Juncus bufonius

Juncus bufonius
Scientific classification
Kingdom:Plantae
Clade:Angiosperms
Clade:Monocots
Clade:Commelinids
Order:Poales
Family:Juncaceae
Genus:Juncus
Species: J. bufonius
Binomial name
Juncus bufonius

Juncus bufonius, known commonly as toad rush, is a widespread flowering plant species complex in the rush family Juncaceae.[1][2][3]

Distribution

Its native range is circumpolar throughout tropical, subtropical, subarctic, and temperate climate areas of the Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere.[4][1][5][6][7][8] [9] It is also widely distributed as an introduced species in suitable habitats worldwide. It grows in moist and muddy places, often in wetlands and riparian areas.[10]

In habitats where it is not native and has naturalized it may be considered a weed. The relationship of North America plants to the Eurasian Juncus ranarius is weakly delineated.[3]

Description

Juncus bufonius is an annual monocot that is quite variable in appearance. It is generally a green clumping grasslike rush, with many thin stems wrapped with few threadlike leaves.[3]

The flowers are borne in inflorescences and also in the joint where the inflorescence branches off of the stem. It is a grassy flower folded within tough bracts and sepals.[3] The blooming period is March through May.[10]

Varieties

Varieties include:[10]

  • Juncus bufonius var. bufonius — North America.[11]
  • Juncus bufonius var. congestus — North America.[12]
  • Juncus bufonius var. occidentalis — North America.[13]
  • Juncus bufonius var. rechingeri — South Asia.[7]

References

  1. 1 2 GRIN-Global Web v 1.9.4.2: Taxonomy of Juncus bufonius
  2. ↑ USDA: Juncus bufonius
  3. 1 2 3 4 Jepson: Juncus bufonius
  4. ↑ Anderberg, Arne. "Juncus bufonius L." Naturhistoriska riksmuseet, Stockholm. Retrieved 1 March 2017.
  5. ↑ Efloras.org: Juncus bufonius in Flora of North America
  6. ↑ Efloras.org: Juncus bufonius in Flora of China
  7. 1 2 Efloras.org: Juncus bufonius in Flora of Pakistan
  8. ↑ Online Field Guide to Common Saltmarsh Plants of Queensland
  9. ↑ PIER Profile: Juncus bufonius
  10. 1 2 3 Calflora: Juncus bufonius
  11. ↑ Calflora: Juncus bufonius var. bufonius
  12. ↑ Calflora: Juncus bufonius var. congestus
  13. ↑ Calflora: Juncus bufonius var. occidentalis


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