Kenneth L. Hale

Kenneth L. Hale
Born (1934-08-15)August 15, 1934
Evanston, Illinois
Died October 8, 2001(2001-10-08) (aged 67)
Lexington, Massachusetts
Academic background
Education
Thesis A Papago Grammar (1959)
Doctoral advisor Charles F. Voegelin
Academic work
Discipline Linguist
Institutions
Website http://linguistics.mit.edu/hale/

Kenneth Locke Hale (August 15, 1934 – October 8, 2001) was a linguist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology who studied a huge variety of previously unstudied and often endangered languages—especially indigenous languages of North America, Central America and Australia. Languages investigated by Hale include Navajo, O'odham, Warlpiri, and Ulwa, among many others.

Among his major contributions to linguistic theory was the hypothesis that certain languages were non-configurational, lacking the phrase structure characteristic of such languages as English.

Life

Hale was born in Evanston, Illinois. When he was six his family moved to a ranch near Canelo in southern Arizona. He was a student at the University of Arizona from 1952 and obtained his PhD from Indiana University Bloomington in 1959 (thesis A Papago grammar). He taught at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1961-63 and at the University of Arizona, Tucson in 1963-66. From 1967 he held a sequence of appointments at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology until his retirement in 1999.

Hale was known as a polyglot who retained the ability to learn new languages with extraordinary rapidity and perfection throughout his life. As a child in addition to English he learned both Spanish and Tohono O'odham. He learned Jemez and Hopi from his high school roommates and Navajo from his roommate at the University of Arizona. Hale managed in just one week to write up 750 pages of fieldwork notes on the Marra language alone in 1959.[1] He became so fluent in Warlpiri that he raised his sons Ezra and Caleb to speak Warlpiri after his return from Australia to the United States. Ezra delivered his eulogy for his father in Warlpiri.

Linguistics

Among his major contributions to linguistic theory was the hypothesis that certain languages were non-configurational, lacking the phrase structure characteristic of such languages as English. Non-configurational languages, according to Hale, display a set of properties that cluster together, including free word order, unpronounced pronouns and the ability to disperse semantically related words across a sentence. Much of his research in the last two decades of the twentieth century was devoted to the development of syntactic models that could explain why these properties cluster. Hale's ideas initiated an important research program, still pursued by many contemporary linguists.

Hale took care to educate native speakers in linguistics so they could participate in the study of their languages. Among his students are the Tohono O'odham linguist Ofelia Zepeda, the Hopi linguist LaVerne Masayesva Jeanne, Navajo linguists Paul Platero, MaryAnn Willie, and Ellavina Tsosie Perkins, and Wampanoag linguist Jessie Little Doe Baird. Hale taught every summer in the Navajo Language Academy summer school, even in 2001 during his final illness.

In 1990 he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences.[2]

Hale championed the importance of under-studied minority languages in linguistic study, stating that a variety of linguistic phenomena would never have been discovered if only the major world languages had been studied. He argued that any language, whether it has a hundred million native speakers or only ten, is equally likely to yield linguistic insight. Hale was also known as a champion of the speakers of minority languages, and not just of their languages, for which his MIT colleague Noam Chomsky called him "a voice for the voiceless".

Linguistic Society of America

In 1994, Hale served as the president of the Linguistic Society of America.[3] At the society's annual meeting in 1995, Hale delivered a presidential address on universal grammar and the necessity of linguistic diversity.[4] Hale was also appointed to the LSA's Edward Sapir Professorship in 1995.[5]

In May 2003, after Hale's death, the LSA's executive committee established a professorship in field methods in his name for the biennial Linguistic Institutes. The Ken Hale Professorship was established to address the need for documenting and preserving endangered languages, and to make courses available that prepare linguistics students to investigate poorly documented endangered languages that may not be offered in their home institutions.[6]

In October 2016, the LSA launched a fellowship in honor of Hale to be awarded to a graduate student attendee of the Linguistic Institute pursuing a course of study in endangered language documentation. The first Ken Hale student fellowship was awarded at the 2017 Linguistic Institute to Ivan Kapitonov of the University of Melbourne.[7][8]

The LSA also has a Kenneth L. Hale Award, which has been presented occasionally since 2002 to those nominated scholars who have made substantial contributions to documenting endangered or extinct languages or family of languages. The award is in honor of Hale's extensive work on preserving endangered languages.[9]

Rodeo

As a young man growing up in Canelo and Tucson, Arizona Hale was an avid bull and bronc rider. A film clip of Hale being thrown from a bull in the 1952 Tucson Rodeo was used as stock footage and is included in the film Arena featuring Gig Young.

Family

At the age of 14 Ken Hale met his future wife Sara Whitaker on his parents' ranch in Canelo, Arizona. Ken Hale and Sara Whitaker attended the Verde Valley School together for a year before Ken said he was "thrown out" for being too distracted by his study of languages. Sara Whitaker always disputed this saying he simply transferred to Tucson High School. They later became reacquainted at the University of Arizona. Ken and Sally, as she was known, had 4 children: Whitaker, Ian (adopted), and the twins Caleb and Ezra.

Further reading

  • "Bibliography of Ken Hale and Australian languages", by David Nash in Jane Simpson, David Nash, et al., eds, Forty years on: Ken Hale and Australian languages, Pacific Linguistics 2001. ISBN 0-85883-524-X (contains a complete listing of all Ken Hale’s work relating to Australia)

References

  1. ↑ Gregory Francis Dickson, Marra and Kriol: The Loss and Maintenance of Knowledge across a Language Shift Boundary, unpublished doctoral thesis, Australian National University, 2015, p. 22.
  2. ↑ Saxon, Wolfgang (October 19, 2001). "Kenneth L. Hale, 67, Preserver of Nearly Extinct Languages - The New York Times". Retrieved May 7, 2010.
  3. ↑ "Presidents". LSA. Retrieved January 10, 2018.
  4. ↑ "Archive of LSA Presidential Addresses". LSA. Retrieved January 10, 2018.
  5. ↑ "Past Linguistic Institutes: Named Professorships". LSA. Retrieved January 10, 2018.
  6. ↑ "Past Linguistic Institutes: Named Professorships". LSA. Retrieved January 10, 2018.
  7. ↑ "LSA Launches New Student Fellowship in Honor of Ken Hale". LSA. October 16, 2016. Retrieved January 10, 2018.
  8. ↑ "Linguistic Institute Fellowships". LSA. October 16, 2016. Retrieved January 10, 2018.
  9. ↑ "Kenneth L. Hale Award". LSA. Retrieved January 10, 2018.
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