Joan Clarke

Joan Clarke
MBE
Clarke, c. the 1940s
Born Joan Elisabeth Lowther Clarke
(1917-06-24)24 June 1917
West Norwood, London, England, UK
Died 4 September 1996(1996-09-04) (aged 79)
Headington, Oxfordshire, England, UK
Nationality British
Other names Joan Clarke Murray (1952–1996)
Alma mater Newnham College, Cambridge
Occupation Cryptanalyst
Known for Codebreaking at Bletchley Park in World War II
Numismatism
Spouse(s)
John Murray (m. 1952–1986)
Partner(s) Alan Turing (engaged during 1941 but did not marry)
Awards British Numismatic Society Sanford Saltus Gold Medal (1986)

Joan Elisabeth Lowther Murray, MBE (née Clarke; 24 June 1917 – 4 September 1996) was an English cryptanalyst and numismatist best known for her work as a code-breaker at Bletchley Park during the Second World War. Though she did not personally seek the spotlight, her role in the Enigma project that decrypted Nazi Germany's secret communications earned her awards and citations, such as appointment as a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE), in 1946.[1][2]

Early life

Joan Elisabeth Lowther Clarke was born on 24 June 1917 in West Norwood, London, England. She was the youngest child of Dorothy (née Fulford) and the Revd William Kemp Lowther Clarke, a clergyman. She had three brothers and one sister.[3]

Clarke attended Dulwich High School for Girls in south London and won a scholarship in 1936, to attend Newnham College, Cambridge, where she gained a double first degree in mathematics and was a Wrangler.[4][5] She was denied a full degree, as Cambridge only awarded these to men until 1948.[1]

Clarke's mathematical abilities were first discovered by Gordon Welchman, in an undergraduate Geometry class at Cambridge. Welchman was one of the top four mathematicians to be recruited in 1939 to supervise decoding operations at Bletchley Park. After noticing Clarke's mathematical abilities he recruited her to join him at Bletchley Park and be a part of the 'Government Code and Cypher School' (GCCS).

The GCCS started up in 1939 with only one purpose, to break the German Enigma Code. The Enigma Code was a machine the Germans invented to encrypt their messages; they strongly believed their machine was unbreakable. Clarke first arrived at Bletchley Park on 17 June 1940. She was first placed in a group only made up of women referred to as "The Girls", that mainly did routine clerical work. At this time, cryptology was not a job for a woman. According to Clarke, she only knew of one other female cryptologist that worked at Bletchley Park.

Career

Codebreaking at Bletchley Park

In June 1940, Clarke was recruited by her former academic supervisor, Gordon Welchman, to the Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS).[6] She worked at Bletchley Park in the section known as Hut 8 and quickly became the only female practitioner of Banburismus, a cryptanalytic process developed by Alan Turing which reduced the need for bombes—electromechanical devices as used by British cryptologists Welchman and Turing to decipher German encrypted messages during World War II.[7] Although Clarke had the same position as her male coworkers, she was being paid less due to her gender. Clarke's first work promotion was to Linguist Grade which was designed to earn her extra money despite the fact that she did not speak another language. This promotion was a recognition of her workload and contributions to the team.

In 1941, trawlers were captured as well as their cipher equipment and codes. Before this information was obtained, wolf packs had sunk 282,000 tons of shipping a month from March to June 1941. By November, Clarke and her team were able to reduce this number to 62,000 tons.[8] Hugh Alexander, head of Hut 8 from 1943 to 1944, described her as "one of the best Banburists in the section".[9] Alexander himself was regarded as the best of the Banburists. He and I. J. Good considered the process more an intellectual game than a job. It was "not easy enough to be trivial, but not difficult enough to cause a nervous breakdown".[10]

Clarke became deputy head of Hut 8 in 1944,[9][11] although she was prevented from progressing because of her gender, and was paid less than the men.[3]

Clarke and Turing became very good friends at Bletchley Park. Turing arranged their shifts so they could work together, and they also spent much of their free time together. In early 1941, Turing proposed marriage to Clarke, and subsequently introduced her to his family. Although privately admitting his homosexuality to her—she was reportedly "unfazed" by the revelation—Turing decided that he could not go through with the marriage, and broke up with Clarke in mid-1941. Clarke later admitted that she suspected Turing's homosexuality for some time, and it was not much of a surprise when he made the admission to her.[12][13]

Clarke and Turing had been close friends since soon after they met, and continued to be until Turing's death in 1954. They shared many hobbies and had similar personalities.[1]

External video
Murray née Clarke talking about her engagement to Turing

After the war

After the war, Clarke worked for Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) where she met Lieutenant-Colonel John Kenneth Ronald Murray, a retired army officer who had served in India. They married on 26 July 1952 in Chichester Cathedral. Shortly after their marriage, John Murray retired from GCHQ due to ill health and the couple moved to Crail in Fife.[5] They returned to work at GCHQ in 1962 where Clarke remained until 1977 when she retired aged 60.[3][14]

Following her husband's death in 1986, Clarke moved to Headington, Oxfordshire, where she continued her research into coinage. During the 1980s, she assisted Sir Harry Hinsley with the appendix to volume 3, part 2 of British Intelligence in the Second World War.[4] She also assisted historians studying war-time code breaking at Bletchley Park. Due to continuing secrecy among cryptanalysts, the full extent of her accomplishments remains unknown.[3]

Numismatic interest

After meeting her husband, who had published work on the Scottish coinage of the 16th and 17th centuries, Clarke developed an interest in numismatic history.[8] She established the sequence of the complex series of gold unicorn and heavy groat coins that were in circulation in Scotland during the reigns of James III and James IV. In 1986, her research was recognised by the British Numismatic Society when she was awarded the Sanford Saltus Gold Medal. Issue No. 405 of the Numismatic Circular described her paper on the topic as "magisterial."[4][15]

Personal life

Little is known about Clarke's personal interests or about her past. According to Kerry Howard, a researcher of the history of female World War II, Joan Clarke was a very private person. One of her neighbours said that she never talked about her personal background, and was quite awkward in social situations. What is known is that throughout her life, Clarke had a number of hobbies that became passions, such as botanical work, chess, and knitting.[1]

In the spring of 1941, Joan Clarke developed a close friendship with Alan Turing, her colleague from Hut 8. Turing and Clarke had met previously since Turing was friends with Clarke's older brother. For a time they were inseparable. Turing scheduled his shifts so that they worked and spent their free time together. Early in the friendship, Turing proposed marriage to Clarke and she accepted. A few days after the proposal, however, Turing told Clarke about his homosexuality and his concern about their marriage. Clarke and Turing remained engaged. In the late summer of 1941, their engagement ended because Turing continued to believe their marriage would be a failure.

Later, in 1947 Clarke met Lieutenant Colonel John Kenneth Ronald Murray, a retired army officer who had served in India. They were married on July 26, 1952 in the cathedral of Chichester.

Death

On 4 September 1996, Clarke died at her home in Headington.[3]

Portrayal in adaptation

Clarke was portrayed by Keira Knightley in the film The Imitation Game (2014), opposite Benedict Cumberbatch as Alan Turing.[16][17] Turing's surviving niece, Inagh Payne, described Clarke as "rather plain" and thought that Knightley was inappropriately cast as Clarke.[18] Biographer Andrew Hodges also criticised the film, stating the script "built up the relationship with Joan much more than it actually was."[17]

However, in contrast, an article by BBC journalist Joe Miller stated that Clarke's "story has been immortalised." In terms of the film itself, director Morten Tyldum has argued that it shows how Clarke succeeded in her field despite working in a time "when intelligence wasn't really appreciated in women."[1]

Knightley was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress at the 87th Academy Awards for her performance as Clarke.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 "Joan Clarke, woman who cracked Enigma cyphers with Alan Turing". BBC News.
  2. ↑ "No. 37412". The London Gazette (Supplement). 28 December 1945. p. 290.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Lord, Lynsey Ann (2008). "Joan Elisabeth Lowther Clarke Murray". Honours project. University of St Andrews. Retrieved 5 November 2013.
  4. 1 2 3 Erskine, Ralph. "Murray [Clarke], Joan Elisabeth Lowther (1917–1996)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
  5. 1 2 Lord Stewartby (1997). "Obituary Mrs J.E.L. Murray" (PDF). British Numismatic Society. British Numismatic Society. Retrieved 15 November 2014.
  6. ↑ Anderson, L. V. "The Imitation Game: Fact vs Fiction". Slate. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
  7. ↑ Welchman, Gordon (2005) [1997], The Hut Six story: Breaking the Enigma codes, Cleobury Mortimer, England: M&M Baldwin, pp. 138–145, ISBN 9780947712341 New edition updated with an addendum consisting of a 1986 paper written by Welchman that corrects his misapprehensions in the 1982 edition.
  8. 1 2 "Clarke_Joan biography". www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk. Retrieved 3 February 2017.
  9. 1 2 Burman, Annie (1901). Gendering Decryption—Decrypting Gender: The Gender Discourse of Labour at Bletchley Park, 1939–1945 [65 pp.] (PDF) (M.A.). Mikael Byström, Thesis Supervisor, Torkel Jansson, Seminar leader, [Seminar date, 4 June 2013]. Uppsala, SWE: Uppsala universitet. Retrieved 14 January 2017.
  10. ↑ Good (1993) p. 157.
  11. ↑ "Women Codebreakers". Bletchley Park Research. Retrieved 3 November 2013.
  12. ↑ Leavitt, David (2006). The Man Who Knew Too Much: Alan Turing and the Invention of the Computer. New York: W.W.Norton. pp. 176–178. ISBN 9780393329094. Retrieved 14 January 2017.
  13. ↑ Grime, James (24 July 2014). "An Alan Turing expert watches the "The Imitation Game" trailer". The Aperiodical. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
  14. ↑ Stewart, Ian (1986). "Obituary: Lieutenant-Colonel J.K.R. Murray" (PDF). British Numismatic Journal. British Numismatic Society. 56: 201–203. Retrieved 5 November 2013.
  15. ↑ "Sanford Saltus Gold Medal". British Numismatic Society. British Numismatic Society. 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  16. ↑ "Joan Clarke played by Keira Knightley in upcoming film", BBC. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  17. 1 2 "Alan Turing's biographer criticises upcoming biopic for downplaying gay identity". PinkNews.co.uk.
  18. ↑ Lazarus, Susanna (19 November 2013). "Imitation Game filmmakers accused of romanticising the relationship between Benedict Cumberbatch and Keira Knightley's characters by Alan Turing's niece, Inagh Payne". Radio Times. Retrieved 10 September 2014.
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