Jimmy Hoffa

Jimmy Hoffa
Hoffa (left) with son James P. Hoffa in 1965
Born James Riddle Hoffa
(1913-02-14)February 14, 1913
Brazil, Indiana
Disappeared July 30, 1975 (aged 62)
Bloomfield Township, Oakland County, Michigan
Status Declared dead in absentia
July 30, 1982(1982-07-30) (aged 69)
Occupation Trade unionist
Spouse(s)
Josephine Hoffa (née Poszywak) (m. 1936)
Children

James Riddle Hoffa (February 14, 1913 – disappeared July 30, 1975) was an American labor union leader who served as the President of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters (IBT) union from 1957 until 1971. He vanished in late July 1975, at age 62.

From a young age, Hoffa was a union activist and became an important regional figure with the IBT by his mid-20s. By 1952 he had risen to national vice-president of the IBT, and served as the union's general president between 1957 and 1971. He secured the first national agreement for teamsters' rates in 1964 with the National Master Freight Agreement. He played a major role in the growth and development of the union, which eventually became the largest (by membership) in the United States with over 2.3 million members at its peak, during his terms as its leader.

Hoffa became involved with organized crime from the early years of his Teamsters work, and this connection continued until his disappearance in 1975. He was convicted of jury tampering, attempted bribery and fraud in 1964, in two separate trials. He was imprisoned in 1967 and sentenced to thirteen years. In mid-1971, he resigned as president of the union as part of a pardon agreement with President Richard Nixon; he was released later that year, though barred from union activities until 1980. Hoffa, hoping to regain support and to return to IBT leadership, unsuccessfully attempted to overturn this order.

Hoffa vanished in late July 1975[1] and was declared legally dead in 1982.

Early life and family

Hoffa was born in Brazil, Indiana on February 14, 1913, to Indiana natives John and Viola (née Riddle) Hoffa. His father, who was of Pennsylvania Dutch ancestry,[2] died in 1920 when Hoffa was seven years old.[3] The family moved to Detroit in 1924, where Hoffa was raised and lived the rest of his life. Hoffa left school at age 14 and began working full-time manual labor jobs to help support his family.

Personal life

Hoffa married Josephine Poszywak, an 18-year-old Detroit laundry worker of Polish heritage, at Bowling Green, Ohio on September 24, 1936; the couple had met during a non-unionized laundry workers' strike action six months earlier.[4] The couple had two children: a daughter, Barbara Ann Crancer, and a son, James P. Hoffa. The Hoffas paid $6,800 in 1939 for a modest home in northwest Detroit.[5] The family later owned a simple summer lakefront cottage in Orion Township, Michigan, north of Detroit.[6]

Barbara retired as an Associate Circuit Judge in St. Louis County, Missouri, in March 2008. One year later, she agreed to serve under Missouri Attorney General Chris Koster as Chief Counsel of the Division of Civil Disability and Workers Rights. She retired from that post in March 2011.[7] James has served as president of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters (IBT), his father's old position, since 1999.

Early union activity

Hoffa began union organizational work at the grassroots level through his employment as a teenager with a grocery chain, a job which paid substandard wages and offered poor working conditions with minimal job security. The workers were displeased with this situation and tried to organize a union to better their lot. Although Hoffa was young, his bravery and approachability in this role impressed fellow workers, and he rose to a leadership position. By 1932, after defiantly refusing to work for an abusive shift foreman, who inspired Hoffa's long career of organizing workers, he left the grocery chain, in part because of his union activities. Hoffa was then invited to become an organizer with the Local 299 of the Teamsters in Detroit.[8]

Growth of the Teamsters

The Teamsters union, founded in 1903, had 75,000 members in 1933. As a result of Hoffa's work with other union leaders to consolidate local union trucker groups into regional sections, and then into a national body — work that Hoffa ultimately completed over a period of two decades — membership grew to 170,000 members by 1936. Three years later, there were 420,000. The number grew steadily during World War II and through the post-war boom to top a million members by 1951.[9]

The Teamsters organized truck drivers and warehousemen, first throughout the Midwest, then nationwide. Hoffa played a major role in the union's skillful use of "quickie strikes", secondary boycotts, and other means of leveraging union strength at one company, to then move to organize workers, and finally to win contract demands at other companies. This process, which took several years starting in the early 1930s, eventually brought the Teamsters to a position of being one of the most powerful unions in the United States.[10]

Trucking unions in that era were heavily influenced by, and in many cases controlled by elements of, organized crime. For Hoffa to unify and expand trucking unions, he had to make accommodations and arrangements with many gangsters, beginning in the Detroit area. Organized crime influence on the IBT would expand as the union itself grew.[11]

Hoffa's rise to power

Hoffa worked to defend the Teamsters unions from raids by other unions, including the CIO, and extended the Teamsters' influence in the Midwestern states, from the late 1930s to the late 1940s. Although he never actually worked as a truck driver, he became president of Local 299 in December 1946.[12] He then rose to lead the combined group of Detroit-area locals shortly afterwards, and advanced to become head of the Michigan Teamsters groups sometime later. During this time, Hoffa obtained a deferment from military service in World War II by successfully making a case for his union leadership skills being of more value to the nation, by keeping freight running smoothly to assist the war effort.

At the 1952 IBT convention in Los Angeles, Hoffa was selected as national vice-president by incoming president Dave Beck, successor to Daniel J. Tobin, who had been president since 1907. Hoffa had quelled an internal revolt against Tobin by securing Central States regional support for Beck at the convention. In exchange, Beck made Hoffa a vice-president.[13]

The IBT moved its headquarters from Indianapolis to Washington, D.C., taking over a large office building in the capital in 1955. IBT staff was also enlarged during this period, with many lawyers hired to assist with contract negotiations. Following his 1952 election as vice-president, Hoffa began spending more of his time away from Detroit, either in Washington or traveling around the country for his expanded responsibilities.[14] Hoffa's personal lawyer was Bill Bufalino.[15]

Teamsters Union presidency

Hoffa took over the presidency of the Teamsters in 1957, at the convention in Miami Beach, Florida.[16] His predecessor, Beck, had appeared before the John Little McClellan-led U.S. Senate Select Committee on Improper Activities in Labor or Management Field in March 1957, and took the Fifth Amendment 140[17] times in response to questions. Beck was under indictment when the IBT convention took place, and was convicted and imprisoned in a trial for fraud held in Seattle.[18]

Teamsters union expelled

The 1957 AFL–CIO convention, held in Atlantic City, New Jersey, voted by a ratio of nearly 5-1 to expel the IBT from the larger union group. President George Meany gave an emotional speech, advocating the removal of the IBT and stating that he could only agree to further affiliation of the Teamsters if they would dismiss Hoffa as their president. Meany demanded a response from Hoffa, who replied through the press, "We'll see." At the time, IBT was bringing in over $750,000 annually to the AFL-CIO.[19][20]

National Master Freight Agreement

Following his re-election as president in 1961, Hoffa worked to expand the union. In 1964, he succeeded in bringing virtually all over-the-road truck drivers in North America under a single National Master Freight Agreement, in what may have been his biggest achievement in a lifetime of union activity.[21] Hoffa then tried to bring the airline workers and other transport employees into the union, with limited success. During this period, he was facing immense personal strain as he was under investigation, on trial, launching appeals of convictions, or imprisoned for virtually all of the 1960s.[10]

Hoffa was re-elected, without opposition, to a third five-year term as president of the IBT, despite having been convicted of jury tampering and mail fraud in court verdicts that were stayed pending review on appeal. Delegates in Miami Beach also elected Frank Fitzsimmons as first vice-president, to become president "if Hoffa has to serve a jail term".[22]

Criminal charges

Hoffa (right) and Bernard Spindel after a 1957 court session in which they pleaded not guilty to illegal wiretap charges

Hoffa had first faced major criminal investigations in 1957, as a result of the McClellan Senate hearings. He avoided conviction for several years. However, when John F. Kennedy was elected president in 1960, he appointed his younger brother Robert F. Kennedy as Attorney General. Robert Kennedy had been frustrated in earlier attempts to convict Hoffa, while working as counsel to the McClellan subcommittee. As Attorney General from 1961, Kennedy pursued the strongest attack on organized crime that the country had ever seen, and he carried on with a so-called "Get Hoffa" squad of prosecutors and investigators.[23]

Prison sentences

In 1964, Hoffa was convicted in Chattanooga, Tennessee of attempted bribery of a grand juror, and was sentenced to eight years. This case resulted from an earlier matter, the Test Fleet case, the trial for which had been held in Nashville. Hoffa was implicated by one of his close associates, Louisiana teamster Edward Grady Partin, who went to the FBI with the information that led to Hoffa's conviction. Hoffa was also convicted of fraud later that same year for improper use of the Teamsters' pension fund, in a trial held in Chicago. Hoffa had illegally arranged several large pension fund loans to leading organized crime figures. He received a five-year sentence to run consecutively to his bribery sentence. Kennedy, who had pursued Hoffa for several years, stepped down as Attorney General after the second Hoffa conviction, and was elected to the U.S. Senate in the 1964 election.[24]

Hoffa spent the next three years unsuccessfully appealing his 1964 convictions. Appeals filed by his chief counsel, St. Louis defense attorney Morris Shenker, reached the U.S. Supreme Court. He began serving his sentences in March 1967 at the Lewisburg Federal Penitentiary in Pennsylvania.

Appoints Fitzsimmons as caretaker president

Just before he entered prison, Hoffa appointed Frank Fitzsimmons as acting Teamsters president. Fitzsimmons was a Hoffa loyalist, fellow Detroit resident, and a longtime member of Teamsters Local 299, who owed his own high position in large part to Hoffa's influence. Despite this, Fitzsimmons soon distanced himself from Hoffa's influence and control after 1967, to Hoffa's displeasure. Fitzsimmons also decentralized power somewhat within the IBT's administration structure, forgoing much of the control Hoffa took advantage of as union president.[25]

Post-prison

On December 23, 1971, less than five years into his thirteen-year sentence, Hoffa was released from prison when President Richard Nixon commuted his sentence to time served. Following his release, Hoffa was awarded a Teamsters' pension of $1.7 million, delivered in a one-time lump sum payment. This type of pension settlement had not occurred before with the Teamsters.[26]

The IBT endorsed President Nixon, a Republican, in his presidential re-election bid in 1972; in prior elections, the union had supported Democratic nominees but had also endorsed Nixon in 1960.[27] Suspicion was soon raised of a deal for Hoffa's release connected with the IBT's support of Nixon. It was alleged that a large sum of money, estimated to be as high as $1 million, was paid secretly to Nixon. Evidence was also alleged of a secret bribe paid in 1960.

While glad to regain his freedom, Hoffa was very disappointed with the condition imposed on his release by President Nixon, which prevented Hoffa from engaging in union activities until March 1980.[10] He accused senior Nixon Administration figures, including Attorney General John N. Mitchell and White House Special Counsel Charles Colson, of depriving him of his rights by initiating this clause; Mitchell and Colson both denied this. It was likely imposed upon Hoffa as the result of requests from the Teamsters' leadership, although Fitzsimmons also denied this.[28]

Hoffa sued to invalidate the non-participation restriction in order to reassert his power over the Teamsters. John Dean, former White House counsel to President Nixon, was among those called upon for depositions in 1974 court proceedings.[29] Dean, who had become famous as a government witness in prosecutions arising from the Watergate scandal by mid-1973, had drafted the non-participation clause in 1971 at Nixon's request. Hoffa ultimately lost his court battle, since the court ruled that Nixon had acted within his powers by imposing the restriction, as it was based on Hoffa's misconduct while serving as a Teamsters' official.

Hoffa faced immense resistance to his reestablishment of power from many corners and had lost much of his earlier support, even in the Detroit area. As a result, he intended to begin his comeback at the local level with Local 299 in Detroit, where he retained some influence.[26] In 1975, Hoffa was working on an autobiography titled Hoffa: The Real Story, which was published a few months after his disappearance. He had earlier published a book titled The Trials of Jimmy Hoffa (1970).

Disappearance

Hoffa disappeared on July 30, 1975, from the parking lot of Red Fox restaurant in Bloomfield Township, a suburb of Detroit. He had told others he was going there to meet with two Mafia leaders: Anthony Giacalone and Anthony Provenzano.[30] Provenzano was also a Teamster leader in New Jersey and had earlier been close to Hoffa. Provenzano was a national vice-president with IBT from 1961, Hoffa's second term as Teamsters' president.[25] Anthony Provenzano, once a friend of Hoffa but now an enemy, threatened to kidnap and hurt Hoffa's granddaughter. Hoffa called Provenzano "crazy". In 1973 and 1974, Hoffa talked to him to ask for help in supporting him for his return to power. Provenzano refused to listen and threatened Hoffa by saying he would pull out his guts and kidnap his granddaughters. Hoffa could not afford to take these threats lightly: at least two of Provenzano's political opponents were believed to have been murdered. Others who had spoken out against him had been physically assaulted.[25] The threats from the mafia that they would get rid of Hoffa were taken very seriously; Hoffa's son is quoted as saying "Dad was pushing so hard to get back in office, I was increasingly afraid that the mob would do something about it." There had been three visits in a short time frame to Hoffa's home at Lake Orion and one trip to the Guardian Building law offices by Anthony Giacalone, an alleged kingpin in the Detroit Mafia, and his younger brother, Vito. Friendly with Provenzano and believed to be related to him, their avowed purpose in coming was to set up a "peace meeting" between Tony Pro and Hoffa. Hoffa's son viewed the "peace meeting" overture as only a pretext. He was convinced that Giacalone was "setting Dad up" for a hit. Even Hoffa himself was becoming increasingly uneasy each time that the Giacalones arrived.[25] The meeting would take place at the Machus Red Fox, a suburban Detroit restaurant. The Machus Red Fox was no stranger to Hoffa; he enjoyed its food and atmosphere so much that the restaurant hosted the wedding reception of his son, James.[31] Hoffa wrote the date in his officer calendar, "TG — 2 P.M. — Red Fox".[25]

On July 30, Hoffa left home in his green Pontiac Grand Ville at 1:15 P.M. Before heading to the restaurant, Hoffa stopped in Pontiac to talk to his close friend Louis Linteau, a former president of Teamsters Local 614 in Pontiac, who at the time ran Airport Service Lines, a limousine service. Linteau and Hoffa used to be enemies but had since mended their differences and by the time Hoffa left prison, Linteau became his unofficial appointment secretary. It was well known in both underworld and labor union circles that Linteau acted as a buffer for Hoffa and that if anyone needed a face-to-face meeting with him they needed to contact Linteau first. The dinner meeting between Hoffa and the Giacalone brothers on July 26 where they informed him of the July 30 sit-down was arranged by Linteau. Hoffa stopped by his office to check-in before he went to the Machus Red Fox. Linteau was out to lunch when Hoffa stopped by so Hoffa left a message for him before departing.[32]

At 2:15 P.M., an annoyed Hoffa called his wife from a pay phone on a post in front of Damman Hardware, directly behind the Red Fox, and complained, "Where the hell is Tony Giacalone? I'm being stood up".[25] [33] His wife told him that she hadn't heard from anyone. He told her he would be home at 4 P.M. Several eyewitnesses saw Hoffa standing by his car and pacing the restaurant's parking lot. Two men saw Hoffa emerge from the Red Fox after a long lunch and recognized him; they stopped to chat with him briefly and to shake his hand.[25] At 3:27 P.M., Jimmy called Linteau complaining that Giacalone was late.[34] "That dirty son of a bitch Tony Jocks set this meeting up, and he's an hour and a half late." Hoffa said. Linteau told him to calm down, and told him to stop by his office on the way home. Hoffa said that he would and hung up.[35][36][37][38]

At 7 A.M., the next morning, Hoffa's wife called her son and daughter by telephone, saying that their father did not come home yesterday. On her way home, Hoffa's daughter claimed to have had a vision of her father, whom she was already sure was dead. He was slumped over, wearing a dark-colored, short-sleeved polo shirt. It has mystified her ever since that, while she could not have possibly have known this fact prior to her arrival at Lake Orion, the clothing was exactly what Hoffa was wearing when he disappeared.[25][39] At 7:20 am, Linteau went to the Machus Red Fox, and found Hoffa's unlocked car in the parking lot, but there was no sign of Hoffa or any indication of what happened to him. He called the police, who later arrived at the scene. State police were brought in and the FBI was alerted. At suppertime, Hoffa's son, James P. Hoffa, filed a missing persons report.[40]

Years of extensive investigation, involving numerous law enforcement agencies including the FBI, came to no definite conclusion. Giacalone and Provenzano, who denied having scheduled a meeting with Hoffa, were found not to have been near the restaurant that afternoon.[41] Hoffa was declared legally dead on July 30, 1982.[25][42] The case continues to be the subject of rumor and speculation.

Claims and developments

In 1989, Kenneth Walton, the head of the FBI's Detroit office, told The Detroit News that he knew what happened to Hoffa. "I'm comfortable I know who did it, but it’s never going to be prosecuted because ... we would have to divulge informants, confidential sources."

In 2001, the FBI matched DNA from Hoffa's hair—taken from a brush—with a strand of hair found in a 1975 Mercury Marquis Brougham driven by longtime friend Charles "Chuckie" O'Brien on July 30, 1975. Police and Hoffa's family had long believed O'Brien played a role in Hoffa's disappearance. O'Brien, however, had previously denied ever being involved in Hoffa's disappearance or that Hoffa had ever been a passenger in his car.[43]

In a first-season episode of the Discovery Channel show MythBusters, titled "The Hunt for Hoffa", the locations in Giants Stadium where Hoffa was rumored to be buried were scanned with a ground penetrating radar to see if any disturbances were present that would indicate a human body had been buried there. They found no trace of any human remains. No human remains were found when Giants Stadium was demolished in 2010.[44]

In the book, I Heard You Paint Houses: Frank "The Irishman" Sheeran and the Closing of the Case on Jimmy Hoffa (2004), author Charles Brandt claims that Frank Sheeran, a professional killer for the mob and longtime friend of Hoffa's, confessed to assassinating him. According to Brandt, O'Brien drove Sheeran, Hoffa, and fellow mobster Sal Briguglio to a house in Detroit. He claimed that while O'Brien and Briguglio drove off, Sheeran and Hoffa went into the house, where Sheeran claims that he shot Hoffa twice behind the right ear. Sheeran says that he was told that Hoffa was cremated after the murder. Sheeran also confessed to reporters that he murdered Hoffa.[45] Blood found in the Detroit house where Sheeran claimed the murder happened[45] was determined not to be Hoffa's.[46][47]

On June 16, 2006, the Detroit Free Press published in its entirety the so-called "Hoffex Memo", a 56-page report the FBI prepared for a January 1976 briefing on the case at FBI Headquarters in Washington. Although not claiming to conclusively establish the specifics of his disappearance, the memo indicates that law enforcement's belief is that Hoffa was murdered at the behest of organized crime figures who deemed his efforts to regain power within the Teamsters was a threat to their control of the union's pension fund.[48] The FBI has called the report the definitive account of what agents believe happened to Hoffa.

In the book The Iceman: Confessions of a Mafia Contract Killer, Richard Kuklinski claimed to know the fate of Hoffa: his body was placed in a fifty-gallon drum and set on fire for "a half hour or so," then the drum was welded shut and buried in a junkyard. Later, according to Kuklinski, an accomplice started to talk to federal authorities and there was fear that he would use the information to try to get out of trouble. The drum was dug up, placed in the trunk of a car, and compacted to a 4 × 2 foot rectangular cuboid. It was sold, along with hundreds of other compacted cars, as scrap metal. It was shipped off to Japan to be used in making new cars.[49]

In 2012, Roseville, Michigan police took samples from the ground under a suburban Detroit driveway after a person reported witnessing the burial of a body around the time of Hoffa's 1975 disappearance.[50] Tests by Michigan State University anthropologists found no signs of human remains.[51] In January 2013, reputed gangster Tony Zerilli implied that Hoffa was originally buried in a shallow grave, with the plan that his remains would later be moved to a second location. Zerilli contends that these plans were abandoned, and Hoffa's remains lay in a field in northern Oakland County, not far from the restaurant where he was last seen. Zerilli denied any responsibility for or association with Hoffa's disappearance.[52] On June 17, 2013, the Zerilli information led to a property in Oakland Township in northern Oakland County owned by Detroit mob boss Jack Tocco.[53] After three days, the FBI called off the dig. No human remains were found, and the case remains open.[54]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Jimmy Hoffa: FBI Won't Confirm Dig is Search for Body". ABC News. September 15, 2009. Retrieved 2012-07-29.
  2. ↑ Sloane, Arthur A. (1991). Hoffa. MIT Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-262-19309-2. Retrieved October 27, 2014. Hoffa's father was a coal miner and of Pennsylvania Dutch (German) lineage.
  3. ↑ Martin, John Bartlow (1959). Jimmy Hoffa's Hot: A Crest special. Fawcett Publications. p. 28. Retrieved October 27, 2014.
  4. ↑ Sloane, pp. 25-26
  5. ↑ Moldea, first edition, p. 25; Sloane, p. 54
  6. ↑ Sloane, p. 54
  7. ↑ "The Honorable Barbara Ann Crancer Associate Circuit Judge, Division 31". St Louis County. Retrieved 2009-07-07.
  8. ↑ Hoffa, James R, (1975). Hoffa. The Real Story as told to Oscar Fraley. Briarcliff Manor, New York: Stein and Day. p. 35.
  9. ↑ Ralph James and Estelle James (1965). Hoffa and the Teamsters: A Study of Union Power. Van Nostrand. pp. 13–15.
  10. 1 2 3 Arthur A. Sloane (1991). Hoffa. MIT Press.
  11. ↑ Moldea, first edition, 1978
  12. ↑ Moldea, first edition, p. 44.
  13. ↑ Sloane, ; Moldea, first edition, 1978, pp. 48-9.
  14. ↑ Guide to James R. Hoffa Documentation Collection, 1954-1976, Special Collections Research Center, Estelle and Melvin Gelman Library, The George Washington University
  15. ↑ Fowler, Glenn (1990-05-15). "William Bufalino Sr., 72, Lawyer For Hoffa and Teamsters' Union". The New York Times. Retrieved 2018-03-15.
  16. ↑ "Hoffa is Elected Teamsters Head; Warns of Battle," New York Times, p. 1 (October 5, 1957)
  17. ↑ Beck entry says 117 times
  18. ↑ Moldea, first edition, pp. 70-1.
  19. ↑ Moldea, first edition, 1978, pp. 83-4.
  20. ↑ [The IBT was readmitted to the AFL-CIO in 1985 but was disaffiliated from the AFL-CIO in 2005]
  21. ↑ Moldea, first edition, pp. 171–2.
  22. ↑ "Teamsters Reelect Hoffa President", Chicago Tribune, July 8, 1966, p1
  23. ↑ The Enemy Within, by Robert F. Kennedy, 1960
  24. ↑ Sloane, ; Moldea, first edition, .
  25. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Hoffa, by Arthur A. Sloane, MIT Press, 1991.
  26. 1 2 Moldea, first edition, .
  27. ↑ Dray, Philip (2010). There Is Power in a Union: The Epic Story of Labor in America. Anchor. ISBN 0385526296.
  28. ↑ Moldea, first edition, pp. 293-4, 321-2, 342-4.
  29. ↑ Blind Ambition: The White House Years, by John Dean, New York 1976, Simon & Schuster, p. 352.
  30. ↑ "INVESTIGATIONS: Hoffa Search: 'Looks Bad Right Now'". TIME. August 18, 1975. Retrieved May 6, 2010.
  31. ↑ http://www.nypress.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?avis=NP&date=20010213&category=NEWS&lopenr=302139970&Ref=AR&template=printart
  32. ↑ https://www.nytimes.com/1975/08/03/archives/hypnosis-produces-clue-in-hoffa-case-hypnosis-brings-out-clue-in.htmlhttps://www.nytimes.com/1975/08/27/archives/hoffa-grand-jury-ready-to-start-with-70-witnesses-scheduled-foster.html
  33. ↑ https://eu.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/oakland/2015/07/29/hoffa-disappearance-anniversary-teamsters/30862419/
  34. ↑ https://archive.org/details/JimmyHoffaFBI
  35. ↑ https://archive.org/stream/JimmyHoffaFBI/Hoffa%20disappearance%20pages%201661%20-%202036_djvu.txt
  36. ↑ https://archive.org/details/JimmyHoffaFBIhttps://nypost.com/2001/09/08/the-final-hours-of-a-labor-legend/
  37. ↑ "FEAR JIMMY HOFFA KIDNAPPED, SLAIN", Youngstown Vindicator, August 1, 1975, p1
  38. ↑ "The Disappearance of Jimmy Hoffa" Archived 2009-04-29 at the Wayback Machine. by Anthony Bruno, TruTV Crime Library
  39. ↑ https://www.washingtonpost.com/gdpr-consent/?destination=%2farchive%2flifestyle%2f1991%2f06%2f17%2fthe-fighting-spirit-of-jimmy-hoffas-kids%2fe466638b-7b51-4fb3-864c-68ab9cd6818b%2f%3f&utm_term=.a528e836f172
  40. ↑ https://www.nytimes.com/1975/08/01/archives/hoffa-is-reported-missing-police-find-his-car.html
  41. ↑ "FBI: Tip on Jimmy Hoffa prompts search". CNN. 2006-05-18. Retrieved 2009-07-07.
  42. ↑ Yockel, Michael (2001-02-13). "Harris O. Machus, owner of the Red Fox restaurant, Jimmy Hoffa's vanishing point". New York Press. Retrieved 2012-07-29.
  43. ↑ "Detroit home searched for Hoffa's DNA". CNN. May 28, 2004. Archived from the original on October 1, 2012.
  44. ↑ "Jimmy Hoffa legend put 13 feet under with demolition of Giants Stadium".
  45. 1 2 "Detroit House Searched for Clues in Hoffa Case". Fox News. 1975-07-30. Retrieved 2012-05-30.
  46. ↑ "History Detectives". Retrieved 11 May 2016. (transcript)
  47. ↑ "Police: Blood found in Detroit home did not come from Hoffa". USA Today. Associated Press.
  48. ↑ "Hoffex Conference" (PDF). Federal Bureau of Investigation. 1976-01-28. Retrieved 2012-07-29.
  49. ↑
    • Carlo, Philip (2006). The Ice Man: Confessions of a Mafia Contract Killer. New York, New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 188–190. ISBN 978-0-312-34928-8.
  50. ↑ Williams, Corey. "POLICE CHECKING OUT HOFFA TIP IN DETROIT SUBURB". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 2012-10-02. Retrieved 27 September 2012.
  51. ↑ "Police: No human remains found in latest Jimmy Hoffa search | Detroit Free Press". freep.com. 2012-10-02. Archived from the original on 2012-10-04. Retrieved 2013-03-27.
  52. ↑ Santia, Mark (2013-01-13). "Reputed Mobster Says He Knows Where Hoffa Is Buried". NBC.
  53. ↑ Land claimed to be Jimmy Hoffa burial site owned by Jack Tocco in 1970s | Detroit Free Press | freep.com
  54. ↑ "Latest search for Jimmy Hoffa called off with no remains found". NBC News. Archived from the original on 19 June 2013. Retrieved 19 June 2013.

Further reading

  • Jimmy Hoffa's Hot, by John Bartlow Martin, 1959, Fawcett Publications, Greenwich, Conn.
  • Hoffa and the Underworld, by Paul Jacobs, Dissent, vol. 6, no. 4 (Autumn 1959), pp. 435–445.
  • The Enemy Within: The McClellan Committee's Crusade Against Jimmy Hoffa and Corrupt Labor Unions, by Robert F. Kennedy, 1960, Harper and Brothers, New York.
  • The State of the Unions, by Paul Jacobs, 1963, Atheneum, New York.
  • Tentacles of Power, by Clark Mollenhoff, 1965, World Publishing Company, Cleveland and New York.
  • Hoffa! Ten Angels Swearing, by Jim Clay, 1965, Beaverdam Books, Beaverdam, Va.
  • Hoffa and the Teamsters: A Study of Union Power, by Ralph James and Estelle James, 1965, Van Nostrand, New York.
  • The Ominous Ear, by Bernard Spindel, 1968, Award House, New York.
  • The Trials of Jimmy Hoffa, by James R. Hoffa as told to Donald I. Rogers, 1970, Henry Regnery, Chicago.
  • Kennedy Justice, by Victor Navasky, 1971, Atheneum, New York.
  • The Fall and Rise of Jimmy Hoffa, by Walter Sheridan, 1972, Saturday Review Press, New York.
  • Hoffa: The Real Story, by James R. Hoffa as told to Oscar Fraley, 1975, Stein and Day, New York.
  • The Strange Disappearance of Jimmy Hoffa, by Charles Ashman and Rebecca Sobel, 1976, Manor Books, New York.
  • The Teamsters, by Steven Brill, 1978, Simon & Schuster, New York, ISBN 0-671-22771-8.
  • Mafia Kingfish: Carlos Marcello and the Assassination of John F. Kennedy, by John H. Davis (author), 1989, McGraw-Hill, New York.
  • Hoffa, by Arthur A. Sloane, 1991, MIT Press, Boston, ISBN 0-262-19309-4.
  • Hoffa, by Ken Englade, 1992, Harper Paperbacks, New York, ISBN 0-06-100613-0 (Novelization based on David Mamet's screenplay of the 1992 film by 20th Century Fox).
  • The Hoffa Wars: Teamsters, Rebels, Politicians and the Mob, 1978, first edition, by Dan Moldea, Paddington Press, New York and London, ISBN 0-448-22684-7.
  • The Hoffa Wars: Teamsters, Rebels, Politicians and the Mob, 1993, second edition, by Dan Moldea, SPI, New York.
  • Mob Lawyer, by Frank Ragano and Selwyn Raab, 1994, Charles Scribner's Sons, ISBN 0-684-19568-2.
  • All-American Mobster, by Charles Rappleye and Ed Becker, [about John Roselli] Barricade Books, 1995, ISBN 1-56980-027-8.
  • Out of the Jungle: Jimmy Hoffa and the Remaking of the American Working Class, by Thaddeus Russell, 2001, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, ISBN 0-375-41157-7.
  • Watergate: The Hidden History, by Lamar Waldron, 2012, Counterpoint, Berkeley, California.
  • I Heard You Paint Houses: Frank "The Irishman" Sheeran and the Inside Story of the Mafia, the Teamsters, and the Last Ride of Jimmy Hoffa [Paperback], by Charles Brandt
Preceded by
Dave Beck		 President of Teamsters Union (IBT)
1957–1971		 Succeeded by
Frank Fitzsimmons
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