kobyzewicz, who received a relatively small landed estate near Mozyr: ‘a third of the Bykovskoe land, the folwarks of Poszkowszczina and Czortkowszczina’[2].

Volodymyr Antonovych, a 19th-century Ukrainian historian, argued that the family was descended from a Tatar named Kobyz, who was supposedly captured by Duke Vytautas in the battle of Kulikovo (1380) and put in the Castle of Mozyr[2]. However, the castle of Mozyr was first mentioned only in 1519, while a wooden stronghold (detinets) appeared in its place in the late 15th century[3]. V. Antonowicz did not provide any reference to documented sources, but based his assumtions solely on his association of the family's name with the Turkic musical instrument kobyz[2]. It also should be noted that the historian was not aware that the family had any branch other than the Mozyr one. Currently, a more comprehensive study on the family has been provided by the Ukrainian historian Natalya Bilous[4].

History

It is unknown who was the first  Kobyzewicz to have received the estate near Mozyr. In the early 1500s, brothers Fyodor and Ivan Kobyzewicz tried to divide it, but according to the Lithuanian law the estate was under majorat, and passed to the elder brother, Fyodor, while Ivan had to move to Kiev[2], where in 1508 he got involved in the service at the Kiev Pechersk Monastery[5]. Later Ivan Kobyzewicz became a merchant[2]. He had two sons: Ustin, nicknamed Fiz, and Bogdan[6], both involved in trade. Ustin Fiz Kobyzewicz (d. 1578) was the first in the family to have become a member of the upper chamber (rada) of the Kiev city council (magistrat) (1564—1578).[7]

In the 1550s, Fyodor Kobyzewicz moved to Kiev where he was engaged in trade. In 1557 he returned to Mozyr where he lived on his estate until his death in 1569.[8] After his death, the estate passed to his elder son, Kuzma, while all the rest, including his widow, Sofia, were left with small inheritance[8]. It stirred up a bitter conflict in the family. Soon, the second son, Wasily Kobyzewicz, while his brother Kuzma was absent on his service in Kiev, robbed the estate and took away everything of value[8] Then, together with his brother Fyodor, he moved to Kiev[8].

Seal of boyar Fyodor Kobyzewicz, 1553. Sheremetiev Museum, Kiev.

In Kiev, brothers Wasily and Fyodor Kobyzewicz established themselves amongst the local elite and started the new branch nicknamed 'Chodyka-Krynicki'. As for their nickname, Chodyka (also spelled as Hodyka) N. Bilous connects it to different Kievan family that died out during the plague of 1572.[8] At the same time, she points out that their father, boyar Fyodor Kobyzewicz was already known by this nickname in Kiev[8]. According to the historian, hodyka meant "a newcomer".


In 1572, during plague, Wasily Kobyzewicz (d. 1616) saved the daughter of the local wealthy merchant, Efrosinia Mitkovna, left alone with her little brother after their parents’ death[2]. Soon after they married, and Wasily Kobyzewicz became the guardian of a large fortune[9].  In the 1570s, Wasily Kobyzewicz seized the estates of Burgomaster Andrey Koszkoldeewicz (the father-in-law of his brother Fyodor) by court action: Basan and Bykov[9]. In 1586 he purchased the village of Krenichi, since when this branch of the Kobyzewicz family acquired the name of Krenicki[9], also spelled as Krynicki. Wasily Kobyzewicz-Krynicki was the owner of multiple estates near Kiev and Chernigov[10], including two towns. However, Bykov was then an empty land where in the ancient Rus there was a stronghold. In 1605 he received a patent from King Sigismund III Vasa allowing him to build a town and a castle there and launch trade[11].

In 1589 brothers Wasily, Fyodor and Iev Kobyzewicz received the status of polish szlachta and a coat-of-arms for participation in the war with Muscovy of 1578—1581 during the reign of King Stefan Batory[12]. However, this fact was refused by W. Antonowicz stating they were involved in trade in Kiev at this time. Nevertheless, there is no record about Iev. The right for the status of szlachta (the family originated from the boyars) was challenged by Janusz Ostogski, who in association with the assistant of the Kievan voivode and later the judge of the Kiev Powiat, Jan Aksak, sued Wasily Kobyzewicz twice in 1609 and in 1615, in order to take over his estates by proving that his nobility was fabricated and accusing him of a murder[13]. Yet, the Kobyzewicz-Krynicki family was officially confirmed as szlachta and their coat-of-arms was listed in the heraldic books, such as Poczet Herbow Szlachty by Wacław Potocki published in 1696.

In 1609 Wasily Kobyzewicz became the treasurer (skarbnik) of the Kiev Powiat[14].

Fyodor Kobyzewicz was a member of the upper chamber (rada) of the Kiev city council in 1587—1601[15]. In 1612 he was elected Vogt of Kiev[16]. The office of vogt in Kiev was permanent and occupied until death. He was an active advocate of taxing the city residents to maintain the fortress[17]. He had provided many new privileges for the city, i.e. the free use of surrounding woods, the free fishing on the Dniepr and its tributaries, annulment of the obligation to report to the royal inspectors for the income received from taverns.[17] However, as an Uniat he was opposed by the anti-Polish party. In 1625 a few Cossack troops attacked the city. Fyodor Kobyzewicz together with some other officials was kidnapped and drowned in the Dnieper river near the village of Tripolie[17].

His son, Josef Kobyzewicz-Krynicki, was the vogt of Kiev in 1633—1641.[18] He acquired three significant privileges for Kiev: the free trade, the right to elect the vogt, liberation from the trial by the voivode and the establishment of the trial by the vogt.[18] His younger brother, Andrzei, was the vogt of Kiev in 1644—1651. As the vogt, he had to persecute those suspected in collaboration with the Cossacks[18]. As a result he was threatened his office and even his life. In 1651 he abandoned the city with Hetman Janusz Radziwill[18].

In 1652 the widow of Fyodor Kobyzewicz-Krynicki, Anna Sadkowska-Krynicka, escaped from Basan to Volhynia with her children. On their way their train was robbed by a Cossack gang of 500 men. The Cossacks killed their servants and stole all the values and property documents.[14] However, later, Hetman Ivan Vygovski returned 'the Basan castle and the volost' to the family[19].

Coats-of-arms

Seal of Wasily Kobyzewicz, displaying his ancestral arms. Sheremetiev Museum, Kiev.

Kobyzewicz family arms

The silver seal of Wasily Kobyzewicz-Chodyka, stored at Sheremetiev Museum in Kiev, features a shield with the letter M and a cross above it[20], resembling the Masalski coat-of-arms. The same emblem is present on the seal of his father, Mozyr boyar Fyodor Kobyzewicz, dated by 1553[20]. Historian Natalia Bilous believes that this seal displays the family's ancient arms, instead of the official seal related to the offices in Kievan city hall[20]. Unlike his sons, boyar Fyodor Kobyzewicz had never been a member of the Kiev city hall, let alone its vogt. Ustin Fiz Kobyzewicz also had a signet ring with an arms, which is mentioned in his will[21]; however, it has not survived to date.

This coat-of-arms shall, nevertheless, not be attributed to the Massalski princly house. It is believed that it originates in Poland and has many similarities in the medieval Polish heraldry. The identical arms with the letter M with a cross was used by other Lithuanian noble families, such as Semaszko[22], which was first mentioned in 1429[23]. Some Polish researchers consider this arms a version of Mogila coat-of-arms[24]. Others point to the similarity with the early form of the Unila coat-of-arms that displayed a capital M and a cross and is dated by1388[25]. The seal of Sandomir voivode Pakosław, dated by 1228, also displays an M with small a cross high above[26].

In 1434 Grand Duke of Lithuania Sigismund Kęstutaitis gave the Eastern Orthodox boyars the right to use Polish noble coats-of-arms[27]. This means that the Kobyzewicz family had already been part of Lithuanian szlachta in the early 16th century.

Kobyzewicz-Krynicki arms

The coat-of-arms of the Kobyzewicz-Krynicki family as described in the patent of 1589 was based on the Korczak, depicting the three bars (Polish: wręby) and a horseshoe on the red shield[12]. The family's coat-of-arms, as created by Tadeusz Gejl,[28] as was described by Wacław Potocki (1621 — 1696) in his book The Armorial of nobility of the Polish Crown and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Polish: 'Poczet Herbow Szlachty Korony Polskiey Y Wielkiego Xiestwa Litewskiego') (1696)[29].

Krynicki of the Sas and Korab arms

The Kobyzewicz-Krynicki family (also referred to in sources as "Krynicki na Basani", by the name of their main 17th-century estate), should not be confused with Polish noble families named Krynicki that has different descent. The Polish historian Tadeusz M. Trajdos does not see any genealogical link between the Krynickis of the Sas and Korab arms with the Ruthenian Krynicki family (a branch of the Kobyzewicz clan)[30].

Lizohub family

Some 19th-century Ukrainian historians, such as A. Lazarevsky, had assigned the descent of the Lizohubs to the Kobyzewicz family. This myth was based on the claims of the Lizohub family seeking Russian nobility in the late 18th century. In 1799, cornet Jakov Lizohub submitted papers to the Chernigov Nobility Assembly in order to prove nobility (dvorianstvo)[31]. Amongst the documents he provided was a patent of nobility supposedly given by King John II Casimir Vasa to Cossack Colonel Ivan Lizohub in 1661[32]. In that document Ivan Lizohub was claimed to have the last name of Kobyzewicz[32]. Another document the Lizohubs presented was a patent of nobility purportedly given to their assumed progenitor Ivan Kobyzewicz-Lizohub by Jan Casimir Vasa in 1642[31]. The Ukrainian researcher, Erwin Miden, has debunked the myth in his study on the Lizohub family[33]. In particular, in his article on the Colonel Ivan Lizohub, he provided reference to the records of the Warsaw General Sejm of 1661, which misses any mention of Ivan Lizohub[32]. As for the paper dated by 1642, this particular ennoblement could not take place as King John II Casimir Vasa first entered Polish throne only in 1648[31].

Notable members

  • Wasily Kobyzewicz-Chodyka-Krynicki (d. 1616) was the treasurer (skarbnik) of Kiev Powiat (since 1609), the member of upper chamber (rada) of the Kiev city council.
  • Fyodor Kobyzewicz-Chodyka-Krynicki was the vogt of Kiev (1612—1625).
  • Fyodor (Teodor) Kobyzewicz-Krynicki (d. 1641), son of Fyodor Kobyzewicz, the vogt of Kiev, was the podstoli of Chernigov (1633—1641). In 1638 he was the commissar of the Sejm for demarcation between the Kiev and Chernigov Voivodeships[34]. His son, Franciszek, served in the military.
  • Josef Kobyzewicz-Krynicki was the vogt of Kiev (1633—1641).
  • Andrzei Kobyzewicz-Krynicki was the vogt of Kiev (1644—1651).

In fiction

References

  1. ↑ Литовская метрика. Отдел первый. Часть третья. Переписи войска литовскаго. Реистр бояр Волковысских. Л. 96.//Русская историческая библиотека, издаваемая Императорскою Археологичкою Коммиссиею . Т. 33.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Владимир АНТОНОВИЧ. КИЕВСКИЕ ВОЙТЫ ХОДЫКИ Эпизод из истории городского самоуправления в Киеве в XVI — XVII ст.// http://litopys.org.ua/anton/ant09.htm
  3. ↑ Прокопчук А. Полоцк – Лiтва – Rzeczpospolita – Беларусь. Это наше, здесь мы беларусы. Книга вторая. Исторический коллаж. Эл. книга. Litres, 1 мар. 2018 г.
  4. ↑ Наталiя Бiлоус. Багатоликі" Ходики: до генеалогії київського роду ХVI - першої половини XVII ст. // Генеалогія : Зб. наук. пр. / Голова редкол. В.А. Смолій; упоряд. В.В. Томазов. - К. : Вид. дім Простір, 2013. - Вип. І.
  5. ↑ Тупиков Н.М. Словарь древнерусских личных собственных имён. Русский путь, 2004. С. 575.
  6. ↑ БІЛОУС, НАТАЛІЯ. Тестаменти киян середини XVI – першоï половини XVII століття. Киïв, Видавничий дім “Простір”, 2011. С 118, 121.
  7. ↑ Наталiя Бiлоус. Багатоликі" Ходики: до генеалогії київського роду ХVI - першої половини XVII ст. // Генеалогія : Зб. наук. пр. / Голова редкол. В.А. Смолій; упоряд. В.В. Томазов. - К. : Вид. дім Простір, 2013. - Вип. І. - С. 73.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Наталiя Бiлоус. Багатоликі" Ходики: до генеалогії київського роду ХVI - першої половини XVII ст. // Генеалогія : Зб. наук. пр. / Голова редкол. В.А. Смолій; упоряд. В.В. Томазов. - К. : Вид. дім Простір, 2013. - Вип. І. - С. 72.
  9. 1 2 3 Наталiя Бiлоус. Багатоликі" Ходики: до генеалогії київського роду ХVI - першої половини XVII ст. // Генеалогія : Зб. наук. пр. / Голова редкол. В.А. Смолій; упоряд. В.В. Томазов. - К. : Вид. дім Простір, 2013. - Вип. І. - С. 74.
  10. ↑ Київ наприкінці ХV - у першій половині ХVІІ століття. Міська влада і самоврядування : монография / Н. Білоус, 2008. С. 161.
  11. ↑ Акты, относящиеся к истории Западной России. Т2. С-Петербург, 1865. С.32-33.
  12. 1 2 Наталія Білоус. Привілей на шляхетство киянам Ходикам-Кобизевичам 1589 р.//Сфрагістичний щорічник. – К., 2012. – Вип. 2. – С. 297-302.
  13. ↑ Київ наприкінці ХV - у першій половині ХVІІ століття. Міська влада і самоврядування : монография / Н. Білоус, 2008. С. 152.
  14. 1 2 Наталiя Бiлоус. Багатоликі" Ходики: до генеалогії київського роду ХVI - першої половини XVII ст. // Генеалогія : Зб. наук. пр. / Голова редкол. В.А. Смолій; упоряд. В.В. Томазов. - К. : Вид. дім Простір, 2013. - Вип. І. - С. 75.
  15. ↑ Київ наприкінці ХV - у першій половині ХVІІ століття. Міська влада і самоврядування : монография / Н. Білоус, 2008. С. 124.
  16. ↑ Наталiя Бiлоус. Багатоликі" Ходики: до генеалогії київського роду ХVI - першої половини XVII ст. // Генеалогія : Зб. наук. пр. / Голова редкол. В.А. Смолій; упоряд. В.В. Томазов. - К. : Вид. дім Простір, 2013. - Вип. І. - С. 77.
  17. 1 2 3 http://calendar.interesniy.kiev.ua/Years2.aspx?year=1612
  18. 1 2 3 4 Наталiя Бiлоус. Багатоликі" Ходики: до генеалогії київського роду ХVI - першої половини XVII ст. // Генеалогія : Зб. наук. пр. / Голова редкол. В.А. Смолій; упоряд. В.В. Томазов. - К. : Вид. дім Простір, 2013. - Вип. І. - С. 78.
  19. ↑ Католический священник серб хорват Юрий Крижаничь: По вновь открытым свѣдѣниям об нем. П. Безсонова. Университет. тип. Катков и Ко, 1870. C. 35.
  20. 1 2 3 Белоус Н., Однороженко О. Шляхетный мещанин. Печать Василия Ходыкаи из собрания Музея Шереметьевых//Антиквар, №5 (63). Май, 2012. С. 69.
  21. ↑ БІЛОУС, НАТАЛІЯ. Тестаменти киян середини XVI – першоï половини XVII століття. Киïв, Видавничий дім “Простір”, 2011. С 118, 122.
  22. ↑ Однороженко О. Руські родові герби XIV–XVI ст. як генеалогічне джерело // Генеалогія. Збірка наукових праць. – Випуск І. – Київ, 2013. – С. 422.
  23. ↑ Jan Ciechanowicz. Z rodu polskiego. T1. Wydawn. Wyższej Szkoły Pedagogicznej, 1999. S. 233.
  24. ↑ Jan Ciechanowicz Rody szlacheckie Imperium Rosyjskiego pochodzące z Polski: L-Ż. Biblioteka Stowarzyszenia Dom Polski Sarmacja, 2006. S. 309.
  25. ↑ Franciszek Piekosiński. Heraldyka polska wieków średnich. Nakł. Akademii Umiejętności; skł. gł. w księg. Spółki Wydawn. Polskiej, 1899. S. 272.
  26. ↑ http://www.rogozinscy.pl/herb-abdank/
  27. ↑ Орлов В. Десять веков белорусской истории (862-1918): События. Даты, Иллюстрации. Минск, 2001.
  28. ↑ http://gajl.wielcy.pl/herby_user_herb.php?lang=pl&herb=krynicki
  29. ↑ Kasper Niesiecki. Herbarz polski Kaspra Niesieckiego S.J.: powiększony dodatkami z poźniejszych autorów, rękopismów, dowodów urzędowych. Tom V. Nakładem i drukiem Breitkopfa i Haertela, 1840. S. 403.
  30. ↑ Tadeusz M. Trajdos. Tajemnica Krynickich. Almanach Muszyny. [R. 7]: 1997 s. 38.
  31. 1 2 3 Ервін Міден . ПОЛКОВНИК КАНІВСЬКИЙ ІВАН КІНДРАТОВИЧ ЛИЗОГУБ//Сiверянський Лiтопис. Травень-червень, 2018№3 (141). С. 15.
  32. 1 2 3 Ервін Міден . ПОЛКОВНИК КАНІВСЬКИЙ ІВАН КІНДРАТОВИЧ ЛИЗОГУБ//Сiверянський Лiтопис. Травень-червень, 2018№3 (141). С. 14.
  33. ↑ See: Ервін Міден . ПОЛКОВНИК КАНІВСЬКИЙ ІВАН КІНДРАТОВИЧ ЛИЗОГУБ//Сiверянський Лiтопис. Травень-червень, 2018№3 (141). С. 14-15.
  34. ↑ Kasper Niesiecki. Herbarz polski Kaspra Niesieckiego S.J.: powiększony dodatkami z poźniejszych autorów, rękopismów, dowodów urzędowych. Tom V. Nakładem i drukiem Breitkopfa i Haertela, 1840. S. 404.
  35. ↑ Pietruski Oswald. Elektorów poczet, którzy niegdyś głosowali na elektorów Jana Kazimierza roku 1648, Jana III. roku 1674, Augusta II. roku 1697, i Stanisława Augusta roku 1764, najjaśniejszych Królów Polskich, Wielkich Książąt Litewskich, i.t.d. / ułożył i wydał Oswald Zaprzaniec z Siemuszowej Pietruski. 1845. S. 176.
  36. ↑ Sienkiewicz H. Ogniem i Miezcem. T.1. Gdansk, 2000. S. 186.
  37. ↑ Богуслав Казимир Машкевич. Записки в пер. К. Мельника/ Мемуары, относящиеся к истории Южной Руси. Вып. II (первая половина XVII ст.). Киев. 1896
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