Kleene fixed-point theorem

In the mathematical areas of order and lattice theory, the Kleene fixed-point theorem, named after American mathematician Stephen Cole Kleene, states the following:

Kleene Fixed-Point Theorem. Suppose

(L,\sqsubseteq )

is a directed-complete partial order (dcpo) with a least element, and let

f:L\to L

be a Scott-continuous (and therefore monotone) function. Then

f

has a least fixed point, which is the supremum of the ascending Kleene chain of

f.

The ascending Kleene chain of f is the chain

\bot \sqsubseteq f(\bot )\sqsubseteq f(f(\bot ))\sqsubseteq \cdots \sqsubseteq f^{n}(\bot )\sqsubseteq \cdots

obtained by iterating f on the least element ⊥ of L. Expressed in a formula, the theorem states that

{\textrm {lfp}}(f)=\sup \left(\left\{f^{n}(\bot )\mid n\in {\mathbb {N}}\right\}\right)

where ${\textrm {lfp}}$ denotes the least fixed point.

This result is often attributed to Alfred Tarski, but Tarski's fixed point theorem does not consider how fixed points can be computed by iterating f from some seed (also, it pertains to monotone functions on complete lattices).

Proof^[1]

We first have to show that the ascending Kleene chain of $f$ exists in $L$ . To show that, we prove the following:

Lemma. If

L

is a dcpo with a least element, and

f:L\to L

is Scott-continuous, then

f^{n}(\bot )\sqsubseteq f^{{n+1}}(\bot ),n\in {\mathbb {N}}_{0}

Proof. We use induction:

Assume n = 0. Then $f^{0}(\bot )=\bot \sqsubseteq f^{1}(\bot ),$ since $\bot$ is the least element.
Assume n > 0. Then we have to show that $f^{n}(\bot )\sqsubseteq f^{{n+1}}(\bot )$ . By rearranging we get $f(f^{{n-1}}(\bot ))\sqsubseteq f(f^{n}(\bot ))$ . By inductive assumption, we know that $f^{{n-1}}(\bot )\sqsubseteq f^{n}(\bot )$ holds, and because f is monotone (property of Scott-continuous functions), the result holds as well.

As a corollary of the Lemma we have the following directed ω-chain:

\mathbb {M} =\{\bot ,f(\bot ),f(f(\bot )),\ldots \}.

From the definition of a dcpo it follows that $\mathbb {M}$ has a supremum, call it $m.$ What remains now is to show that $m$ is the least fixed-point.

First, we show that $m$ is a fixed point, i.e. that $f(m)=m$ . Because $f$ is Scott-continuous, $f(\sup({\mathbb {M}}))=\sup(f({\mathbb {M}}))$ , that is $f(m)=\sup(f({\mathbb {M}}))$ . Also, since $f({\mathbb {M}})={\mathbb {M}}\setminus \{\bot \}$ and because $\bot$ has no influence in determining the supremum we have: $\sup(f({\mathbb {M}}))=\sup({\mathbb {M}})$ . It follows that $f(m)=m$ , making $m$ a fixed-point of $f$ .

The proof that $m$ is in fact the least fixed point can be done by showing that any element in $\mathbb {M}$ is smaller than any fixed-point of $f$ (because by property of supremum, if all elements of a set $D\subseteq L$ are smaller than an element of $L$ then also $\sup(D)$ is smaller than that same element of $L$ ). This is done by induction: Assume $k$ is some fixed-point of $f$ . We now prove by induction over $i$ that $\forall i\in \mathbb {N} :f^{i}(\bot )\sqsubseteq k$ . The base of the induction $(i=0)$ obviously holds: $f^{0}(\bot )=\bot \sqsubseteq k,$ since $\bot$ is the least element of $L$ . As the induction hypothesis, we may assume that $f^{i}(\bot )\sqsubseteq k$ . We now do the induction step: From the induction hypothesis and the monotonicity of $f$ (again, implied by the Scott-continuity of $f$ ), we may conclude the following: $f^{i}(\bot )\sqsubseteq k~\implies ~f^{i+1}(\bot )\sqsubseteq f(k).$ Now, by the assumption that $k$ is a fixed-point of $f,$ we know that $f(k)=k,$ and from that we get $f^{i+1}(\bot )\sqsubseteq k.$

References

↑ Stoltenberg-Hansen, V.; Lindstrom, I.; Griffor, E. R. (1994). Mathematical Theory of Domains by V. Stoltenberg-Hansen. Cambridge University Press. p. 24. doi:10.1017/cbo9781139166386. ISBN 0521383447.

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[1] Stoltenberg-Hansen, V.; Lindstrom, I.; Griffor, E. R. (1994). Mathematical Theory of Domains by V. Stoltenberg-Hansen. Cambridge University Press. p. 24. doi:10.1017/cbo9781139166386. ISBN 0521383447.

Kleene fixed-point theorem

Proof[1]

See also

References

Proof^[1]