José Ángel Zubiaur Alegre

José Ángel Zubiaur Alegre
Born José Ángel Zubiaur Alegre
1918
Bilbao, Spain
Died 2012
Pamplona, Spain
Nationality Spanish
Occupation lawyer
Known for politician
Political party Carlism, UPN

José Ángel Zubiaur Alegre (1918-2012) was a Spanish right-wing politician. Throughout most of his life he remained active as a Carlist militant and held some positions in the regional Navarrese party executive. In the 1970s he left the movement and contributed to birth of a Navarrista party, Unión del Pueblo Navarro. His career climaxed during the Cortes term in 1967-1971, when he strove to liberalize the regime and gained nationwide recognition. In 1948-1951 and 1983-1987 he served also in the regional Navarrese self-government.

Family and youth

Bilbao, late 19th century

The Basque Zubiaur family has been traditionally related to sea fare; its members appear in medieval records of the Biscay Consulate of the Sea and already in the mid-16th century Zubiaur was considered a very distinguished name.[1] Some of the family members grew to well known Spanish naval commanders[2] and in the early modern era the Zubiaurs were among 10 families most represented in the Bilbao town hall;[3] some held also official positions in the Señorío de Vizcaya.[4] The family got very branched;[5] in the early 19th century one arm emerged within ranks of the Basque petty bourgeoisie. Its descendant was José Ángel's grandfather, Vicente Zubiaur Unzaga, married in Bilbao to María Salazar Gochi. The couple had 7 children;[6] the second oldest one and the oldest son was José Ángel's father, Juan José Zubiaur Salazar (1886-1943).[7] He went on with trading business and set up companies on his own;[8] one of them was "Ducros y Zubiaur", which specialized in import and repair of English automobiles.[9] In 1920-1922 he served as member of the Bilbao ayuntamiento.[10]

In 1890 Zubiaur Salazar married Teresa Alegre Navascués (1893-1975);[11] little is known about her family except that she originated from a Navarrese town of San Martín de Unx.[12] The couple settled in the very centre of Bilbao;[13] they had only one child. At unspecified time, though probably in the late 1920s, Zubiaur Salazar was interned in the psychiatric hospital in Bermeo; his wife and son left Bilbao for San Martin de Unx,[14] where Jose Ángel passed most of his childhood; though a Vizcaino by birth, he developed a strong Navarrese identity. In the late 1920s he entered a Marist school school in Pamplona, where he obtained bachillerato during the Republic era.[15] It is not clear whether he commenced academic education before the outbreak of the Civil War; at unspecified time - perhaps already after cessation of hostilities - he graduated in philosophy and letters and in law, in both cases in Madrid.[16]

San Martín de Unx

In 1947 Zubiaur married María Josefa Carreño Cima (1918-2015).[17] The couple settled in Pamplona[18] though they used to spend much time in San Martin de Unx; they had 7 children, the first one born in 1948. Their marriage endured 65 years; when passing away, Zubiaur had 23 grandchildren.[19] Two of Zubiaur's sons became public figures. The oldest one, José Ángel Zubiaur Carreño, held high administrative and economic offices in the Navarrese self-government and represented Navarre in various central EU bodies;[20] a longtime UPN politician, he left the party in 2013[21] and assumed more right-wing positions.[22] Francisco Javier Zubiaur Carreño held high jobs related to Navarrese culture and is professor in history of art, author of books related to painting, film and music;[23] politically he tends to a more progressist stand.[24] Among other notable relatives,[25] Zubiaur's paternal uncle Román Zubiaur Salazar was a fairly popular comic actor, in the early 1920s known as a Basque stage character "Martinchú Perugorría".[26]

Republic and Civil War

Requetés, 1937

Zubiaur was born to a Carlist family;[27] his father knew personally the claimant Don Jaime and in the early 1910s he was involved in the Miguelist plot in Portugal.[28] José Ángel adopted the Carlist outlook as a natural way of life,[29] especially that also San Martín de Unx was part of the Carlist Navarrese heartland.[30] Already during his early schooling years the boy he was active in Juventudes Jaimistas, a Carlist youth organization;[31] during the Republican period he grew to executive positions within the organization, though information available is confusing.[32] Later Zubiaur admitted having taking part in Traditionalist Pamplonese feasts, though he remained silent on any organizational commitments of the early 1930s.[33] Following the coup of July 1936 he volunteered to the Carlist militia, the requeté.[34] His exact war record is not clear.[35] According to some sources he served in Tercio de Lácar,[36] the battalion which suffered heaviest losses among all Carlist tercios;[37] reportedly he shared its fate at least until the Battle of Teruél in early 1938.[38] Other authors note he was seconded to Radio Requeté and served in one of its field radio companies.[39] There is also information that in early 1937 he was engaged in Carlist propaganda activities in the Navarrese rearguard.[40] Zubiaur apparently complied with the Unification Decree and was incorporated into the new Francoist state party, Falange Española Tradicionalista, though he kept considering Manuel Fal Conde his political leader.[41] In late 1938 he operated as provincial Navarrese head of the FET propaganda section.[42] He reportedly finished the wartime career as a sergeant.[43]

Francoist feast at Plaza del Castillo, Pamplona 1939

In 1939 Zubiaur remained active as the Navarrese FET propaganda jefé and some historians consider him a representative of "carlismo colaboracionista";[44] according to some sources he entered also Junta Consultiva Nacional of SEU, the new academic organisation set up by the regime.[45] However, Zubiaur took advantage of his position in the emerging Francoist structures to cultivate and promote the Carlist outlook; he presided over local feasts to honor the Traditionalist fallen,[46] he called for the Carlist kings to be buried at Escorial[47] and at the Navarrese border he officially welcomed remnants of general Sanjurjo, to be laid to grave during a solemn funeral ceremony in Pamplona.[48] His most lasting initiative, however, was setting up Hermandad de Caballeros Voluntarios de la Cruz, a hardly veiled Carlist ex-combatant organisation; it was intended as counter-proposal to the official Delegación Nacional de Excombatientes and was to group former requetés only.[49] In 1939 Hermandad helped to launch two periodical Navarrese feasts, formatted as homages to the Traditionalist fallen and demonstrations of Traditionalist principles: a female pilgrimage to the top of Montejurra[50] and a male pilgrimage to the castle of Javier.[51] Supposed to embody "the spirit of July 18",[52] according to later accounts they were intended as dissident manifestations of genuine patriotism, opposed to Francoist distortion of "espíritu de la Cruzada".[53]

Early Francoism

Pamplona town hall

There is little information on Zubiaur's activity in the early 1940s. It seems that he left the FET propaganda structures; it is not clear whether he spent the years completing his university education in Madrid or remained in Navarre.[54] According to imprecise and enigmatic accounts he was active in the Carlist academic organisation AET,[55] re-organized Juventud Carlista in Pamplona[56] or worked to re-build the entire Carlist Navarrese structures.[57] According to his own later accounts Zubiaur remained loyal to the Carlist regent Don Javier[58] and indeed in 1946 he was recorded as touring rural Navarre, busy reviving the semi-clandestine Javierista organisation.[59] Prior to first local elections staged in the Francoist Spain Zubiaur engaged in the open Carlist propaganda campaign and was soon appointed as a candidate to the Pamplona city council himself. As a semi-official Carlist contender he stood in a pool named Tercio Familiar and was successfully elected in 1948.[60] As Carlist contingent in the ayuntamiento gained strength, the council delegated him to Diputación Foral, a 7-member Navarrese self-government.[61]

Politically Zubiaur's term as city counselor and provincial deputy is marked mostly by confrontation between the Falangist civil governor, Luis Valero Bermejo, and the Traditionalist municipal and provincial delegates.[62] Some sources note him and Jesús Larrainzar as key opponents of FET in both bodies,[63] others do not mention his name when reconstructing the Carlist-Falangist struggle for power.[64] At Diputación Zubiaur was responsible for culture and education; he took advantage of his position to promote Traditionalism and worked to turn Institución Príncipe de Viana, a provincial cultural and educational centre, into a Carlist outpost.[65] He was also responsible for classes of Basque, sponsored by Diputación[66] and launched despite obstruction mounted by Valero;[67] the courses went on until 1970. Zubiaur's term in the city council expired in 1951; according to some sources he tried to renew the ticket, but failed.[68] However, fellow Carlists in local structures ensured that in 1952 he was appointed Subdirector de Hacienda de Navarra, deputy head of the self-governmental economic department; at later date he would grow to director of the unit.[69]

Carlist standard

In the early 1950s Zubiaur counted among the most anti-regime Navarrese Carlists;[70] some name him "leader of anti-Francoist sector".[71] He was noted delivering intransigent harangues at Montejurra rallies[72] and in 1954 was engaged in launch of a clandestine party bulletin, El Fuerista;[73] according to some authors he was its "redactor principal".[74] The initiative did not go unnoticed by the authorities;[75] despite his professional standing as a lawyer[76] the same year he was repeatedly briefly detained by the security.[77] He emerged as one of key provincial party activists, already in touch with the regent;[78] given the local executive was in hands of older politicians, some proposed that he forms part of Secretariado, a 4-member auxiliary body which would lead buildup of the party structures.[79] In 1956 he was first noted as taking part in Madrid sittings of Consejo Nacional, the nationwide executive of the Carlist organization Comunión Tradicionalista, and came to know his king personally.[80]

Mid-Francoism

Don Javier as king, 1959

In the mid-1950s the intransigent Carlist policy gave way to a conciliatory course, engineered by the new political leader José María Valiente. Zubiaur was initially counted among the "guipuzcoanos",[81] a hardline faction opposing the new strategy. In 1956 he took part in works of Junta de las Regiones, a somewhat rebellious body contesting the collaborationist policy. Some scholars consider him the leader of the group[82] who challenged Valiente over his firm grip on leadership, denounced as centralizing and anti-fuerista style.[83] When the aging Navarrese jefé Joaquín Baleztena was about to resign, in 1957 the hardliners mounted a scheme to get him replaced by Zubiaur,[84] yet the job eventually went to Valiente's man of confidence, Francisco Javier Astraín. Zubiaur welcomed arrival of prince Carlos Hugo on the Spanish political scene.[85] In 1958 he called to join ranks behind Don Javier and the Borbón-Parmas against any temptations of reconciliation with the Juanistas;[86] speaking at Montejurra in 1959 he demanded unreserved support for Carlos Hugo.[87] In the early 1960s Zubiaur was one of the best recognized Navarrese Carlists;[88] at increasingly massive Montejurra rallies he was the second most frequent speaker after Valiente[89] and in absence of the prince used to read manifestos on his behalf,[90] occasionally delivering addresses also beyond Navarre.[91]

Carlist rally at the top of Montejurra, 1966

When faced with growing conflict between the Traditionalists and the Hugocarlistas he sided with the latter. Impressed by dynamics of the young prince and his sisters, he believed that they were "renewing the pact" between the Carlist people and the Carlist royal family.[92] He did not join skeptics who started to leave the Comunión, kept bombarding Valiente with letters urging re-organisation of the party,[93] published articles demanding total loyalty to the Borbón-Parmas,[94] welcomed the new model of Catholicism forged at Vaticanum II,[95] supported the new policy of consulting the Carlist rank-and-file about the party course[96] and saturated his own public addresses with new phraseology focused on "liberties" and "human personality".[97]

In 1961 Zubiaur was considered a candidate for a new, vasco-navarrese Carlist junta;[98] in 1964 he was confirmed as secretary to the Navarrese executive, still headed by Astraín.[99] Eventually, when Astraín resigned in 1966 he was replaced with a 5-member committee, headed by Zubiaur;[100] the latter was to rebuild the regional organisation that he had been criticizing for years as ineffective.[101] He fully endorsed changes in the Comunión introduced in 1966 as doing away with centralized structure and infusing the fuerista spirit into the organization; in fact, they were intended to fragment power and facilitate Hugocarlista takeover of the party.[102] However, the prince and his entourage did not trust Zubiaur; though they thought him "more modern" than Valiente and the likes,[103] in the mid-1960s they still considered it necessary to manipulate written versions of his public addresses to make them appear more progressive.[104] Zubiaur was not appointed to the new nationwide bodies like a 36-member Consejo Asesor, set up in 1966.[105]

Late Francoism

Carlist rally near Madrid, mid-1960s

In 1967 the Francoist legislation introduced partial and semi-free elections to the Cortes; less than 20% of all deputies, a so-called tercio familiar, were to be chosen by direct vote of heads of families and married women. In Navarre Zubiaur[106] and Auxilio Goñi stood as unofficial Carlist candidates[107] and decisively defeated contenders supported by the administration;[108] they have eventually formed a 4-member informal Traditionalist minority in the chamber.[109] The following 4 years turned to be the period of their hectic parliamentarian activity; it was aimed at dismantling at least some dictatorial features of the regime, opposing new syndicalist designs and promoting more democratic legislation. The initiatives gained attention of nationwide media and were extensively reported in the press, posing more problems for the regime than it might have initially appeared.

Zaubiaur's bid for entry into Comisión Permanente of the diet failed,[110] but he and other Carlist deputies[111] immediately launched public campaign to change the role of the Cortes from "producción de leyes" – i.e. rubber-stamping drafts prepared by administration – into a platform of "effective dialogue" between the people and the government.[112] He then proceeded to suggest a number of changes in internal Cortes rules,[113] almost openly denounced current representation scheme as fictitious, condemned excessive centralism[114] and demanded more weight for tercio familiar.[115] Unable to get adequate hearing,[116] Zubiaur and a handful of other MPs started to stage rump sessions in various locations,[117] the practice which became known as "Cortes transhumantes".[118] It caused great irritation of the administration and was eventually prohibited by minister of interior in 1968,[119] though Zubiaur tried to revive the sessions as late as in 1970.[120]

massive ascent to the top of Montejurra, late Francoism

In 1968 Zubiaur and few other deputies campaigned against the draft law on state secrets;[121] outvoted, they opposed the launch of constitutional process for Equatorial Guinea claiming that access to information related was severely restricted.[122] The same year the Carlists demanded re-introduction of separate provincial establishments for Gipuzkoa and Biscay, scrapped in 1937; isolated, during the vote they left the chamber in protest.[123] In 1969 Zubiaur a number of times protested against expulsion of prince Carlos Hugo from Spain[124] and afterwards in presence of Franco cast his vote against designation of prince Juan Carlos as the future king of Spain;[125] the same year he opposed the new "gobierno monocolor".[126] In 1970 he tried to relax the draft of education law[127] to ensure "pluralismo y subsidiaredad"[128] and mounted opposition against the proposed Ley Sindical.[129] In a public debate which took months[130] he stood in defense of syndicalist "pluralismo asociativo a ultranza".[131] Perfectly aware of his minoritarian position Zubiaur – dubbed "el viejo zorro carlista"[132] – approached the legislative exercise as means of stirring public opposition and using the rules of the regime to dismantle it from within.[133] In 1970 and 1971 he mounted another fierce campaign against the draft Ley de Orden Público[134] and in favor of new electoral legislation.[135] When his Cortes term expired in 1971 Zubiaur was recognized far beyond Navarre and far beyond the Carlist realm.

Breakup

Don Javier with his wife Magdalene and the youngest daughter Maria de las Nieves, 1971

In the late 1960s Zubiaur seemed fully aligned with the Hugocarlistas.[136] He got appointed to a 4-member Consejo Real,[137] was hailed by Hugocarlista press as embodiment of a "spirit of dialogue",[138] toured Carlist princes across Spain,[139] remained in the Navarrese party executive[140] and saw off expulsed Don Javier to the French border.[141] His 1969 address at Montejurra was particularly belligerent; it was branded subversive by the security[142] and earned him a massive, 50,000 ptas fine.[143] In 1970 he was among the party heavyweights invited to Lignières, where Carlos Hugo presented his newly born son.[144] The same year Zubiaur was appointed to Gabinete Ideológico, a body set up to preside over modernization of Carlism, and joined its foral commission;[145] moreover, he suggested that Pedro José Zabala, the party champion of progressism, gets appointed as head of the Gabinete.[146] He opposed the Traditionalist re-claim of El Pensamiento Navarro.[147] At the time when Hugocarlistas were increasingly embracing socialist rhetoric, in 1971 Zubiaur tried to mediate during strike at the Pamplona Eaton Ibérica plant and accepted by the workers, was rejected by the management.[148] As member of Carlist Junta de Gobierno he co-signed a lengthy manifiesto which demanded political liberties and vaguely pointed to "Federación de las Repúblicas Sociales".[149] Some scholars claim that Zubiaur significantly contributed to modernization of Carlism.[150]

Don Carlos Hugo with his wife Irene and children, mid-1970s

Nothing is known about Zubiaur's unease about increasingly left-wing stand of Carlos Hugo,[151] though the prince did not trust him and some Hugocarlista ideologues tried to instruct Zubiaur on principles of the new Carlism.[152] In course of the 1971 electoral campaign to the Cortes he and Goñi seemed obvious party candidates, yet at one point the Borbón-Parmas asked them to sign an undated resignation letter, to be filed in the Cortes in case they lose trust of the claimant.[153] Enraged and humiliated both Goñi and Zubiaur refused, though they agreed to endorse their replacements.[154] This did not amount to total breakup; in 1972 Zubiaur defended in court the Hugocarlista youth from the terrorist GAC organisation, charged with attempt to sabotage Franco's radio address.[155] However, he did not take part in massive rallies staged in Southern France as "congresses of Carlist people", which led to transformation of Comunión Tradicionalista into Partido Carlista. In 1973 he openly complained about totalitarian schemes ruling within the new party.[156] In 1974 together with some other ex-MPs he was already working to set up a quasi-party as permitted by new Francoist legislation on political associations; it was rumored to be flavored with Carlism and regionalism.[157]

In early 1975 the senile Don Javier abdicated in favor of Don Carlos Hugo; this prompted many Traditionalists to challenge the latter with an ultimative letter, demanding confirmation of orthodox Carlist principles. Zubiaur is not listed among the signatories; however, as they had received no reply, he co-signed a second letter. Pointing to the so-called "double legitimacy theory" the document denied Don Carlos Hugo any Carlist credentials and marked Zubiaur's ultimate political breakup with the Borbón-Parmas.[158]

Transición

elections in Spain, 1977

Zubiaur did not join efforts of Traditionalists like Zamanillo or Valiente, who tried to set up a Carlist political association.[159] Following the death of Franco he contributed to the series of lectures named "conferencias de Larraona" which in turn gave birth to Frente Navarro Independiente.[160] The party comprised various heterogeneous groupings including the local socialists; Zubiaur and the Carlists he tried to place in the organisation[161] formed its right wing.[162] FNI formally emerged in 1977.[163] He was initially considered a candidate for the Cortes campaign but resigned over internal differences and soon left FNI altogether.[164] He toured the country evaluating opportunities to build a new formation and later described himself as "a widower of Carlism, who tries to find a mother for his children".[165]

The new constitution opened path for incorporation of Navarre into a future autonomous Basque region. Zubiaur suggested to PNV leaders that Navarre is united with Vascongadas in one autonomous unit[166] given ikurriña is not adopted as its standard and "Euskadi" is not adopted as its name.[167] Once the proposal was rejected he felt compelled to defend regional identity against the Basque designs,[168] the task he was well positioned to undertake as recognized expert on Navarrese foral regulations,[169] author of numerous booklets,[170] more systematic works[171] and since 1977 as member of Consejo de Estudios de Derecho Navarro.[172] In 1979 together with other centre-right politicians[173] Zubiaur set up Unión del Pueblo Navarro, a party focused on protection of Navarrese self against the Basque nationalism and on loyalty to Christian values against the secularization tide. He entered the 8-member Comité Ejecutivo of UPN[174] and turned to be one of its most active militants. He was touring Navarrese towns and villages during the electoral campaign,[175] though his own bid for Senate failed.[176] Zubiaur was also among key men forging the electoral strategy, which included rejection of alliances with other parties; with some 15% of votes[177] UPN emerged as the third political force in Navarre.

UPN logotype

In the early 1980s UPN overtook UCD and with some 25% of votes cast in Navarre it was second only to PSOE. At that time Zubiaur, whose term in the party executive expired in 1981,[178] was engaged mostly in debate on reform of foral regulations[179] and remained among the key party pundits,[180] actively speaking in public e.g. when denouncing the ETA campaign of violence.[181] In 1983 he was elected to the Navarrese parliament[182] and soon he became the protagonist of a legal debate which because of its potentially grave constitutional impact kept occupying the Spanish media for months. He was 4 times rejected by PSOE deputies as candidate for premiership of the Navarrese self-government, yet the socialists were unable to field their own competitor.[183] As a way out of the deadlock the parliament president submitted Zubiaur's candidature for approval to Madrid anyway.[184] The government directed the case to the Constitutional Tribunal,[185] which in 1984 declared Zubiaur's appointment invalid[186] and opened path for election of a socialist counter-candidate, Gabriel Urralburu.[187]

Last years

site of Navarrese parliament

From 1983 till 1987[188] Zubiaur served as the UPN deputy in the Navarrese parliament, active in Comision de Regimen Foral, Comisión de Educación y Cultura, Comisión de Industria, Comercio y Turismo and Comisión de Control Parliamentario de Ente Publico Radio Televisoin Navarra.[189] During his terms he kept standing for centre-right Navarrismo, still fiercely pitted against the Basque nationalism. One of his most lasting initiatives is foundation of Universidad Pública de Navarra,[190] which as member of the Education Committee he promoted and formatted as a publicly-funded school.[191] He was also active in a number of regional bodies, e.g. serving as president of Junta Superior de Educación, and in commercial companies controlled by the self-government, e.g. as member of consejo de administración of Caja de Ahorros de Navarra.[192]

In the late 1980s Zubiaur turned 70 and was already a political retiree. However, occasionally he was rumored to be appointed as a Navarrese deputy to the Senate,[193] especially that in the late 1980s UPN overtook PSOE and became the first political power in Navarre. His position within the party was this of a prestigious patriarch, though at times he got involved in an increasingly visible confrontation between the intransigent Jesús Aizpún Tuero and the more conciliatory Juan Cruz Alli Aranguren;[194] Zubiaur supported the latter and he was counted among members of "plataforma renovadora".[195] Prior to the anticipated deadlock at the IV UPN Congress of 1993 he unexpectedly declared himself ready to run for the party leadership, greeted by the press as "histórico Zubiaur";[196] he ran indeed, but his 339 votes gained proved no match for 1,444 votes of Aizpún and he did not even make it to the party Comité Ejecutivo.[197]

Carlism as a tourist attraction

Since the mid-1990s Zubiaur withdrew from politics, though not entirely from public life; profoundly religious, he remained active in various Catholic organizations like Hermandad de la Pasión[198] and voiced out in favor of Christian values and Christian family;[199] he also kept working on his memoirs.[200] He retained Traditionalist outlook and sentiment for Carlism, presented as a romantic, gallant and idealistic commitment from the past; however, in 2001 he considered the movement already dead. All he could have wished for was that Carlism be "at least remembered",[201] the stance by some described as "extreme pessimism".[202] According to few accounts he remained "integrista irreconcilable" who neared the Carlist branch led by Don Sixto,[203] yet in 2010, when in wheelchair assisting in opening of Museum of Carlism in Estella, he seemed on amicable terms with Don Carlos Hugo and his son Don Carlos Javier, whom he had greeted as a newborn baby 40 years earlier in Lignières.[204] In his last interview, given some 13 months before death, he appeared a serene and cheerful man.[205]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Manuel Gracia Rivas, En el IV Centenario del fallecimiento de Pedro de Zubiaur, un marino vasco del siglo XVI, [in:] Itsas Memoria. Revista de Estudios Marítimos del País Vasco 5 (2006), p. 158
  2. ↑ the best known of them was Pedro de Zubiaur, famous for his numerous victories over the English navy in the late 16th century
  3. ↑ Mikel Zabala Montoya, El grupo dominante de Bilbao entre los siglos XVI y XVII: bases de poder y estrategias de reproducción a la luz del capitulado de concordia, [in:] Brocar. Cuadernos de Investigacion Historica 26 (2002), p. 56
  4. ↑ Imanol Merino Malillos, "Verdadero descendiente de mis antiguos señores". El Señorío de Vizcaya y los miembros de la familia Haro en el siglo XVII, [in:] Studia historica. Historia moderna 38/1 (2016), p. 265
  5. ↑ one of its arms settled in Alava. The great-grandfather of José Angel Zubiaur Alegre, Pedro Zubiaur Galíndez (1825-1890), was a native of Llodio, see the Pedro Zubiaur Galíndez entry, [in:] Geni genealogical service, available here
  6. ↑ see Zubiaur Salazar entries at Consulta de Registros Sacramentales (1501-1900), [in:] Archivo Histórico Eclesiástico de Bizkaia service, available here
  7. ↑ Juan José Zubiaur Salazar entry, [in:] Geni genealogical service, available here
  8. ↑ Zubiaur set up a trade company Arce y Compañia, La Actualidad Financiera 28.03.17, available here
  9. ↑ La Accion 28.07.18, available here
  10. ↑ Joseba Agirreazkuenaga, Gizarte arazoak eta politikagintza Bilbon 1917-1922. Coyuntura social y política, [in:] Bidebarrieta. Anuario de humanidades y ciencias sociales de Bilbao (2000), p. 198
  11. ↑ she spent her senile years with her only child in Pamplona, José-Ángel Zubiaur Carreño, "El Fuerista. Órgano antiborreguil" (3), [in:] Cabos sueltos y retales de la Historia reciente blog 31.03.17, available here
  12. ↑ she was daughter to Nicanor Alegre Lopez and Eduvigis Navascues Janices, see Agustin Alegre Navascues entry, [in:] Geneaordonez service, available here
  13. ↑ the family house was located in the Santos Juanos parish, Roman Zubiaur entry, [in:] Bizkaitar entzutetsuen galeria, available here
  14. ↑ until 1922 Zubiaur Salazar was recorded as serving in the Bilbao town hall; Zubiaur Alegre himself admits spending most of the childhood in San Martín de Unx
  15. ↑ José Angel Zubiaur Alegre, Epilogo, [in:] Eusebio Ferrer Hortet, Maria Teresa Puga Garcia, Los reyes que nunca reinaron, Barcelona 2015, ISBN 9788489644601, page unavailable, see here
  16. ↑ Don Jose Angel Zubiaur Alegre: un político Carlista, [in:] Navarra Confidencial 25.03.12, available here
  17. ↑ María Josefa Carreño Cima entry, [in:] Geni genealogical service, available here. She originated from Asturias and in the mid-1940s lived in Madrid, yet the couple met in 1943 in Pamplona during a religious feast of Los Luises, Letizia Correa Ruiz, "El secreto es quererse y nada más", [in:] Nuestro Tiempo 666 (2011), available here
  18. ↑ their first child was born in Pamplona, see José Ángel Zubiaur Carreño. Director General de Asuntos Europeos y Planificación CV, available here
  19. ↑ Correa Ruiz 2011, ABC 01.04.16, available here
  20. ↑ José Ángel Zubiaur Carreño. Director General de Asuntos Europeos y Planificación CV, available here
  21. ↑ José-Angel Zubiaur Carreño abandona UPN, [in:] Navarra confidencial 19.06.13, available here
  22. ↑ see e.g. Manifiesto por la historia y la libertad document that protested the Ley de Memoria Histórica praxis, available here; see also his blog Cabos sueltos y retales de la Historia reciente, available here
  23. ↑ Francisco Javier Zubiaur Carreño, Currículum, [in:] Zubiaurcarreno service, available here
  24. ↑ e.g. he supported the idea of turning what used to be the Pamplona Mausoleo a Los Caidos into a museum, Pilar Fernandez Larrea, La memoria histórica no es solo la reciente, también la de siglos pasados, [in:] Diario de Navarra 08.04.17, available here
  25. ↑ Zubiaur's brother-in-law, Francisco Javier Carreño Cima, gained some recognition in tourist business and education, see Fallece Fco Javier Carreño Cima, [in:] Centro Español de Nuevas Profesiones service 13.08.18, available here
  26. ↑ Roman Zubiaur Salazar was initially the author of costumbrista dramas, played mostly at popular Carlist feasts. However, he gained more popularity in the 1920s as an actor, playing Basque characters in Bilbao and in Madrid; he was the key protagonist in one of the first movies featuring Basque language, Martinchu Perugorría en Día de Romería (1925), Roman Zubiaur entry, [in:] Bizkaitar entzutetsuen galeria, available here, Eduardo Vasco San Miguel, Para una historia de la voz escénica en España [PhD thesis Complutense], Madrid 2017, p. 54
  27. ↑ In memoriam José Ángel Zubiaur Alegre, [in:] Comunión Tradicionalista service 27.03.12, available here
  28. ↑ Ferrer Hortet, Puga Garcia 2015
  29. ↑ Ferrer Hortet, Puga Garcia 2015
  30. ↑ San Martin de Unx was home to a Carlist general José Lerga, compare José Mari Esparza Zabalegui, Jose Mari Esparza, Abajo las quintas!: la oposición histórica de Navarra al ejército español, Tafalla 1994, ISBN 9788481369199, p. 272; Joaquín Muruzabal, considered the first requeté fallen in the Civil War, originated from San Martin; for the role of Carlism in the town in the 1970s compare also Personajes e historias de San Martin de Unx, [in:] sanmartinunx blog service, available here
  31. ↑ In memoriam José Ángel Zubiaur Alegre, [in:] Comunión Tradicionalista service 27.03.12, available here
  32. ↑ in some sources Zubiaur is referred to as "president of the jaimista youth", compare Daniel Jesús García Riol, La resistencia tradicionalista a la renovación ideológica del carlismo (1965-1973) [PhD thesis UNED], Madrid 2015, p. 231; "Jaimistas" was the term used widely until 1931, when Zubiaur was 13 years old
  33. ↑ Ferrer Hortet, Puga Garcia 2015
  34. ↑ García Riol 2015, p. 231
  35. ↑ Zubiaur once confessed that during the Civil War he had spent 3 years "sleeping on the ground and eating sardines ", Correa Ruiz 2011
  36. ↑ García Riol 2015, p. 231
  37. ↑ Julio Aróstegui, Combatientes Requetés en la Guerra Civil española, 1936-1939, Madrid 2013, ISBN 9788499709758, pp. 189-226
  38. ↑ Don Jose Angel Zubiaur Alegre: un político Carlista, [in:] Navarra Confidencial 25.03.2012, available here
  39. ↑ García Riol 2015, p. 231; see also José Javier Nagorne Yárnoz, Recuerdos, [in:] Fundación Ignacio Larramendi service, available here
  40. ↑ Pensamiento Alaves 22.01.37, available here
  41. ↑ Manuel Martorell Peréz, Navarra 1937-1939: el fiasco de la Unificación, [in:] Príncipe de Viana 69 (2008) p. 447
  42. ↑ García Riol 2015, p. 231. For a sample of his endeavors as a Falangist propaganda jefe see e.g. a circular issued prior to a homage feast for José Antonio Primo de Rivera, José Andrés Gallego, Antón M. Pazos (eds.), Archivo Gomá: documentos de la Guerra Civil, vol. 12, Madrid 2009, ISBN 9788400088002, pp. 293-294
  43. ↑ García Riol 2015, p. 231
  44. ↑ Zira Box Varela, La fundación de un régimen: la construcción simbólica del franquismo, Madrid 2008, ISBN 9788469209981, p. 153
  45. ↑ Imperio 04.11.39, available here
  46. ↑ Box Varela 2008, p. 153
  47. ↑ Pensamiento Alaves 04.04.39, available here
  48. ↑ ABC 18.10.39, available here
  49. ↑ Hermandad was conceived as counter-organization to Delegación Nacional de Excombatientes; it was supposed to be a strictly ex-requeté organisation. Its Consejo Supremo comprised José Ángel Zubiaur Alegre (as caballero subprior), Cesáreo Sanz Orrio, Félix Abárzuza Murillo, Jaime del Burgo Torres and Ignacio Baleztena, Fernando Mikelarena, Víctor Moreno, José Ramón Urtasun, Clemente Bernad, Txema Aranaz y Pablo Ibáñez Del Ateneo Basilio Lacort, Javierada y derecha navarra, [in:] Noticias de Navarra 18.05.18, available here. Slightly different composition of the executive is given in Manuel Martorell Pérez, La continuidad ideológica del carlismo tras la Guerra Civil [PhD thesis in Historia Contemporanea, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia], Valencia 2009, p. 191
  50. ↑ Montejurra was intended to be sort of a Carlist Calvary, Francisco Javier Caspistegui Gorasurreta, El naufragio de las ortodoxias. El carlismo, 1962–1977, Pamplona 1997; ISBN 9788431315641, p. 40
  51. ↑ In memoriam José Ángel Zubiaur Alegre, [in:] Comunión Tradicionalista service 27.03.12, available here
  52. ↑ Caspistegui Gorasurreta 1997, p. 285
  53. ↑ Mikelarena, Moreno, Urtasun, Bernad, Aranaz, Ibáñez 2018
  54. ↑ according to his own recollections in 1943 Zubiaur lived in Pamplona, Correa Ruiz 2011
  55. ↑ Manuel Martorell Pérez, Carlos Hugo frente a Juan Carlos. La solución federal para España que Franco rechazó, Madrid 2014, ISBN 9788477682653, p. 112
  56. ↑ Zubiaur Alegre, Jose Angel entry, [in:] Aunemendi Eusko Entziklopedia online, available here
  57. ↑ In memoriam José Ángel Zubiaur Alegre, [in:] Comunión Tradicionalista service 27.03.12, available here
  58. ↑ Ferrer Hortet, Puga Garcia 2015
  59. ↑ Martorell Pérez 2009, p. 341
  60. ↑ Don Jose Angel Zubiaur Alegre: un político Carlista, [in:] Navarra Confidencial 25.03.2012, available here
  61. ↑ García Riol 2015, p. 231
  62. ↑ for details see Maria del Mar Larazza Micheltorena, Alvaro Baraibar Etxeberria, La Navarra sotto il Franchismo: la lotta per il controllo provinciale tra i governatori civili e la Diputacion Foral (1945-1955), [in:] Nazioni e Regioni, Bari 2013, pp. 101–120
  63. ↑ Aurora Villanueva Martínez, Organizacion, actividad y bases del carlismo navarro durante el primer franquismo [in:] Geronimo de Uztariz 19 (2003), p. 112
  64. ↑ this is e.g. the case of Larraza Micheltorena, Baraibar Etxeberria 2013
  65. ↑ José María Jimeno Jurío, La diputación de Navarra, el Euskera y Euskaltzaindia (1949-1952), [in:] Fontes linguae vasconum: Studia et documenta 28/73 (1996), p. 510
  66. ↑ "teniendo en cuenta lo que es y ha significado en Navarra la lengua vasca, dentro de la más fervorosa concepción españolista", Jimeno Jurío 1996, p. 511
  67. ↑ Jimeno Jurío 1996, p. 512
  68. ↑ García Riol 2015, p. 231
  69. ↑ Zubiaur Alegre, Jose Angel entry, [in:] Aunemendi Eusko Entziklopedia online, available here
  70. ↑ Martorell Pérez 2009, pp. 344-345
  71. ↑ Patxi Mendiburu, Martorell: ¿el Carlismo, franquista? ¡Tururú!, [in:] Patximendiburu blog service 19.01.2017, available here
  72. ↑ Mendiburu 2017
  73. ↑ García Riol 2015, p. 231; most detailed account of the El Fuerista episode in José-Ángel Zubiaur Carreño, El Fuerista. Órgano antiborreguil 1-4, [in:] Cabos sueltos y retales de la Historia reciente blog, available here
  74. ↑ Josep Miralles Climent, La rebeldía carlista. Memoria de una represión silenciada: Enfrentamientos, marginación y persecución durante la primera mitad del régimen franquista (1936-1955), Madrid 2018, ISBN 9788416558711, p. 351
  75. ↑ even though there were only 5 issues of El Fuerista published and each issue was printed in 500-3,000 copies, José-Ángel Zubiaur Carreño, "El Fuerista. Órgano antiborreguil" (2), [in:] Cabos sueltos y retales de la Historia reciente blog 31.03.17, available here
  76. ↑ Zubiaur practiced as a lawyer and was member of the Pamplona Colegio de Abogados, see El MICAP festeja a su patrona, [in:] MICAP service 17.12.12, available here
  77. ↑ Solidaridad Obrera 30.09.54, available here, Solidaridad Obrera 28.10.54, available here, Miralles Climent 2018, p. 404
  78. ↑ in the early 1950s Zubiaur exchanged letters with the claimant Don Javier, Villanueva Martínez 2003, p. 112
  79. ↑ a 1953 proposal by Astráin, who suggested that a Navarrese secretariado be composed of Zubiaur, Gambra, Ignacio Tapia and José Jaurrieta, Mercedes Vázquez de Prada, El papel del carlismo navarro en el inicio de la fragmentación definitiva de la comunión tradicionalista (1957-1960), [in:] Príncipe de Viana 72 (2011), p. 395
  80. ↑ Mercedes Vázquez de Prada, El final de una ilusión. Auge y declive del tradicionalismo carlista (1957-1967), Madrid 2016, ISBN 9788416558407, p. 36
  81. ↑ Javier Lavardín, Historia del ultimo pretendiente a la corona de España, Paris 1976 , p. 40
  82. ↑ Martorell Pérez 2014, p. 183
  83. ↑ Martorell Pérez 2014, pp. 112-113
  84. ↑ Vázquez de Prada 2011, p. 402
  85. ↑ Martorell Pérez 2014, p. 85
  86. ↑ Vázquez de Prada 2016, p. 65
  87. ↑ Lavardín 1976, p. 74
  88. ↑ Lavardín 1976, p. 127
  89. ↑ Zubiaur spoke at Montejurra in the 1950s and in 1962, 63, 64, 66 and 69, Caspistegui Gorasurreta 1997, p. 302; by many Montejurra attendants he was remembered as one of key speakers, Francisco Javier Caspistegui Gorasurreta, El proceso de secularización de las fiestas carlistas, [in:] Zainak. Cuadernos de Antropología-Etnografía, 26 (2004), p. 796
  90. ↑ Vázquez de Prada 2016, p. 134
  91. ↑ e.g. in Durango, Martorell Pérez 2014, p. 138, in Bilbao, Los fueros como expresión de libertades y raíz de España, [in:] Carlismo Galicia service 02.05.15, available here, or in Valencia, Martorell Pérez 2014, p. 140
  92. ↑ Jeremy MacClancy, The Decline of Carlism, Reno 2000, ISBN 978-0874173444, pp. 173, 305
  93. ↑ Vázquez de Prada 2016, p. 162
  94. ↑ throughout the 1960s he frequently published vehemently anti-Juanista pieces in the unofficial Navarrese Carlist press outpost, El Pensamiento Navarro, see e.g. Lavardín 1976, Martorell Pérez 2009, p. 471, Ramón María Rodón Guinjoan, Invierno, primavera y otoño del carlismo (1939-1976) [PhD thesis Universitat Abat Oliba CEU], Barcelona 2015, p. 265
  95. ↑ e.g. in 1963 Zubiaur greeted Pacem in terris as endorsement of Spanish self, which he understood as "la unidad católica y la pervivencia foral", Caspistegui Gorasurreta 1997, p. 42
  96. ↑ e.g. in 1966 Zubiaur was enthusiastic about questionnaires distributed among the Carlists during the Congress at Valle de los Caidos; he claimed that they will "help to forge our political direction", Caspistegui Gorasurreta 1997, p. 98
  97. ↑ "no habría programa carlista, porque ... son una manifestación de la personalidad humana y el Carlismo se esienta en lo que siempre fue fundamento del Derecho Público cristiano: en Dios y en el hombre", Caspistegui Gorasurreta 1997, p. 43. In 1966 he claimed that Carlism was "afirmación rotunda de la personalidad humana", Martorell Pérez 2014, p. 221. In 1969 at Montejurra he declared that "lo fundamental del programa carlista era el respeto a la dignidad del hombre", and that "la verdadera solución que presenta el carlismo es la del equlibrio de la persona humana", Caspistegui Gorasurreta 1997, p. 194
  98. ↑ Mercedes Vázquez de Prada, La reorganización del carlismo vasco en los sesenta: entre la pasividad y el "separatismo", [in:] Vasconia. Cuadernos de Historia-Geografía 38 (2012), pp. 1132, 1135
  99. ↑ Don Jose Angel Zubiaur Alegre: un político Carlista, [in:] Navarra Confidencial 25.03.2012, available here
  100. ↑ Vázquez de Prada 2016, p. 278
  101. ↑ in 1964 Zubiaur lamented to Fal that Carlism lacked structures, that the movement existed from rally to rally, from Montejurra to Quintillo, but that there was nothing in-between. He also praised magnificent work of the princes, Vázquez de Prada 2016, p. 237. In 1965 he kept complaining to Fal that about lack or operational efficiency, noting that "tenemos todo, menos eso que en el orden operativo es muy importante", Caspistegui Gorasurreta 1997, p. 84
  102. ↑ Caspistegui Gorasurreta 1997, p. 99
  103. ↑ Lavardín 1976, p. 157
  104. ↑ Caspistegui Gorasurreta 1997, pp. 91-92
  105. ↑ Caspistegui Gorasurreta 1997, pp. 99-100
  106. ↑ in 1966 he was considered "hombre emblematico del Carlismo", Rodón Guinjoan 2015, p. 322
  107. ↑ Diario de Burgos 17.10.67, available here
  108. ↑ out of 201,000 voters eligible and out of 103,000 votes, Zubiaur got 45,000 votes, see the official Cortes service, available here
  109. ↑ Rodón Guinjoan 2015, p. 385
  110. ↑ Hoja Oficial de Lunes 27.11.67, available here
  111. ↑ Diario de Burgos 07.01.68, available here
  112. ↑ Diario de Burgos 20.12.67, available here
  113. ↑ Diario de Burgos 24.01.68, available catahere
  114. ↑ Diario de Burgos 10.02.68, available here
  115. ↑ Diario de Burgos 20.02.68, available here, Diario de Burgos 21.02.68, available here
  116. ↑ according to some sources "Cortes Transhumantes" emerged as a response to bullying on part of Carrero Blanco, see Josep Miralles Climent, El carlismo militante (1965-1980). Del tradicionalismo al socialismo autogestionario [PhD thesis Universidad Jaume I], Castellón 2015, pp. 68-69
  117. ↑ Martorell Pérez 2014, pp. 250-251
  118. ↑ Mendiburu 2017
  119. ↑ Miralles Climent 2015, p. 70
  120. ↑ Diario de Burgos 18.09.70, available here
  121. ↑ he had no illusions about the prospects of success. When prompted by a government man Zubiaur responded that "colaborar no es decir a todo amén" Martorell Pérez 2014, p. 252, see also T.A., Colaborar no es decir a todo amén (Zubiaur), [in:] Montejurra 35 (1968), p. 14
  122. ↑ Hoja Oficial de La Provincia de Barcelona 08.04.68, available here
  123. ↑ Martorell Pérez 2014, p. 235
  124. ↑ Mediterraneo 01.03.69, available here, Lavardín 1976, p. 285, Angel Garrorena Morales, Autoritarismo y control parlamentario en las Cortes de Franco, Madrid 1977, ISBN 8460008355, pp. 147-150, 261, García Riol 2015, p. 231
  125. ↑ ABC 23.07.69, available here
  126. ↑ Diario de Burgos 06.12.69, available here, España Republicana 15.12.69, available here
  127. ↑ Miralles Climent 2015, p. 72
  128. ↑ Mediterraneo 09.04.70, available here
  129. ↑ Mediterraneo 29.10.69, available here
  130. ↑ Mediterraneo 26.11.70, available here
  131. ↑ Diario de Burgos 02.12.70, available here
  132. ↑ Víctor Manuel Arbeloa, Jesús María Fuente, Vida y asesinato de Tomás Caballero, Llanera 2006, ISBN 8484591425, p. 106
  133. ↑ Mediterraneo 21.10.70, available here; a later observer noted that Zubiar and the others "hacian también la guerra al franquismo, pero desde las instituciones", ABC 26.11.92, available here
  134. ↑ Mediterraneo 19.07.71, available here, Diario de Burgos 21.07.71, available here
  135. ↑ Diario de Burgos 10.03.71, available here
  136. ↑ some scholars claim even that Zubiaur was "uno de los hombres fuertes de Don Javier en Navarra y despues tambien de Carlos Hugo hasta su escision ideologica", Víctor Javier Ibáñez, Una resistencia olvidada. Tradicionalistas mártires del terrorismo, s.l. 2017, p. 201
  137. ↑ Caspistegui Gorasurreta 1997, pp. 131-132; Zubiaur got the number of votes far exceeding these collected by other appointees, Saenz-Díez, Fal Macias, and d'Ors, Rodón Guinjoan 2015, p. 394
  138. ↑ Miralles Climent 2015, p. 68
  139. ↑ be it across Navarre, see Martorell Pérez 2014, p. 254, or across Catalonia, see Hoja Oficial de la Provincia de Barcelona 08.04.68, available here
  140. ↑ Don Jose Angel Zubiaur Alegre: un político Carlista, [in:] Navarra Confidencial 25.03.2012, available here
  141. ↑ Rodón Guinjoan 2015, p. 439
  142. ↑ Caspistegui Gorasurreta 1997, p. 193
  143. ↑ Mediterraneo 14.05.69, available here; Zubiaur protested, see Mediterraneo 04.07.69, available here; it is not clear whether he eventually paid the fine, Caspistegui Gorasurreta 1997, p. 334
  144. ↑ José-Ángel Zubiaur Alegre, José-Ángel Zubiaur Carreño, Elecciones a Procuradores familiares en Navarra en 1971, [in:] Aportes 27/79 (2012), p. 157
  145. ↑ Caspistegui Gorasurreta 1997, p. 204, Miralles Climent 2015, p. 265
  146. ↑ Miralles Climent 2015, p. 265
  147. ↑ in the late 1960s El Pensamiento Navarro assumed a progressist course upon nomination of its new editor-in-chief, Javier María Pascual Ibañez. In 1970 the Traditionalist Baleztena family, owners of most shares in the company which ran Pensamiento, staged a counter-offensive and fired Pascual. The Progressists mounted a propaganda counter-strike; as part of it, many prominent Carlists resigned their Pensamiento subscriptions. Zubiaur was one of them, Montejurra 53 (1970), p. 15
  148. ↑ Informacion Española 01.02.71, available here
  149. ↑ Rodón Guinjoan 2015, p. 512
  150. ↑ Martorell Pérez 2009, p. 472
  151. ↑ at least until the early 1970s; some scholars suggest that Zubiaur was up to a point following the new line of Carlos Hugo, Ibáñez 2017, p. 201. In a 1968 press interview when asked "¿Existen discrepancias políticas dentro el Carlismo?" he responded: "Si se refiera a un secesionismo, desde luego no. En lo fundamental hay unidad de criterio, total y absoluto". When asked "¿Hasta qué punto el 'neo Carlismo' ha absorbido algunas ideas del neo Liberalismo?" Zubiaur responded: "De ninguna forma. Creo, por el contrario, que hay jóvenes dentro del Carlismo que tienen ciertas ideas also avanzadas, pero, como le digo anteriormente, en lo fundamental estamos todos de acuerdo", Diario de Mallorca 11.04.68, quoted after Montejurra 36 (1968), p. 22
  152. ↑ when in Lignieres in 1970 María Teresa Borbón-Parma tried to explain to Zubiaur the difference between bourgeoisie parties and mass parties: in the former deputies were free to act based on false individualist principles, in the former they were expected to carry out the will of the people, Zubiaur Alegre, Zubiaur Carreño 2012, p. 157
  153. ↑ Zubiaur Alegre, Zubiaur Carreño 2012, pp. 160-162
  154. ↑ as Zubiaur and Goñi had already endorsed some candidates and according to official electoral legislation they were not legally entitled to endorse more, they contacted friendly ex-procuradores from other parties to get necessary endorsement for Mariano Zufia Urrizalqui and Perez-Nievas Abascal, Zubiaur Alegre, Zubiaur Carreño 2012, p. 164. Both Zufia and Perez-Nievas failed to get elected
  155. ↑ Miralles Climent 2015, p. 233
  156. ↑ e.g. when speaking at Círculo Aparisi in Valencia in 1973, García Riol 2015, pp. 341-342
  157. ↑ Diario de Burgos 14.02.75, available here
  158. ↑ García Riol 2015, pp. 250, 541, Rodón Guinjoan 2015, p. 589
  159. ↑ Mediterraneo 02.03.75, available here
  160. ↑ Arbeloa, Fuente 2006, pp. 461-462
  161. ↑ Ibáñez 2017, p. 202
  162. ↑ the key personalities listed behing FNI are Víctor Manuel Arbeloa, Ignacio Irazoqui, Tomás Caballero and Zubiaur, see Don Jose Angel Zubiaur Alegre: un político Carlista, [in:] Navarra Confidencial 25.03.2012, available here, Arbeloa, Fuente 2006, p. 463
  163. ↑ Arbeloa, Fuente 2006, p. 466
  164. ↑ Arbeloa, Fuente 2006, p. 475
  165. ↑ "viudo del Carlismo, que trata de buscar a alguien que haga de madre de sus hijos", quoted after García Riol 2015, pp. 353-4
  166. ↑ in 1977 Zubiaur co-signed an FNI declaration which read: "como navarros que somos, tronco y raíz de Euskalerría, queremos vivir en sólida vinculación con el resto del País Vasco, en la forma que el pueblo navarro elija", Jose Mari Esparza, Mapas para una Nación: Euskal Herria en la cartografía y en los testimonios históricos, Tafalla 2011, ISBN 978848136, p. 212
  167. ↑ Martorell Pérez 2009, pp. 481-482, Fermín Pérez-Nievas Borderas, Contra viento y marea. Historia de la evolución ideológica del carlismo a través de dos siglos de lucha, Pamplona 1999, ISBN 9788460589327, p. 218
  168. ↑ Diario de Burgos 22.06.78, available here
  169. ↑ already in the 1940s Zubiaur kept hailing separate legal regional establishmens, see e.g. his article Concepto de tradición, [in:] El Pensamiento Navarro 28.11.43. During mid-Francoism he was already a recognized expert on fueros. In 1959 in Burgos he delivered a lecture on Iinsitutución, función y fuero, in 1960 he spoke about Los fueros como libertades concretas, Diario de Burgos 03.03.60, available here; in the same spirit he lectured in Bilbao in 1965, Caspistegui Gorasurreta 1997, p. 43
  170. ↑ see printed version of his 1965 fuerista lecture, available here
  171. ↑ see especially Curso de Derecho Foral Navarro. Derecho Público (1959) and Los fueros como expresión de libertades y raíz de España (1965), García Riol 2015, p. 231
  172. ↑ Fernando Mikelarena Peña, Los posicionamientos de la Diputación Foral de Navarra y de la derecha navarrista entre 1976 y 1978 en relación al debate preautonómico, [in:] Iura vasconiae: revista de derecho histórico y autonómico de Vasconia 11 (2014), pp. 191-195
  173. ↑ the founders of UPN are listed as Jesús Aizpún, José Angel Zubiaur, María Isabel Beriáin, Ignacio Javier Gómara, Ramón Echeverría, Feliciano Aramendía and Javier Chourraut, Jaime Ignacio del Burgo, La epopeya de la foralidad vasca y navarra, Pamplona 2016, ISBN 9788494503702, p. 143
  174. ↑ Oscar Barberà Aresté, Los orígenes de la Unión del Pueblo Navarro (1979-1991), [in:] Papers: revista de sociología 92 (2009), p. 146
  175. ↑ Don Jose Angel Zubiaur Alegre: un político Carlista, [in:] Navarra Confidencial 25.03.2012, available here
  176. ↑ he gathered 28,000 votes, Union del Pueblo Navarro entry, [in:] Gran Enciclopedia Navarra online, available here
  177. ↑ in the 1979 general elections UPN obtained 11,2% of votes, in 1979 Navarrese elections the party gathered 16,1%, Barberà Aresté 2009, p. 151
  178. ↑ Barberà Aresté 2009, p. 149
  179. ↑ Don Jose Angel Zubiaur Alegre: un político Carlista, [in:] Navarra Confidencial 25.03.2012, available here
  180. ↑ Barberà Aresté 2009, p. 149
  181. ↑ Mediterraneo 29.05.83, available here
  182. ↑ Don Jose Angel Zubiaur Alegre: un político Carlista, [in:] Navarra Confidencial 25.03.2012, available here
  183. ↑ see Elecciones al Parlamento de Navarra service, available here
  184. ↑ Barberà Aresté 2009, p. 156
  185. ↑ Mediterraneo 01.09.83, available here, El País 07.02.84, available here
  186. ↑ full sentence of the court ruling is available at Universiad Nacional de Educación a Distancia service, available here
  187. ↑ Mediterraneo 07.02.84, available here
  188. ↑ Don Jose Angel Zubiaur Alegre: un político Carlista, [in:] Navarra Confidencial 25.03.2012, available here
  189. ↑ Boletin Oficial del Parlamento de Navarra, 04.03.86, available here
  190. ↑ Más de 600 personas participan en el acto de conmemoración del 25. aniversario de la creación de la Universidád Pública de Navarra, [in:] unavarra service 27.04.12, available here
  191. ↑ Román Felones Morrás, La Universidad Pública de Navarra: génesis y proceso de creación, [in:] unavarra service, available here, p. 9
  192. ↑ García Riol 2015, p. 231
  193. ↑ ABC 13.09.87, available here
  194. ↑ ABC 11.02.91, available here
  195. ↑ Union del Pueblo Navarro entry, [in:] Gran Enciclopedia Navarra online, available here
  196. ↑ ABC 07.02.93, available here
  197. ↑ ABC 08.02.93, available here
  198. ↑ José Fermin Garralda, Funeral por don José Ángel Zubiaur Alegre, [in:] Tradición Viva service 24.03.12, available here
  199. ↑ Fermin Garralda 2012
  200. ↑ titled Apuntes de mi vida política and completed in 1995, Zubiaur's memoirs remain unedited, José-Ángel Zubiaur Carreño, "El Fuerista. Órgano antiborreguil" (1), [in:] Cabos sueltos y retales de la Historia reciente blog 31.03.17, available here
  201. ↑ Ferrer Hortet, Puga Garcia 2015. Zubiaur noted that the Carlism of his youth "habia evolucionado, tanto en la mente de sus pensadores como en el de sus Reyes. Se había desarollado, y mucho, la vieja tradición, al amparo de las ideas religiosas y de la idiosincrasia del pueblo, amante de las libertades concretas", and confessed that he "deseo, ya que el carlismo nu pueda ser vivido, que con este libro, al menos, pueda ser recordado"
  202. ↑ Rodón Guinjoan 2015, p. 481
  203. ↑ Lavardín 1976, p. 289
  204. ↑ Zubiaur Alegre, Zubiaur Carreño 2012, p. 167
  205. ↑ Correa Ruiz 2011

Further reading

  • Francisco Javier Caspistegui Gorasurreta, El naufragio de las ortodoxias. El carlismo, 1962–1977, Pamplona 1997; ISBN 9788431315641
  • Daniel Jesús García Riol, La resistencia tradicionalista a la renovación ideológica del carlismo (1965-1973) [PhD thesis UNED], Madrid 2015
  • Manuel Martorell Pérez, La continuidad ideológica del carlismo tras la Guerra Civil [PhD thesis UNED], Valencia 2009
  • Josep Miralles Climent, El carlismo militante (1965-1980). Del tradicionalismo al socialismo autogestionario [PhD thesis Universidad Jaume I], Castellón 2015
  • Josep Miralles Climent, La rebeldía carlista. Memoria de una represión silenciada: Enfrentamientos, marginación y persecución durante la primera mitad del régimen franquista (1936-1955), Madrid 2018, ISBN 9788416558711
  • Ramón María Rodón Guinjoan, Invierno, primavera y otoño del carlismo (1939-1976) [PhD thesis Universitat Abat Oliba CEU], Barcelona 2015
  • José-Ángel Zubiaur Alegre, José-Ángel Zubiaur Carreño, Elecciones a Procuradores familiares en Navarra en 1971, [in:] Aportes 27/79 (2012), pp. 147–167
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